华德福学校的三元组织架构及评析

The Critique on the Threefold Organization of Waldorf Schools

自1919年第一所华德福学校在德国成立以来，全球已有60个国家，设立950所华德福学校，而其共同的教育理念来自於Rudolf Steiner，也就是「人智学」及「三元社会秩序」。华德福学校发展出特有的三元组织，形成三大支柱，最左边的支柱爲精神文化，教师会认是最有能力教是师所领导的学习组戳；最右边的支柱爲经济，代表学校的工作生活或服务文化，也就是家长领导；中间的支柱代表华德福学校的人际、关系的生活，也就是行政领导，包含家长和教师。基於三元组织的精神，不同发展阶段的华德福学校，其组织架构是有所不同的。最後，综合相相关文献探讨，本文提出以下评析：(1)华德福学校的三元组织具有理想的色彩，需要时间的磨合；(2)华德福学校三元组织的运作尚缺乏实证研究，难以精确论断其成效；(3)华德福学校家长参舆校矜的程度芷不明确，容易产生运作上的冲突；(4)华德福学校以教师团、教师会议爲运作核心，有别於傅统的学校科同层体制；(5)华德福学校组织以自由、平等与博爱爲精神，富有同僚模式的特色。

Since the first Waldorf School was established in 1919, there have been 950 Waldorf Schools in 60 countries around the world. Their education ideas originated from Rudolf Steiner-that is anthroposophy and threefold social order. Since Waldorf Schools have developed characteristic threefold organizations, it formed three pillars. The left pillar is the spiritual culture, including teacher leadership. While the right pillar is the economic culture, parental leadership included. To sum up, the middle pillar is rights and responsibilities, inclusive of administrative leadership. The development phrases of each Waldorf School are diverse organizational structures. The paper offered many critics as the following: First, the threefold organization is full of creativity and takes time into practice. Second, it still lacks of empirical studies toward the operation of threefold organizations. Third, the extent of parents getting involved with school affairs is not so clear. Fourth, the college of teachers and faculty meetings are the operational cores of Waldorf Schools' that are different from traditional school bureaucracies. At last, freedom, equality, and fraternity are the spirits of Waldorf School, which is characterized by collegial models.