Spatial transcriptomics combined with single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals glial cell heterogeneity in the human spinal cord

Glial cells play crucial roles in regulating physiological and pathological functions,including sensation,the response to infection and acute injury,and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.Glial cells include astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system,and satellite glial cells and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.Despite the greater understanding of glial cell types and functional heterogeneity achieved through single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing in animal models,few studies have investigated the transcriptomic profiles of glial cells in the human spinal cord.Here,we used high-throughput single-nucleus RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to map the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes in the human spinal cord.To explore the conservation and divergence across species,we compared these findings with those from mice.In the human spinal cord,astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes were each divided into six distinct transcriptomic subclusters.In the mouse spinal cord,astrocytes,microglia,and oligodendrocytes were divided into five,four,and five distinct transcriptomic subclusters,respectively.The comparative results revealed substantial heterogeneity in all glial cell types between humans and mice.Additionally,we detected sex differences in gene expression in human spinal cord glial cells.Specifically,in all astrocyte subtypes,the levels of NEAT1 and CHI3L1 were higher in males than in females,whereas the levels of CST3 were lower in males than in females.In all microglial subtypes,all differentially expressed genes were located on the sex chromosomes.In addition to sex-specific gene differences,the levels of MT-ND4,MT2A,MT-ATP6,MT-CO3,MT-ND2,MT-ND3,and MT-CO_(2) in all spinal cord oligodendrocyte subtypes were higher in females than in males.Collectively,the present dataset extensively characterizes glial cell heterogeneity and offers a valuable resource for exploring the cellular basis of spinal cordrelated illnesses,including chronic pain,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and multiple sclerosis.

Physical,mechanical and thermal properties of vacuum sintered HUST-1 lunar regolith simulant

Establishing a base on the Moon is one of the new goals of human lunar exploration in recent years.Sintered lunar regolith is one of the most potential building materials for lunar bases.The physical,mechanical and thermal properties of sintered lunar regolith are vital performance indices for the structural design of a lunar base and analysis of many critical mechanical and thermal issues.In this study,the HUST-1 lunar regolith simulant(HLRS)was sintered at 1030,1040,1050,1060,1070,and 1080℃.The effect of sintering temperature on the compressive strength was investigated,and the exact value of the optimum vacuum sintering temperature was determined between 1040 and 1060℃.Then,the microstructure and material composition of vacuum sintered HLRS at different temperatures were characterized.It was found that the sintering temperature has no significant effect on the mineral composition in the temperature range of 1030-1080℃.Besides,the heat capacity,thermal conductivity,and coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)of vacuum sintered HLRS at different temperatures were investigated.Specific heat capacity of sintered samples increases with the increase of test temperature within the temperature range from-75 to 145℃.Besides,the thermal conductivity of the sintered sample is proportional to density.Finally,the two temperatures of 1040 and 1050℃were selected for a more detailed study of mechanical properties.The results showed that compressive strength of sintered sample is much higher than tensile strength.This study reveals the effects of sintering temperature on the physical,mechanical and thermal properties of vacuum sintered HLRS,and these material parameters will provide support for the construction of future lunar bases.

Properties and Characteristics of Regolith-Based Materials for Extraterrestrial Construction

The construction of extraterrestrial bases has become a new goal in the active exploration of deep space.Among the construction techniques,in situ resource-based construction is one of the most promising because of its good sustainability and acceptable economic cost,triggering the development of various types of extraterrestrial construction materials.A comprehensive survey and comparison of materials from the perspective of performance was conducted to provide suggestions for material selection and optimization.Thirteen types of typical construction materials are discussed in terms of their reliability and applicability in extreme extraterrestrial environment.Mechanical,thermal and optical,and radiation-shielding properties are considered.The influencing factors and optimization methods for these properties are analyzed.From the perspective of material properties,the existing challenges lie in the comprehensive,long-term,and real characterization of regolith-based construction materials.Correspondingly,the suggested future directions include the application of high-throughput characterization methods,accelerated durability tests,and conducting extraterrestrial experiments.

