试论元代后期的忠义观念及其在明代的发展——以余阙的彰显为中心

Studies on the senses of loyalty in the late Yuan and its development in the Ming Period: Focusing on the commendation of Yu Que

元朝末年唐兀进士余阙孤军守卫安庆城,终因军力不支自杀殉元.元朝对其追谥表彰.这一彰显行为,在元代后期并非孤立事件,实乃当时国家忠义观念的反映.同时元代后期这种“忠国爱民”的忠义观念随同士大夫之间的相互交往而不断扩大、加强.明初继续对余阙追封,立庙祭祀.同元代后期对忠义观念的表彰也是一脉相承的.但至明代中后期士人则逐渐将其纳入到现实的伦理纲常之中,从而实现社会教化的意义.

During the late Yuan, Yu Que, a Jinshi(Metropolitan Graduate) with ethnical background Tangut, defended the Anqing city against rebels with only a handful of troops at disposal. He ended up with committing suicide on the behalf of the Yuan. The Yuan government commended Yu’s loyalty.This commendation,far from a lonely phenomenon,was indeed a reflection of the conceptions of loyalty and righteousness.During the late Yuan period,the sense of"being loyal to the state and benevolent to the people"was widely disseminated when intellectual elites interacted with each other more deeply.In the early Ming,the government continued to entitle Yu and build shrines to sacrifice him.These actions were in line with the Yuan’s commendations of loyalty and righteousness.During the middle and late Ming period,intellectual elites gradually absorbed this into ethical principles in order to realize the goal of indoctrinating the public.