论网络环境下合理使用一般条款——兼评《著作权法送审稿》第43条第13款

The Study on general provisions of fair use on the Internet——Comments on Article 43 Subsection(13) in Revision Draft of Copyright Law

为适应数字网络的发展,我国《著作权法》在第三次修订中增加了合理使用的一般条款.一般条款的出现可以增强立法弹性,有助于解决网络环境下混合使用、数字化使用等新问题,为当前司法实践中的'不认定侵权''三步检验法'和'四要素检验法'等不同裁判思路设立基准.合理使用制度本质上需要解决高交易成本、高社会收益、低损害的问题,一般条款的设立有利于在司法层面更好地进行市场分析.当然,设立一般条款的同时应当坚持立法与司法的良性互动,在立法上严格限制一般条款的适用条件,完善12种具体情形,避免向一般条款逃逸,在司法实践中结合先例判决指导制度,统一法律适用标准.

In order to meet the development of digital technology, the third revision of copyright law introduce "general clause" into the fair use system. The emergence of the general provisions increase predictability and flexibility of law,help to solve the problems of "remix use" and "digital use",and set a standard for the application "three-steps test","four-factors test",and "not constitute infringement" in the justice. Fair use doctrine seeks to solve the problem of high transaction costs, high social value and low damage, and the market approach can serve as a means for applying fair use to newly emerging uses of copyrighted works made possible by developing technologies. Of course, in order to apply the general clause into the digital word, we should construct a benign interaction between legislation and judiciary. Therefore,the legislator should perfect fair use categories in detailed rules written into Copyright Act, and the judge should refer to the precedent judgment to provide bright-line rules for the public.