洗发水表面活性剂对头皮的影响及其内在机制的研究进展

头皮的屏障功能需要正常的皮脂分泌和平衡的微生态共同维持。表面活性剂作为洗发水的核心成分,在提供清洁作用时,会与角质层(SC)蛋白质和脂质相互作用,并且对头皮微生态产生影响,从而破坏头皮屏障。此外,表面活性剂的使用可能会造成头皮瘙痒、刺痛、发红、炎症等刺激反应。值得注意的是,不同种类的表面活性剂对脂质的去除可能具有选择性。阴离子表面活性剂处理会去除胆固醇、游离脂肪酸和角鲨烯,但不影响神经酰胺和甘油三酯的含量,而阳离子表面活性剂却可以显著减少甘油三酯和神经酰胺的含量。脂质组学与微生物组学策略的结合将有助于进一步研究表面活性剂对头皮脂质和微生物的影响,从而指导不同表面活性剂在不同头皮类型中的使用,为研发具有针对性、低刺激性、高功效性的洗发水提供依据。

Flexible polydimethylsiloxane pressure sensor with micro-pyramid structures and embedded silver nanowires:A novel application in urinary flow measurement

Flexible pressure sensors are lightweight and highly sensitive,making them suitable for use in small portable devices to achieve precise measurements of tiny forces.This article introduces a low-cost and easy-fabrication strategy for piezoresistive flexible pressure sensors.By embedding silver nanowires into a polydimethylsiloxane layer with micro-pyramids on its surface,a flexible pressure sensor is created that can detect low pressure (17.3 Pa) with fast response (<20 ms) and high sensitivity (69.6 mA kPa-1).Furthermore,the pressure sensor exhibits a sensitive and stable response to a small amount of water flowing on its surface.On this basis,the flexible pressure sensor is innovatively combined with a micro-rotor to fabricate a novel urinary flow-rate meter (uroflowmeter),and results from a simulated human urination experiment show that the uroflowmeter accurately captured all the essential shape characteristics that were present in the pump-simulated urination curves.Looking ahead,this research provides a new reference for using flexible pressure sensors in urinary flow-rate monitoring.

Effects of external parameters on plasma characteristics and uniformity in a dual cylindrical inductively coupled plasma

The dual cylindrical inductively coupled plasma source,compared to the conventional structure of inductively coupled plasma source,can significantly improve the uniformity of plasma.It has an enhanced potential for application in processes,such as etching and ashing.A uniform plasma can be obtained by allowing the remote plasma from the upper chamber modulate the main plasma generated in the lower chamber.In this study,a fluid model was employed to investigate a dual cylindrical inductively coupled Ar/O_(2)discharge.The effects of external parameters on electron density,electron temperature,O atomic density,and plasma uniformity in the main chamber were studied,and the reasons were analyzed.The results of this study show that remote power can control the plasma uniformity and increase the plasma density in the main chamber.As the remote power increased,plasma uniformity improved initially and then deteriorated.The main power affected the plasma density at the edge of the main chamber and can modulate the plasma density in the main chamber.The gas pressure affected both the uniformity and density of the plasma.As the gas pressure increased,the plasma uniformity deteriorated,but the free radical density improved.

西藏冈底斯南缘阿扎乡古新世花岗闪长岩地质特征及成矿潜力评价

西藏冈底斯岩浆弧带是我国重要的铜矿资源产地。研究区位于南冈底斯斑岩铜矿带东段克鲁铜金矿床西侧,古新世岩浆活动较为强烈,但如此强烈的岩浆活动与铜矿的关系究竟如何?其是否具有好的成矿潜力?解决这些问题对指导该地区的找矿工作具有重要的意义。基于此,本文通过年代学、岩石地球化学、锆石同位素分析了花岗闪长岩的岩浆起源、岩石成因及形成的构造环境,并结合氧逸度分析成矿潜力。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,岩体形成于古新世(64.55±0.93 Ma),岩石属钙碱性系列,稀土元素总量∑REE(包括Y元素)平均为94.01×10^(-6),富集K、U、Rb、Ba和轻稀土(LREEs),亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr和重稀土(HREEs),无明显Eu负异常。Rb/Sr比值平均为0.20,Nb/Ta比值平均为11.89,锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为+10.7~+13.3,t_(DM2)变化于285.5~453.4 Ma,I_(A)=490,I_(T)=484,岩体中锆石结晶温度大约在700℃,显示岩浆来源于俯冲环境新生地壳的部分熔融,并有少量幔源物质加入,具典型的I型花岗岩特征,推断其形成于挤压俯冲碰撞前的弧构造环境。结合高氧逸度、地幔物质以及流体的贡献,可推知该地区具有良好的深部铜金资源成矿潜力。

