公平正义的实践及其困境：比尔．霍尚维隆的福利国家理论

The Practice of Social Justice and Its Predicament: On Pierre Rosanvallon's Theory of the Welfare State

欧洲国家自二战後实施福利政策法案，经历无数的变革与政治理念（或意识型态）的争论，直至今日面临最严重危机，如国债高筑、失业率居高不下、经济成长迟缓。针对福利国家的这段经历，本文阐明欧洲福利国家的形态及其正当性的论据。依此脉络，阐释当代法国政治思想家比尔．霍尚维隆（Pierre Rosanvallon）如何援引罗尔斯的「差异原则」，证成福利国家的正当性论证，并透过法国福利政策的分析，说明福利国家面临的困境。依如上的解释，本文论证如下的主题：福利国家虽具正当性，但其维系必须依赖高度的经济成长、高的税率以及政府有效的行政能力，一旦这些条件减弱或消失，国家必须缩小福利措施的范围，减轻个人福祉对国家的依赖，福利国家所具有的社会主义的倾向必须受古典自由主义的调节。

Since 1945, European states have been transformed into welfare states through an effort to realize social justice. However, these states have also encountered a series of economic, social and political problems, leading to the so-called contemporary ”crisis of the European welfare state.” The present article tries to interpret Rosanvallon's theory of the welfare state in the light of this crisis, focusing on two areas. The first is Rosanvallon's analysis of the present crisis of European welfare states, the second is the arguments he elaborates for the legitimacy of the welfare state. Rosanvallon's major contribution to the understanding of the welfare state, as the present article argues, lies in his endeavor to reconcile the manifold conflicts between different ideals of social justice, for example, the conflict between justice as impartiality and justice as caring for the differences in individual basic needs, through the principle of insurance, which he considers one of the basic characteristics of the welfare state. As regards to question of how to resolve the present crisis facing European states, the article explains Rosanvallon's ideas concerning the decentralization of the state's social welfare and services and the re-embedment of solidarity in civil society.