磷化铁@碳纳米管制备及其锌空电池正极催化性能——本科综合化学实验设计

为响应“新工科”建设的需求,将碳基纳米材料与金属锌空电池相结合的前沿科研成果设计为本科综合化学实验。通过化学氧化聚合及高温热解制备磷化铁@碳纳米管,并考察其作为锌空电池正极催化材料的电化学性能,从而帮助学生了解新能源电池行业最新发展动态,熟悉锌空电池的组装及性能测试,将已学知识“学以致用”,培养分析、解决问题的能力和创新能力,提升综合素养。

Adipokinetic hormone signaling regulates adult dehydration resistance in the migratory locust

Drought events have become more severe under climate change,and this can pose a major threat to the survival of various organisms.The molecular mechanisms involved in dehydration resistance are not well known.Here,adults of the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria,were subjected to food-mediated dehydration,and adipokinetic hormone(AKH)signaling was found to play a key role in regulating dehydration resistance.Specifically,dehydration shortened the lifespan,increased the body weight loss,and reduced the water loss rate in adult locusts.Global transcriptome profiles revealed variations in tissue-specific gene expression between dehydration-resistant locusts and normal locusts.Importantly,dehydration selection and exposure induced prominent expression of AKH genes in the retrocerebral complex of adult locusts.Furthermore,individual knockdown of AKH1,AKH2,or AKH receptor(AKHR)accelerated water loss and shortened the lifespan of adult locusts under dehydration conditions,and trehalose supplementation ameliorated the negative effects caused by interference with AKH or AKHR.These findings demonstrated that AKH/AKHR signaling-dependent trehalose metabolism plays a crucial role in regulating locust dehydration resistance and thus provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanism underlying drought resistance.

Toward Artificial Peptide Nanocapsules

HIGHLIGHTS The formation of peptide nanocapsules is facilitated by a gradient interface,where the differential solvent concentration drives the peptides to preferentially localize and assemble.The peptide nanocapsules,characterized by their hollow structures,demonstrated potential as carriers for targeted drug delivery.1 Introduction Peptide nanocapsules are a type of nanoscale delivery system that encapsulates active substances within a shell composed of peptides,leveraging the unique properties of peptides such as biocompatibility and biodegradability[1].Historically,the development of peptide nanocapsules was inspired primordially by the natural biological processes.

Diffraction deep neural network-based classification for vector vortex beams

The vector vortex beam(VVB)has attracted significant attention due to its intrinsic diversity of information and has found great applications in both classical and quantum communications.However,a VVB is unavoidably affected by atmospheric turbulence(AT)when it propagates through the free-space optical communication environment,which results in detection errors at the receiver.In this paper,we propose a VVB classification scheme to detect VVBs with continuously changing polarization states under AT,where a diffractive deep neural network(DDNN)is designed and trained to classify the intensity distribution of the input distorted VVBs,and the horizontal direction of polarization of the input distorted beam is adopted as the feature for the classification through the DDNN.The numerical simulations and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has high accuracy in classification tasks.The energy distribution percentage remains above 95%from weak to medium AT,and the classification accuracy can remain above 95%for various strengths of turbulence.It has a faster convergence and better accuracy than that based on a convolutional neural network.

Memristive feature and mechanism induced by laser-doping in defect-free 2D semiconductor materials

Memristors as non-volatile memory devices have gained numerous attentions owing to their advantages in storage,in-memory computing, synaptic applications, etc. In recent years, two-dimensional(2D) materials with moderate defects have been discovered to exist memristive feature. However, it is very difficult to obtain moderate defect degree in 2D materials, and studied on modulation means and mechanism becomes urgent and essential. In this work, we realized memristive feature with a bipolar switching and a configurable on/off ratio in a two-terminal MoS_(2) device(on/off ratio ~100), for the first time, from absent to present using laser-modulation to few-layer defect-free MoS_(2)(about 10 layers), and its retention time in both high resistance state and low resistance state can reach 2×10^(4) s. The mechanism of the laser-induced memristive feature has been cleared by dynamic Monte Carlo simulations and first-principles calculations. Furthermore, we verified the universality of the laser-modulation by investigating other 2D materials of TMDs. Our work will open a route to modulate and optimize the performance of 2D semiconductor memristive devices.