High-quality ghost imaging based on undersampled natural-order Hadamard source

Improving the speed of ghost imaging is one of the main ways to leverage its advantages in sensitivity and imperfect spectral regions for practical applications.Because of the proportional relationship between image resolution and measurement time,when the image pixels are large,the measurement time increases,making it difficult to achieve real-time imaging.Therefore,a high-quality ghost imaging method based on undersampled natural-order Hadamard is proposed.This method uses the characteristics of the Hadamard matrix under undersampling conditions where image information can be fully obtained but overlaps,as well as deep learning to extract aliasing information from the overlapping results to obtain the true original image information.We conducted numerical simulations and experimental tests on binary and grayscale objects under undersampling conditions to demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of this method.This method can significantly reduce the number of measurements required to obtain high-quality image information and advance application promotion.

Noninvasive Detection of Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood Oxygen Based on Inductive Sensing Technology and Near Infrared Spectroscopy

The synchronous monitoring of cerebral blood flow and blood oxygen levels plays a pivotal role in the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.This study introduces a novel noninvasive device utilizing inductive sensing and near-infrared spectroscopy technology to facilitate simultaneous monitoring of cerebral blood flow and blood oxygen levels.The device consists of modules for cerebral blood flow monitoring,cerebral blood oxygen monitoring,control,communication,and a host machine.Through experiments conducted on healthy subjects,it was confirmed that the device can effectively achieve synchronous monitoring and recording of cerebral blood flow and blood oxygen signals.The results demonstrate the device’s capability to accurately measure these signals simultaneously.This technology enables dynamic monitoring of cerebral blood flow and blood oxygen signals with potential clinical applications in preventing,diagnosing,treating cerebrovascular diseases while reducing their associated harm.

Dynamic changes and clinical value of lipocalin 2 in liver diseases caused by microbial infections

Lipocalin 2(LCN2)plays a pivotal role in iron metabolism,particularly in the context of microbial infection resistance(e.g.,viruses,bacteria,parasites,etc.).LCN2 combats microbial infection by directly assisting the body in competing with microorganisms for iron,inducing immune cells to secrete various cytokines to enhance systemic immune responses,or recruiting neutrophils to infectious sites.The liver serves as the primary organ for LCN2 secretion during microbial infections.This review encapsulates recent advances in dynamic changes,clinical values,and the effects of LCN2 in infectious liver diseases caused by various microbial microorganisms.

温经通络论治骨伤科风寒湿痹证

骨伤科风寒湿痹证颇为多见。该证外因诸邪夹杂,内有阳气为病,邪处肢体经络。脾肾阳气为病在病机变化中尤为关键,该证治须以温为本,温振脾阳而兼解郁安神,温补肾阳不忘滋养肾阴。经络痹阻导致气血不畅和筋骨失养,疏经通络亦是重要治法,通法可根据具体证候及其病机演变,或祛邪或扶正,或相须为用,或有所侧重。温经通络治疗风寒湿痹证,应考虑年龄、体质、病程、病位等个体差异,方由证化裁,药随证配伍。

