清朝甘青藏区治理:模式、体制与效果

Governance of Gansu and Qinghai Tibetan inhabited Area in Qing Dynasty:Model,System and Effect

清初至顺康时期,清朝在甘青藏区延续了族际主义的治理模式,有效地协调了满、汉与其他民族的关系,实现了立足王朝的政治整合.自雍正朝开始,在国内外因素的影响下,区域主义边疆治理观念逐渐形成.清朝遂依此理念,对甘青藏区的行政体制进行逐步改革,形成了相联系又彼此不同的两套管理体制.这种模式的适用,加强了清朝对甘青藏区的直接统治,稳定了藏区秩序,也巩固了政权.但是,在体制构建过程中,由于忽视了对族际政治整合、民族的融合和发展、民族认同和国家认同的关系、官僚政治等问题的关注,也使得最终的治理模式存在着较大的局限.

The Qing Dynasty extended its governance model of ethnic nationalism in Gansu, Qinghai and Tibetan Regions from the early Qing Dynasty to Shunzhi and Kangxi period,effectively coordinating the relations between Manchu-Han and other nationalities, and realizing the dynasty-based Political Integration.Influenced by domestic and international factors,the concept of regionalism frontier governance gradually formed since the beginning of Yong Zheng period. In accordance with this concept,Qing Dynasty gradually reformed the administrative system of Gansu,Qinghai and Tibetan regions,forming two sets of related but different systems.The application of this mode strengthened the direct rule of Qing Dynasty over Gansu,Qinghai Tibetan regions, stabilized Tibetan order and consolidated its political power.However,In the process of system construction,due to the neglect of ethnic political integration, national integration and development, ethnic identity and national identity relations,bureaucratic politics and other issues, the final governance has rather great limitations.