Clinical study on improving the diagnostic accuracy of adult elbow joint cartilage injury by multisequence magnetic resonance imaging

BACKGROUND Due to frequent and high-risk sports activities,the elbow joint is susceptible to injury,especially to cartilage tissue,which can cause pain,limited movement and even loss of joint function.AIM To evaluate magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)multisequence imaging for improving the diagnostic accuracy of adult elbow cartilage injury.METHODS A total of 60 patients diagnosed with elbow cartilage injury in our hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 were enrolled in this retrospective study.We analyzed the accuracy of conventional MRI sequences(T1-weighted imaging,T2-weighted imaging,proton density weighted imaging,and T2 star weighted image)and Three-Dimensional Coronary Imaging by Spiral Scanning(3D-CISS)in the diagnosis of elbow cartilage injury.Arthroscopy was used as the gold standard to evaluate the diagnostic effect of single and combination sequences in different injury degrees and the consistency with arthroscopy.RESULTS The diagnostic accuracy of 3D-CISS sequence was 89.34%±4.98%,the sensitivity was 90%,and the specificity was 88.33%,which showed the best performance among all sequences(P<0.05).The combined application of the whole sequence had the highest accuracy in all sequence combinations,the accuracy of mild injury was 91.30%,the accuracy of moderate injury was 96.15%,and the accuracy of severe injury was 93.33%(P<0.05).Compared with arthroscopy,the combination of all MRI sequences had the highest consistency of 91.67%,and the kappa value reached 0.890(P<0.001).CONCLUSION Combination of 3D-CISS and each sequence had significant advantages in improving MRI diagnostic accuracy of elbow cartilage injuries in adults.Multisequence MRI is recommended to ensure the best diagnosis and treatment.

Pathogenicity Analysis on Magnaporthe oryzae from Hybrid Combination Wuyou 308

Eighteen blast isolates were obtained from hybrid combination Wuyou308 using the Magnaporthe oryzae pathogen isolation method.Race identification of these isolates was conducted based on seven Chinese blast differentials and 11 blast monogenic lines.The results indicated that the isolates were identified as the races of ZB13,ZB15 and ZC13,accounting for 66.67%,27.78%,5.56%,respectively,and the resistance genes including Pi-ta2 and Pi-sh,Pi-i were highly susceptible to these isolates,while the resistance genes like Pi-kh,Pi-1,Pi2,Pi-9 and Pi-50 showed good resistance to tested pathogens.All isolates were compatible to the original rice hybrid Wuyou308.Three isolates including GDHY-308-1401 were used for testing their pathogenicity to 45 local varieties.The results demonstrated that 13 varieties appeared highly susceptible to the tested isolates,accounting for 28.89%;two varieties appeared moderately susceptible to the tested isolates,accounting for 4.44%;30 varieties showed moderately/highly resistance,accounting for 66.67%.Among them,some of new hybrid combinations such as Wufengyou 9802,Wuyou 613,Wuyou 1179 showed good resistance to the inoculated strains,and they were recommended to be candidates in the rice region where Wuyou308 showed susceptibility.

Comparative Analysis of the Genomes of Three Field Isolates of the Rice Blast Fungus <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i>from Southern China

Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is one of the most destructive diseases, which causes significant rice yield losses and affects global food security. To better understand genetic variations among different isolates of M. oryzae in the nature field, we re-sequenced and analyzed the genomes of three field isolates, QJ08-2006, QJ10-10, and QJ10-3001, which showed distinct pathogenicity on Xin-Yin-Zhan, an elite variety in South China. Genome annotation indicated that these three isolates assemblies have similar genome sizes with 38.4 Mb, 38.3 Mb, and 38.4 Mb, respectively. The QJ08-2006 assembly has 2082 contigs with an N50 of 127.4 kb, the QJ10-10 assembly has 2239 contigs with an N50 of 105.13 kb, the QJ10-3001 assembly has 2025 contigs with an N50 of 133.16 kb. A total of 10,432 genes including 1408 putative secreted protein genes were identified from the annotated isolate QJ08-2006 genome, 10,418 genes including 1410 putative secreted protein genes were identified in QJ10-10, and 10,401 genes including 1420 putative secreted protein genes were identified in QJ10-3001. There are as many as 11,076 identical genes in these three isolates and contained only a few unique genes among three isolates, of which 277 unique genes in QJ08-2006 and 264 unique genes in QJ10-10, and 213 unique genes in QJ10-3001. Most of the predicted secreted protein genes had been identified, and the three re-sequenced strains contained 371, 369, and 387 small Indel, respectively. Avr genes were analyzed in several sequenced Magnaporthe strains, the results revealed that Avr-Pi9 and Avr-Piz-t were present in all the sequenced isolates. The isolates QJ08-2006 contained AvrPib, QJ10-10, and QJ10-3001 had an insertion of a Pot3 element in the promoter of the AvrPib gene. Our results showed that, the rapid dominancy of virulence mutant isolates via clonal propagation displayed in the field after the release of the elite variety Xin-Yin-Zhan.

