Ginsenoside Rk3 modulates gut microbiota and regulates immune response of group 3 innate lymphoid cells to against colorectal tumorigenesis

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the immunomodulatory and protumorigenic microenvironment of colorectal cancer(CRC).However,the effect of ginsenoside Rk3(Rk3)on CRC and gut microbiota remains unclear.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to explore the potential effect of Rk3 on CRC from the perspective of gut microbiota and immune regulation.Our results reveal that treatment with Rk3 significantly suppresses the formation of colon tumors,repairs intestinal barrier damage,and regulates the gut microbiota imbalance caused by CRC,including enrichment of probiotics such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Barnesiella intestinihominis,and clearance of pathogenic Desulfovibrio.Subsequent metabolomics data demonstrate that Rk3 can modulate the metabolism of amino acids and bile acids,particularly by upregulating glutamine,which has the potential to regulate the immune response.Furthermore,we elucidate the regulatory effects of Rk3 on chemokines and inflammatory factors associated with group 3 innate lymphoid cells(ILC3s)and T helper 17(Th17)signaling pathways,which inhibits the hyperactivation of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(JAK-STAT3)signaling pathway.These results indicate that Rk3 modulates gut microbiota,regulates ILC3s immune response,and inhibits the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway to suppress the development of colon tumors.More importantly,the results of fecal microbiota transplantation suggest that the inhibitory effect of Rk3 on colon tumors and its regulation of ILC3 immune responses are mediated by the gut microbiota.In summary,these findings emphasize that Rk3 can be utilized as a regulator of the gut microbiota for the prevention and treatment of CRC.

A new solid acid SO_4^(2-)/TiO_2 catalyst modified with tin to synthesize 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate

A new solid acid catalyst,SO4^2-/TiO2 modified with tin,was prepared using a sol-gel method and its physicochemical properties were revealed by nitrogen adsorption-desorption,X-ray powder diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine,temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia and thermal gravimetric analysis.The structure,acidity and thermal stability of the SO4^2-/TiO2-SnO2 catalyst were studied.Incorporating tin enlarged the specific surface area and decreased crystallite size of the SO4^2-/TiO2 catalyst.The total acid sites of the modified catalyst increased and Bronsted acid strength remarkably increased with increasing tin content.The decomposition temperature of sulfate radical in the modified catalyst was 100 ℃ greater and its mass loss was more than twice that of the SO4^2-/TiO2 catalyst.The SO4^2-/TiO2-SnO2 catalyst was designed to synthesize 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate by esterification of 1,6-hexanediol with crylic acid.The yield of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate exceeded 87% under the optimal reaction conditions：crylic acid to 1,6-hexanediol molar ratio = 3.5,catalyst loading = 7%,reaction temperature = 130 ℃ and reaction time = 3 h.The modified catalyst exhibited excellent reusability and after 10 cycles the conversion of 1,6-hexanediol was above 81%.

Molecular design, synthesis strategies and recent advances of hydrogels for wound dressing applications

With the changes in the modern disease spectrum,pressure ulcers,diabetic feet,and vascular-derived diseases caused refractory wounds is increasing rapidly.The development of wound dressings has partly improved the effect of wound management.However,traditional wound dressings can only cover the wound and block bacteria,but are generally powerless to recurrent wound infection and tissue healing.There is an urgent need to develop a new type of wound dressing with comprehensive performance to achieve multiple effects such as protecting the wound site from the external environment,absorbing wound exudate,anti-inflammatory,antibacterial,and accelerating wound healing process.Hydrogel wound dressings have the aforementioned characteristics,and can keep the wound in a moist environment because of the high water content,which is an ideal choice for wound treatment.This review introduces the wound healing process and the development and performance advantages of hydrogel wound dressings.The choice of different preparation materials gives the particularities of different hydrogel wound dressings.It also systematically explains the main physical and chemical crosslinking methods for hydrogel synthesis.Besides,in-depth discussion of four typical hydrogel wound dressings including double network hydrogels,nanocomposite hydrogels,drug-loaded hydrogels and smart hydrogels fully demonstrates the feasibility of developing hydrogels as wound dressing products and their future development trends.

