从种姓特留权之争看印度以宪法为基础的治理逻辑--一个中国法律人对贾特人骚乱的观察

Understanding Constitutional Governance in India through the Reservation System A Chinese Legal Scholar's Observation of Jaat Agitation

贾特人为争取特留权所发起的骚乱,只是众多骚乱之一,但因为其带来的社会负面效果极其严重,而再次引起人们对种姓歧视和特留权制度的热议。为应对千年之久的种姓制度,印度宪法设计者采用了积极性平权措施——特留权制度,包括针对特定的表列种姓、表列部落的特留权制度和其他落后群体的特留权制度。90年代初的经济改革后,缺乏明确标准的其他落后特留权制度被广泛的相对落后群体所热争,也成为邦选举争取选票的重要筹码。在司法能动主义规则干预下,这种政治化的撕扯被设定了边界,但引发撕扯本身的宪法命题并没有被破解,这意味着,最高法院的法律化又固化了撕扯本身。特留权制度为我们提供了一个解读印度以宪法为基础的治理逻辑的很好样本,而了解印度的治理逻辑,对于研究印度本身至关重要。

As one of the many agitations,Jaat Agitation brought wide attention because of its serious social consequence. In order to solve the one thousand years long caste-based discrimination,Constitution Assembly brought the affirmative action into the Indian Constitution which includes the reservation for scheduled castes( SC),scheduled tribes( ST) and other backward classes( OBC). After the economic reform in 1990 s,OBC becomes a hot system fought by backward classes for lack of clarified criteria. Then it becomes a weapon for politicians to get voters back. The Supreme Court with belief in judicial activism intervenes and sets limits for politicians. But the root cause of the issue has not been solved which thus lead to the institutionalization of the reservation fighting in a long-run.Reservation system provides a good example for us to review the constitutional governance in India which is the foundation to understand India.