β连环蛋白对脑胶质瘤辐射抗性的影响

目的探讨β连环蛋白(β-catenin)在X射线照射条件下对人脑胶质瘤U87细胞增殖、生存的影响。方法 U87细胞经采用5μmol/L IWR-1-endo处理后,用X射线照射,采用CCK-8法平板克隆形成实验检验细胞增殖和存活能力,免疫荧光染色检验细胞相关蛋白的表达,电镜观察细胞内微结构的变化。结果人脑胶质瘤U87细胞辐射后,照射组β-catenin蛋白相对表达量比对照组低(P<0.05);经IWR-1-endo处理的细胞增殖和平板克隆形成率有增加趋势(P<0.05)。结论降低β-catenin抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,虽然能降低胶质瘤细胞增殖能力,但可能通过保护细胞线粒体的方式增加胶质瘤细胞对辐射治疗的抗性。

腹腔镜肾部分切除术和腹腔镜冷冻消融治疗肾皮质小肿块(<3.5cm)的疗效比较

目的比较腹腔镜肾部分切除术(LPN)和腹腔镜冷冻消融(LCA)治疗肾皮质小肿块(<3.5 cm)的围手术期情况和短期临床结局。方法共纳入167例患者。其中,92例95处病灶接受LPN,75例患者91处病灶接受LCA。比较两组患者围手术期和临床结局。结果LPN和LCA组肿块平均直径、术前、术后肌酐水平无差异(P=0.495,P=0.953,P=0.101)。LPN组平均年龄低于LCA组[(58.8±3.2)和(69.2±4.7)岁,P<0.01],LPN组平均失血量更高[(168.4±17.2)和(66.1±8.3)ml,P=0.005],平均手术时间更长[(151.6±13.2)和(128.6±10.8)min,P=0.001]。LCA组和LPN组中分别发生6种并发症。LPN和LCA组中位随访时间分别为(21.8±4.8)和(14.2±1.3)个月(P<0.01)。LCA组2例患者复发,LPN组1例患者复发。结论在短期随访中,LPN和LCA治疗肾皮质小肿块的疗效无差异,LCA失血量较少、手术时间较短,且并发症发生率较低。

Battery Technologies for Grid-Level Large-Scale Electrical Energy Storage

Grid-level large-scale electrical energy storage(GLEES) is an essential approach for balancing the supply–demand of electricity generation, distribution, and usage. Compared with conventional energy storage methods, battery technologies are desirable energy storage devices for GLEES due to their easy modularization, rapid response, flexible installation, and short construction cycles. In general, battery energy storage technologies are expected to meet the requirements of GLEES such as peak shaving and load leveling, voltage and frequency regulation, and emergency response, which are highlighted in this perspective. Furthermore, several types of battery technologies, including lead–acid, nickel–cadmium, nickel–metal hydride, sodium–sulfur, lithium-ion, and flow batteries, are discussed in detail for the application of GLEES. Moreover, some possible developing directions to facilitate efforts in this area are presented to establish a perspective on battery technology, provide a road map for guiding future studies, and promote the commercial application of batteries for GLEES.