High efficiency production of ginsenoside compound K by catalyzing ginsenoside Rb1 using snailase

The rare ginsenoside Compound K （C-K） is attracting more attention because of its good physiological activity and urgent need. There are many pathways to obtain ginsenoside C-K, including chemical and biological methods. Among these, the conversion of PPD-type ginsenosides by enzymatic hydrolysis is a trend due to its high efficiency and mild conditions. For effectively extracting from the other panaxadiol saponins, the conversion process for ginsenoside C-K was investigated using snailases in this study. The univariate experimental design and response surface methodology were used to determine the optimal hydrolysis conditions for the conversion of ginsenoside Rbl into ginsenoside C-K by snailases. The optimum conditions were as follows： pH 5,12, temperature 51 ℃, ratio of snailase/substrate 0.21, and reaction time 48 h. On the basis of these parameters, the addition of 1.0 mmol· L- 1 ferric ion was found to significantly improve the enzymolysis ofsnailases for the first time. With the above conditions, the maximum conversion rate reached 89.7%, suggesting that the process can obviously increase the yield of ginsenoside C-K. The bioassay tests indicated that the ginsenoside C-K showed anti-tumor activity in a series of tumor cell lines. Based on these results, we can conclude that the process of rare ginsenoside C- K production by enzymolysis with snailase is feasible, efficient, and suitable for the industrial production and application.

Recent advances in systemic and local delivery of ginsenosides using nanoparticles and nanofibers

Ginsenosides are the main pharmacologically active constituents of ginseng which have been used in East Asian countries for centuries to modulate blood pressure,metabolism and immune function.Following the technological advances in isolation,purification and mass production,their mechanisms of action are gradually elucidated,providing solid basis for clinical applications.Ginseng extracts(total ginsenosides)and ginsenoside Rg3,CK,Rd have been marketed or entered clinical trials as drugs or dietary supplements.Despite the proven safety and efficacy of some ginsenosides,their applications are hindered by inferior pharmacokinetics such as low solubility,poor membrane permeability and metabolic instability.Nanoparticle formulation of drugs and implantable drug depots are effective strategies to improve the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic agents by enhancing solubility,providing protection,facilitating intracellular transport,and enabling sustained and controlled release.This mini-review summarizes the recent advances in systemic delivery of ginsenosides using liposomes,micelles,albumin-based nanoparticles,and inorganic nanoparticles,as well as local delivery of ginsenosides by electronspun fibrous membranes and hydrogels.

Ginsenoside Rk3 is a novel PI3K/AKT-targeting therapeutics agent that regulates autophagy and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide.Ginsenoside Rk3,an important and rare saponin in heat-treated ginseng,is generated from Rg1 and has a smaller molecular weight.However,the anti-HCC efficacy and mechanisms of ginsenoside Rk3 have not yet been characterized.Here,we investigated the mechanism by which ginsenoside Rk3,a tetracyclic triterpenoid rare ginsenoside,inhibits the growth of HCC.We first explored the possible potential targets of Rk3 through network pharmacology.Both in vitro(HepG2 and HCC-LM3 cells)and in vivo(primary liver cancer mice and HCC-LM3 subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice)studies revealed that Rk3 significantly inhibits the proliferation of HCC.Meanwhile,Rk3 blocked the cell cycle in HCC at the G1 phase and induced autophagy and apoptosis in HCC.Further proteomics and siRNA experiments showed that Rk3 regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)pathway to inhibit HCC growth,which was validated by molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance.In conclusion,we report the discovery that ginsenoside Rk3 binds to PI3K/AKT and promotes autophagy and apoptosis in HCC.Our data strongly support the translation of ginsenoside Rk3 into novel PI3K/AKT-targeting therapeutics for HCC treatment with low toxic side effects.

Stability improvement of human collagenα1(I)chain using insulin as a fusion partner

To enhance the stability of recombinant human collagen α1(I) chains(rhCOL1 A1) in production and purification stages, a gene fragment fusing COL1 A1 and insulin protein coding domains was synthesized and inserted into the pPIC9 K expression vector. The fusion peptide-expressing Pichia pastoris strain was created by transformation.After optimization of shake flask cultures, the ultimate intracellular expression level of the insulin-collagen α1(I) chain fusion protein(INS-COL1 A1) reached about 300 mg·L^(-1), and no obvious protein degradation was found in the fermentation and purification processes. The His-tagged recombinant fusion protein was detected by western blotting and was effectively purified using Ni^(2+)-chelating chromatography. A prominent improvement in the stability of INS-COL1 A1 was observed compared to rhCOL1 A1 in vitro, and the rhCOL1 A1 released from the fusion protein was studied by LC–MS/MS and in bioassays. The results showed that the purified rhCOL1 A1 was consistent with the native protein in amino acid composition and had a similar biological compatibility. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the use of insulin as a fusion protein to improve the stability of easily degradable proteins.