体外膜肺氧合应用于心脏手术后支持治疗的医院感染分析

目的分析心脏外科术后患者行体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)辅助治疗后出现的医院获得性感染的相关因素。方法对中山市人民医院2012年12月至2015年8月心脏外科术后行ECMO辅助治疗患者的医院获得性感染资料进行回顾性分析。结果 74例患者中发生院内感染30例,感染率40.5%,分离病原菌38株,其中革兰阴性菌22株,占57.9%,革兰阳性菌15株,占39.5%,真菌1株,占2.6%,多重耐药菌株高度集中,以鲍曼不动杆菌和各类凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主;医院获得性感染与呼吸机辅助时间、重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)滞留时间、ECMO支持时间、总住院时间相关,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论心脏外科术后行ECMO辅助治疗继发感染与呼吸机辅助时间、ICU滞留时间、ECMO辅助时间、总住院时间有明显相关性,医院应对此作出相应的预防措施,减少ECMO继发感染的发生率。

寒湿型LDH疼痛-负面情绪的机制研究

目的探讨寒湿型腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)疼痛-负面情绪的潜在机制。方法收集LDH手术患者23例,根据中医辨证标准分为寒湿组、非寒湿组,获取血清样本各11个和12个,病变椎间盘样本各11个和7个。另收集10例健康体检者血清样本为正常组。ELISA法检测血清白介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、降钙素相关基因肽(CGRP)、神经肽Y(NPY)、β-内啡肽(β-EP)、P物质(SP)等水平;qPCR、Western blot法检测病变椎间盘5-HT、CGRP、NPY、β-EP等mRNA和蛋白表达。结果与非寒湿组比较,寒湿组年龄、病程、疼痛和麻木积分无明显差异,但失眠、焦虑积分明显升高(P<0.05)。血清学检测发现,与正常组比较,寒湿组和非寒湿组均出现CGRP显著降低和NPY显著升高(P<0.01)的共性趋势,而寒湿组β-EP也出现特征性显著升高(P<0.01);与非寒湿组比较,寒湿组CGRP降低(P<0.05),而β-EP显著升高(P<0.01)。椎间盘各因子mRNA和蛋白表达比较发现,与非寒湿组比较,寒湿组CGRP mRNA和蛋白表达升高(P<0.05),β-EP mRNA和NPY蛋白表达降低(P<0.05)。结论与非寒湿证型比较,寒湿型LDH疼痛-负面情绪关系更为密切;CGRP、NPY、β-EP差异性表达于外周血和病变椎间盘,提示上述因子是介导疼痛-负面情绪的重要因子。

体外膜氧合成功救治危重型新型冠状病毒肺炎产妇的病例报告

2019年12月以来,新型冠状病毒引起的肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情[1]在世界各地暴发,被感染者预后普遍良好,但少数危重型患者的死亡率仍可达60%以上[2],死亡原因主要是新冠肺炎引起的急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respira⁃tory distress syndrome,ARDS),出现难以纠正的严重低氧血症并导致多器官功能衰竭。人群普遍易感新冠病毒,既往研究发现孕产妇感染病毒风险更高[3],且预后更差,近期,本院收治1例危重型新冠肺炎产妇,经体外膜氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)辅助得到成功救治,现将救治体会报告如下。

提高研究生招生质量的思考与实践

近年来,我国研究生招生人数快速增长,研究生教育走上了规模化发展道路,作为研究生教育的起点和重要组成部分,研究生的招生质量直接关系到人才培养质量,影响着科研产出和学科建设水平。本文在分析同济大学生命科学与技术学院研究生招生工作现状的基础上,对影响研究生招生质量的几个重要因素进行了探讨,总结了我院在提高研究生招生质量方面的主要举措。

新时代以立德树人为导向的研究生班级建设和管理探索

研究生班级是高校研究生教育管理的基本单位,同时也是思想政治教育工作的重要载体。新时代,以立德树人和“三全育人”为指导思想,探索研究生班级的建设和管理意义重大,也十分必要。牢牢抓住立德树人这个根本任务,开展多种多样的活动,加强研究生班风、学风、凝聚力和思想建设,实现全员育人、全程育人、全方位育人,有助于培养造就大批德才兼备的高层次人才。