31inical features and prognostic factors for patients wilh bone metastases from prostate cancer

To identify the clinical features and independent predictors of survival in patients with bone metastases from prostate cancer （PCa）. We retrospectively analysed 115 PCa patients with bone metastases between 1997 and 2009. The overall survival rate after bone metastases was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The prognostic factors were identified by univariate analysis using a log-rank test and by multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression models. The follow-up rate was 100%, the follow-up cases during 1, 3 and 5 years were 103, 79 and 55, respectively. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 89.1%, 60.9% and 49.8%, respectively, with a median survival time of 48.5 months for patients with bone metastases from PCa. In univariate analysis, age, Gleason score, clinical stage, the number of bone lesions, alkaline phosphatase （ALP） level, invasion of neighbouring organs and non-regional lymph node metastases were correlated with prognosis. By multivariate analysis using Cox regression, ALP level, Gleason score and non-regional lymph node metastases were independent prognostic factors. These prognostic factors will help us to determine the appropriate dose and fraction of radiotherapy for these patients.

Dynamic expression of Slit1–3 and Robo1–2 in the mouse peripheral nervous system after injury

The Slit family of axon guidance cues act as repulsive molecules for precise axon pathfinding and neuronal migration during nervous system development through interactions with specific Robo receptors.Although we previously reported that Slit1–3 and their receptors Robo1 and Robo2 are highly expressed in the adult mouse peripheral nervous system,how this expression changes after injury has not been well studied.Herein,we constructed a peripheral nerve injury mouse model by transecting the right sciatic nerve.At 14 days after injury,quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect mRNA expression of Slit1–3 and Robo1–2 in L4–5 spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia,as well as the sciatic nerve.Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to examine Slit1–3,Robo1–2,neurofilament heavy chain,F4/80,and vimentin in L4–5 spinal cord,L4 dorsal root ganglia,and the sciatic nerve.Co-expression of Slit1–3 and Robo1–2 in L4 dorsal root ganglia was detected by in situ hybridization.In addition,Slit1–3 and Robo1–2 protein expression in L4–5 spinal cord,L4 dorsal root ganglia,and sciatic nerve were detected by western blot assay.The results showed no significant changes of Slit1–3 or Robo1–2 mRNA expression in the spinal cord within 14 days after injury.In the dorsal root ganglion,Slit1–3 and Robo1–2 mRNA expression were initially downregulated within 4 days after injury;however,Robo1–2 mRNA expression returned to the control level,while Slit1–3 mRNA expression remained upregulated during regeneration from 4–14 days after injury.In the sciatic nerve,Slit1–3 and their receptors Robo1–2 were all expressed in the proximal nerve stump;however,Slit1,Slit2,and Robo2 were barely detectable in the nerve bridge and distal nerve stump within 14 days after injury.Slit3 was highly ex-pressed in macrophages surrounding the nerve bridge and slightly downregulated in the distal nerve stump within 14 days after injury.Robo1 was upregulated in vimentin-positive cells and migrating Schwann cells inside the nerve bridge.Robo1 was also upregulated in Schwann cells of the distal nerve stump within 14 days after injury.Our findings indicate that Slit3 is the major ligand expressed in the nerve bridge and distal nerve stump during peripheral nerve regeneration,and Slit3/Robo signaling could play a key role in peripheral nerve repair after injury.This study was approved by Plymouth University Animal Welfare Ethical Review Board (approval No.30/3203) on April 12,2014.

Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Grid-Scale Energy Storage Systems

In the electrical energy transformation process,the grid-level energy storage system plays an essential role in balancing power generation and utilization.Batteries have considerable potential for application to grid-level energy storage systems because of their rapid response,modularization,and flexible installation.Among several battery technologies,lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)exhibit high energy efficiency,long cycle life,and relatively high energy density.In this perspective,the properties of LIBs,including their operation mechanism,battery design and construction,and advantages and disadvantages,have been analyzed in detail.Moreover,the performance of LIBs applied to grid-level energy storage systems is analyzed in terms of the following grid services:(1)frequency regulation;(2)peak shifting;(3)integration with renewable energy sources;and(4)power management.In addition,the challenges encountered in the application of LIBs are discussed and possible research directions aimed at overcoming these challenges are proposed to provide insight into the development of grid-level energy storage systems.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces neuron-like cellular differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord blood cells in vitro

Human umbilical cord blood was collected from full-term deliveries scheduled for cesarean section. Mononuclear cells were isolated, amplified and induced as mesenchymal stem cells. Isolated mesenchymal stem cells tested positive for the marker CD29, CD44 and CD105 and negative for typical hematopoietic and endothelial markers. Following treatment with neural induction medium containing brain-derived neurotrophic factor for 7 days, the adherent cells exhibited neuron-like cellular morphology. Immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcription-PCR revealed that the induced mesenchymal stem cells expressed the markers for neuron-specific enolase and neurofilament. The results demonstrated that human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into neuron-like cells induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor in vitro.

