大脑、情感与情意发展

Brain, Emotions and the Development of Intentional Feelings

情感包含了情绪与情意。情绪立基於人的机体的身体，然而情意的发展则必须转向体验的身体。本人过去对於机体的身体并未多所着墨，本文拟从情绪在机体身体中的兴起加以讨论，藉以显题化由机体的身体到体验的身体的过度，以及机体的身体在情感生活中扮演的角色，将特别集中在对大脑的作用的讨论。 基本上，情感的情绪面兴起於机体身体，但情感本身并不止於此身。人由於意识的出现而有了意向性的作用，於是有情意之发展。所谓情意指的是有意向性的情感，特别是指那些指向意义与价值的高级情感，诸如美感、道德感情与宗教情操。本文首先阐明如何由人的体验的身体发展出美感经验，由作为意义动力的欲望发展出有美感与艺术意义的世界。进而，情意发展也有其伦理层面。本文藉着讨论亚里斯多德的「实践智慧」，以及儒家、道家的相关思想，显示情意的伦理向度的宽泛意义。最後，本文要讨论情意生活中的宗教层面，并略做归结。

Human affectivity includes emotions and feelings. Emotions have their physiological foundation on human body as organism, whereas intertional feelings refer to body as lived. The present author has in his previous writings put emphasis on body as lived, but few words have touched upon body as organism. This paper makes a remedy on this point and attempts to deal with problems such as how emotions arises from body as organism so as to make clear the transition from body as organism to body as lived, and the role organic body played in our emotional life, focus being put on the functions of the brain. Basically speaking, the emotional aspect of human affectivity is originated from, but not limited to, organic body. I see our body as the locus of human desire, defined as a dynamic energy towards the meaningfulness of life. Because of the emergence of consciousness and its intentionality, we have a further development of life of our intentional feelings. ”Intentional feeling” denotes those feelings with intentionality that directs iself towards meaningulness and values, especially those intending higher levels of mental activities such as aesthetic feeling, moral feeling and religious sentiment. We will discuss first how aesthetic feelings emerge from body as lived, in the way that desire as dynamism of meaning develops into a world of aesthetic values. Intentional feeling has its ethical dimensional, in the sense determined by Aristotle's idea of phronesis, Confucian idea of moral praxis and Daoist idea of life praxis. In the end, this paper will try to shematize the religious dimension of intentional feeling.