术前麻醉会诊分析

目的通过回顾性分析术前麻醉会诊患者的情况,了解麻醉会诊患者特点。方法回顾性分析我院2017-07/2019-07期间所有邀请麻醉科术前会诊的患者及同期手术患者。收集会诊患者性别、年龄、科室、会诊原因情况,对数据进行统计分析。结果共纳入研究对象1164例,男462(39.7%)例,女702(60.3%)例,平均年龄(58.2±18.5)岁。千人会诊率:产科65‰,骨科47‰,泌尿外科46‰。会诊原因:心血管系统疾病703例(60.4%),呼吸系统疾病175例(15.0%),内分系统泌疾病139例(11.9%),血液系统疾病44例(3.8%),其他103例(8.8%)。妇科、骨科、泌尿外科是会诊原因为合并心血管系统疾病排名前3的科室。结论产科、骨科和泌尿外科是会诊率较高的科室,患者术前合并心血管系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、内分泌系统疾病是术前麻醉会诊的主要原因。

颌下腺腺体内巨大结石1例并文献复习

涎石病是一种常见的唾液腺疾病,经常发生在下颌下腺的腺体或者导管内。本病例报道了老年患者颌下腺腺体内巨大结石(36*39 mm)并伴有皮肤瘘管,全麻下行腺体摘除术及皮肤瘘管切除术,术后恢复良好。

体外膜氧合治疗成人急性呼吸窘迫综合征影响因素分析

目的分析影响体外膜氧合(ECMO)治疗成人急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)疗效的危险因素,为改进后续ARDS患者的ECMO治疗及管理提供临床支持依据。方法回顾性分析中山市人民医院2017年1月至2019年4月期间应用ECMO治疗成人ARDS的患者,按能否成功撤离ECMO分为成功组及失败组。通过组间单因素分析筛选出影响ECMO辅助撤离的可能危险因素,经Logistic回归分析确定影响ECMO能否成功撤离的危险因素。结果共纳入研究对象52例,其中成功组为27例(52%),失败组为25例(48%),成功组后续院内死亡4例,总存活出院率为44%。经过单因素分析表明:ECMO前APACHEⅡ评分、ECMO后24 h乳酸水平、肺部并发症、需行连续肾替代治疗(CRRT)、脑出血、需要更改ECMO模式可能会影响ECMO辅助能否成功撤离;Logistic多因素回归分析发现:ECMO后24 h乳酸水平、需行CRRT是其独立危险因素。结论ECMO辅助治疗成人ARDS期间,ECMO后24 h乳酸水平及需行CRRT是ECMO辅助失败的危险因素,ECMO后24 h乳酸水平增高或需行CRRT治疗的患者,ECMO撤离失败率升高。

体外膜氧合在除肺移植外的非心脏手术中的应用

目的对体外膜氧合(ECMO)技术辅助除肺移植外的非心脏手术(NCPs)患者的临床应用及效果进行总结、分析。方法从中国医师协会体外生命支持分会专业委员会(CSECLS)数据库中收集自2018年1月至2019年10月期间因手术需要或因呼吸、循环状态不稳定或为保证手术安全而接受ECMO辅助的患者资料,对患者的人口统计学、手术类型、ECMO辅助方式、ECMO插管位置、ECMO辅助时间、机械通气时间、住院时间、存活等数据进行总结及分析。结果共采集来自7所医学中心的19例NCPs患者,男性12例,女性7例;年龄29(1~68)岁。接受手术包括胸外科手术6例,气道手术9例,严重创伤后手术3例,妇产科手术1例。ECMO辅助类型包括静脉-动脉ECMO 6例,静脉-静脉ECMO 13例。ECMO辅助时间96(2~471)h,机械通气时间154(12~1344)h,ICU停留时间9(1~58)d,住院时间16(2~58)d,总体存活率84.21%。结论应用ECMO辅助NCPs患者具有良好的临床效果,尤其在胸外科手术及气道手术方面具有广阔的应用前景。对于严重创伤的NCPs患者,在维护好凝血系统及降低抗凝标准后,应用ECMO进行辅助可使更多患者获益。