Mild stir-assisted membrane dispersion for enhancing propionic acid extraction

Mild stir-assisted membrane dispersion extraction(MDE) method was employed to enhance propionic acid(HA)extraction and compared to the mechanical stirred extraction(MSE) method. Triocylamine(TOA) and tributyl phosphate(TBP) were chosen as model extractant to extract HA. Firstly, droplet size and the size distribution of organic phase were analyzed, and then the effects of phase ratio, extractant and HA concentration on extraction performance were investigated. Comparing the two extraction methods, the results show mild stir-assisted MDE method reduced the mass transfer equilibrium time compared to MSE method. The mass transfer mechanism was explored by analyzing mass transfer resistance. Mild stir-assisted MDE had less total mass transfer resistance than MSE. When the extractant concentration was 40%, the extraction process was controlled by organic phase mass transfer process with HA volume fraction was 1% and controlled by both of reaction process and organic phase mass transfer process when HA concentration increased to 5%. This work may provide a new type of extraction method for the recovery of organic carboxylic acid.

Dietary phytochemicals: As a potential natural source for treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a common neurodegenerative disease,which seriously impairs human health and life.At present,scientists have proposed more than a dozen hypotheses about the pathogenesis of AD,including the tau propagation hypothesis.However,the exact ultimate pathogenic factor of AD remains unknown.Based on the current hypotheses,some anti-AD drugs(e.g.,donepezil and Ketamine)have been developed and used in clinical treatment,which fall into two main categories,acetylcholinesterase inhibitors(AChEIs)and N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA)receptor antagonists,the former representative drug is donepezil,and the latter representative drug is memantine.Since these drugs have undesirable side effects,it is necessary to find safer alternatives for AD treatment.Interestingly,dietary phytochemicals have the advantages of wide source,safety,and high biological activity,which is the natural route for screening anti-AD drugs.In this study,several representatives’dietary phytochemicals with anti-AD effect,including resveratrol,lycopene,gallic acid,berberine,ginsenoside Rg1,pseudoginsenoside-F11,ginsenoside Rh2,artemisinin,and torularhodin were selected from the published data over the last 10 years and their potential molecular mechanisms and clinical applications reviewed in the treatment of AD.

Status and developmental trends in recombinant collagen preparation technology

Recombinant collagen is a pivotal topic in foundational biological research and epitomizes the application of critical bioengineer-ing technologies.These technological advancements have pro-found implications across diverse areas such as regenerative medicine,organ replacement,tissue engineering,cosmetics and more.Thus,recombinant collagen and its preparation methodologies rooted in genetically engineered celis mark pivotal milestones in medical product research.This article pro-vides a comprehensive overview of the current genetic engi-neering technologies and methods used in the production of recombinant collagen,as well as the conventional production process and gquality control detection methods for this material.Furthermore,the discussion extends to foresee the strides in physical transfection and magnetic control sorting studies,envisioning an enhanced preparation of recombinant collagen-seeded cells to further fuel recombinant collagen production.

Multifunctional hydrogel combined with electrical stimulation therapy for promoting diabetic wound healing

Diabetic wounds, as a complication of diabetes, are slow to heal and seriously affect the quality of life of patients. Functional hydrogel dressing is an effective approach to improve diabetic wound healing. Electrical stimulation (ES) therapy is conducive to promoting cell migration and wound healing. In this work, a multifunctional PPTZ hydrogel wound dressing was developed by freeze-thaw method with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), phytic acid (PA), tannic acid (TA), and Zinc chloride. The obtained PPTZ hydrogel has good mechanical properties (stress and strain of 700.03 kPa and 575.08%), light transmittance (close to 100%) and antibacterial rate (over 75%). With good biocompatibility, antioxidant abilities and conductivity, the PPTZ hydrogel could effectively promote the healing of diabetic wounds with two weeks under the action of electric field, which provides an auxiliary treatment strategy for diabetic patients.

Construction of multifunctional hydrogel based on the tannic acid-metal coating decorated MoS2 dual nanozyme for bacteria-infected wound healing

Bacterial infection,tissue hypoxia and inflammatory response can hinder the infected wound repair process.To mitigate the above issues,tannic acid-chelated Fe-decorated molybdenum disulfide nanosheets(MoS2@TA/Fe NSs)with dual enzyme activities were developed and anchored to a multifunctional hydrogel.The hydrogel exhibited excellent antibacterial ability owing to the combined effects of photothermal therapy(PTT),glutathione(GSH)loss,and the peroxidase(POD)-like activity(catalyse H2O_(2)into⋅OH under acid condition)of MoS2@TA/Fe NSs.Benefitting from the catalase(CAT)-like activity,the hydrogel could decompose H2O_(2)into O_(2)at neutral pH to relieve hypoxia and supply adequate O_(2).POD-like activity was mainly attributed to MoS2 NSs,while CAT-like activity was primarily due to TA/Fe complex.Moreover,MoS2@TA/Fe NSs endowed the hydrogel with outstanding anti-oxidant ability to scavenge redundant reactive oxygen species(ROS)and reactive nitrogen species(RNS)under neutral environment to maintain the balance of antioxidant systems and prevent inflammation.In addition,the hydrogel could inhibit the release of inflammatory factors for the anti-inflammatory property of TA.TA retained partial phenolic hydroxyl groups,which cross-linked the nanosheets to the network structure of the hydrogel and promoted the adhesion of hydrogels.Due to the dynamic boron ester bonds between polyvinyl alcohol(PVA),dextran(Dex),MoS2@TA/Fe,and borax,the hydrogel demonstrated fast self-healing and rapid shape adaptability.This shape-adaptable adhesive hydrogel could fill the whole wound and closely contact the wound,ensuring that it achieved its functions with maximum efficiency.The MoS2@TA/Fe nanozyme-anchored multifunctional hydrogel showed high potential for bacteria-infected wound healing.