Accuracy of axial length measurements from immersion B-scan ultrasonography in highly myopic eyes

AIM:To evaluate the accuracy of axial length(AL)measurements obtained from immersion B-scan ultrasonography(immersion B-scan)for intraocular lens(IOL)power calculation in patients with high myopia and cataracts.METHODS:Immersion B-scan,contact A-scan ultrasonography(contact A-scan),and the IOLMaster were used to preoperatively measure the AL in 102 eyes from 102 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation.Patients were divided into two groups according to the AL:one containing patients with22 mm≤AL【26 mm(group A)and the other containing patients with AL≥26 mm(group B).The mean error(ME)was calculated from the difference between the AL measurement methods predicted refractive error and the actual postoperative refractive error.RESULTS:Ingroup A,ALs measured byimmersion Bscan(23.48±1.15)didn’t differ significantly from those measured by the IOLMaster(23.52±1.17)or from those by contact A-scan(23.38±1.20).In the same group,the standard deviation(SD)of the mean error(ME)of immersion B-scan(-0.090±0.397 D)didn’t differ significantly from those of IOLMaster(-0.095±0.411 D)and contact A-scan(-0.099±0.425 D).In group B,ALs measured by immersion B-scan(27.97±2.21 mm)didn’t differ significantly from those of the IOLMaster(27.86±2.18 mm),but longer than those measured by Contact A-scan(27.75±2.23 mm,P=0.009).In the same group,the standard deviation(SD)of the mean error(ME)of immersion B-scan(-0.635±0.157 D)didn’t differ significantly from those of the IOLMaster(-0.679±0.359 D),but differed significantly from those of contact A-scan(-0.953±1.713 D,P=0.028).CONCLUSION:ImmersionB-scanexhibitsmeasurement accuracy comparable to that of the IOLMaster,and is thus a good alternative in measuring AL in eyes with high myopia when the IOLMaster can’t be used,and it is more accurate than the contact A-scan.

High-efficiency stabilization of dredged sediment using nano-modified and chemical-activated binary cement

High-efficiency disposal of dredged sediment(DS)has become an imperative geo-environmental engineering issue due to the limited landfilling space and severe environmental burdens.This study firstly developed a novel high-efficiency nano-modified and chemical-activated binary cement(NBC),which was composed of binary cement(BC)consisting ordinary Portland cement(OPC)and ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBS),chemical-activator and nano-modifier.The effects of chemical-activation and nano-modification on the strength development of BC-stabilized DS(BCDS),and the optimum mix of NBC were respectively achieved via a series of unconfined compressive strength and orthogonal tests.Then,the high-efficiency and economic applicability of NBC in DS stabilization were evaluated by comparing with OPC.Furthermore,the microstructure and mineral composition evolutions inside NBCstabilized DS(NDS)were explored by conducting X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)tests.The results show that both chemical-activation and nano-modification could effectively improve the strength gain of BCDS,and compared with single chemical-activator and nanomodifier,the composite chemical-activators and nano-modifiers exhibited better performances.Based on BC with OPC/GGBS mass ratio of 1:1,both anhydrous sodium metasilicate/anhydrous sodium sulfate(SM/SS)and nano-SiO_(2)/nano-MgO(NS/NM)with mass ratio of 1:9 were respectively determined to be optimum chemical-activator and nano-modifier.The optimum mass ratio of BC,SM/SS and NS/NM was 20:2:1,i.e.the optimum mix of NBC.Compared with OPC,NBC exhibited higher stabilization efficiency and better economic applicability.The generation of calcium silicate hydrate(CSH),calcium aluminate hydrate(CAH)and ettringite contributed to the formation of dense cemented soil matrix inside NDS,and a conceptual micro-mechanism model characterizing the strength development under the coupling action of chemical-activation and nano-modification was proposed.

