改造国家－晚清的教科书与国民读本

Transforming the Nation: Late Qing Textbooks and Citizen's Readers

儒家长期以来对教育改造力量的强调，在近代中国提倡新国家与国民理想的过程中仍十分重要。本文所关注的焦点，是廿世纪初中国教育过程中再生产文化价值及灌输新政治信念的方式。本文透过对晚清教科书的分析，探索教育、文化与政治改造之间的关系，并检视这种新的文类如何看待和诠释晚清的政治现实，以及强国的迫切需要如何反过来影响这些教材的社会功能与政治意涵。本文特别针对三类不同教材的起源与内容作分析：初等小学修身教科书、国民必读与女子教科书。首先概述教科书出版者与编纂者制作这些教材的动机，然後对一些个别的课本作细密的阅读，尤其着重在以下三个议题：它们赋予修身、教育与国族主义之间的明显关联性、它们提出的国民观念中通常具有的紧张性，以及它们为中国新国民所提出的针砭。在整个分析过程中，国民理想如何形成是最中心的课题。

The centuries-old Confucian emphasis on the transformative power of education remained central to the promotion of new national and citizenship ideals in modern China. This paper focuses on the ways the educational process served to reproduce cultural values and inculcate a new political ethos in early twentieth century China. It uses an analysis of late Qing textbooks to explore this relationship between education, culture, and political transformation, examining how late Qing political reality was conceived and interpreted through this new genre of texts and how the perceived urgency of national strengthening in turn influenced the social function and political meaning of these materials. The paper specifically analyzes the genesis and content of three different sets of materials: elementary level ethics textbooks, citizen's readers, and textbooks specifically written for girls and women. It first outlines the intent of textbook publishers and editors in producing these materials and then offers a close reading of a number of specific texts, focusing on three particular issues: the explicit connections they drew between ethics, education and nationalism; the often tension-ridden conception of citizenship which they put forward; and the precise prescriptions for China's new citizen which they promoted. Througout the analysis, the question of how the citizenship ideal was gendered is foregrounded.