Structural impairment patterns in peripapillary retinal fiber layer and retinal ganglion cell layer in mitochondrial optic neuropathies

AIM：To evaluate the structural injure patterns in peripapillary retinal fiber layer （pRNFL）, retinal ganglion cell layer （RGCL） and their correlations to visual function in various mitochondrial optic neuropathies （MON） to offer help to their differential diagnosis.METHODS：Totally 32 MON patients （60 eyes） were recruited within 6mo after clinical onsets, including 20 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy （LHON） patients （37eyes）, 12 ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy （EON）patients （23 eyes）, and 41 age-gender matched healthy controls （HC, 82 eyes）. All subjects had pRNFL and RGCL examinations with optic coherence tomography （OCT） and visual function tests.RESULTS：In the early stages of MON, the temporal pRNFL thickness decreased （66.09±22.57μm）, but increased in other quadrants, compared to HC （76.95±14.81μm）. The other quadrants remaining stable for LHON and EON patients besides the second hour sector of pRNFL thickness reduced and the temporal pRNFL decreased （56.78±15.87μm） for EON. Total macular thickness in MON reduced remarkably（279.25±18.90μm; P=0.015）, which mainly occurring in the inner circle （3 mm diameter of circle） and the nasal temporal sectors in the outer circle （5.5 mm diameter of circle）, in contrast to those in HC. RGCL thickness reduced in each sector of the macula （61.90±8.73μm; P≤0.001）. It strongly showed the correlationship of best corrected visual acuity （R=0.50, P=0.0003） and visual field injury （R=0.54,P=0.0002） in MON patients.CONCLUSION：OCT is a potential tool for detecting structural alterations in the optic nerves of various MON. Different types of MON may have different damage patterns.

SDNMS: A Software Defined Network Measurement System for NFV Networks

As a promising technology to completely transform how we architect, deploy, operate and manage various networks, software-based Network Function Virtualization(NFV) enables hardware-independent, flexible, fast and efficient network service provision. With the increasing popularity of NFV paradigm, the Internet has also transformed to be a hybrid environment where NFV-based network entities coexist with traditional network devices. To facilitate our understanding, design, evaluate and manage of such novel network environment, there is a great need for a new NFV-compatible network measurement system which is still in absent so far. To bridge this gap, a system, named Software Defined Network Measurement System(SDNMS), is presented in this paper. Firstly, the architecture of SDNMS is proposed. In this architecture, a formal method to describe the working mode of the network measurement is defined. This method can also be utilized to generate a network measurement middle box(NMMB) in a specific location of the NFV network according to the customized description file, and to flexibly deploy the network measurement function. Secondly, the technology of virtual network measurement function(VNMF) combined with LXC is studied to form NMMB function. Thirdly, a control method is presented to control the start, stop, and update NMMB to form a specific network measurement system function. Finally, a prototype of SDNMS with network monitoring function to monitor network performance anomalies and locate faults is introduced. Experimental results have shown that SDNMS architecture and related technologies are feasible and effective to deploy and control network measurement functions in NFV networks. We hope SDNMS could provide a new method for practitioners to conduct network management and research at the age of NFV.

Reaction mechanism of roasting Zn_2SiO_4 using NaOH

The reaction kinetics of roasting zinc silicate using NaOH was investigated.The orthogonal test was employed to optimize the reaction conditions and the optimized reaction conditions were as follows:molar ratio of NaOH to Zn2SiO4 of 16:1,reaction temperature of 550°C,and reaction time of 2.5 h.In order to ascertain the phases transformation and reaction processes of zinc oxide and silica,the XRD phase analysis was used to analyze the phases of these specimens roasted at different temperatures.The final phases of the specimen roasted at 600°C were Na2ZnO2,Na4SiO4,Na2ZnSiO4 and NaOH.The reaction kinetic equation of roasting was determined by the shrinking unreacted core model.Aiming to investigate the reaction mechanism,two control models of reaction rate were applied:chemical reaction at the particle surface and diffusion through the product layer.The results indicated that the diffusion through the product layer model described the reaction process well.The apparent activation energy of the roasting was 19.77 kJ/mol.