Glucose and MMP-9 dual-responsive hydrogel with temperature sensitive self-adaptive shape and controlled drug release accelerates diabetic wound healing

Chronic diabetic wounds are an important healthcare challenge. High concentration glucose, high level of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and long-term inflammation constitute the special wound environment of diabetic wounds. Tissue necrosis aggravates the formation of irregular wounds. All the above factors hinder the healing of chronic diabetic wounds. To solve these issues, a glucose and MMP-9 dual-response temperature-sensitive shape self-adaptive hydrogel (CBP/GMs@Cel&INS) was designed and constructed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan grafted with phenylboric acid (CS-BA) by encapsulating insulin (INS) and gelatin microspheres con-taining celecoxib (GMs@Cel). Temperature-sensitive self-adaptive CBP/GMs@Cel&INS provides a new way to balance the fluid-like mobility (self-adapt to deep wounds quickly, approximately 37 ◦C) and solid-like elasticity (protect wounds against external forces, approximately 25 ◦C) of self-adaptive hydrogels, while simultaneously releasing insulin and celecoxib on-demand in the environment of high-level glucose and MMP-9. Moreover, CBP/ GMs@Cel&INS exhibits remodeling and self-healing properties, enhanced adhesion strength (39.65 ± 6.58 kPa), down-regulates MMP-9, and promotes cell proliferation, migration, and glucose consumption. In diabetic full-thickness skin defect models, CBP/GMs@Cel&INS significantly alleviates inflammation and regulates the local high-level glucose and MMP-9 in the wounds, and promotes wound healing effectively through the synergistic effect of temperature-sensitive shape-adaptive character and the dual-responsive system.

A temperature responsive adhesive hydrogel for fabrication of flexible electronic sensors

Flexible electronics are playing an increasingly important role in human health monitoring and healthcare diagnosis.Strong adhesion on human tissue would be ideal for reducing interface resistance and motion artifacts,but arising problems such as skin irritation,rubefaction,and pain upon device removal have hampered their utility.Here,inspired by the temperature reversibility of hydrogen bonding,a skin-friendly conductive hydrogel with multiple-hydrogen bonds was designed by using biocompatible poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA),phytic acid(PA),and gelatin(Gel).The obtained PVA/PA/Gel(PPG)hydrogel with temperature-triggered tunable mechanic could reliably adhere to skin and detect electrophysiological signals under a hot compress while be readily removed under a cool compress.Furthermore,the additional advantages of transparency,breathability,and antimicrobial activity of the PPG hydrogel ensure its long-time wearable value on the skin.It is both environmentally friendly and cost saving for the waste PPG hydrogel during production can be recycled based on their reversible physical bonding.The PPG hydrogel sensor is expected to have good application prospects to record electrophysiological signals in human health monitoring.

Antimicrobial hydrogel with multiple pH-responsiveness for infected burn wound healing

Burns are a common medical problem globally,and wound infection is one of the major causes of inducing related complications.Although antibiotics effectively prevent wound infections,the misuse of antibiotics has created a new problem of superbugs.Herein,we propose a new strategy to obtain pH-responsive antimicrobial P-ZIF(ZIF:zeolitic imidazolate framework)by loading polyhexamethylenebiguanide(PHMB)into the framework of ZIF-8 nanoparticles.This will enable PHMB to be released in the weak acid environment of an infected wound.To address burn infections,P-ZIF nanoparticles were loaded into a hydrogel system made of sodium alginate(SA)and 3-aminophenylboronic acid modified human-like collagen(H-A)through borate ester bonds.The resulting H-A/SA/P-ZIF(HASPZ)hydrogel dressing not only possesses antibacterial and wound healing properties but also has dual pH responsiveness to prevent the overuse of medication while effectively treat deep second-degree burns.Therefore,P-ZIF nanoparticles and the corresponding HASPZ hydrogel dressing are considered of significant importance in antimicrobial,drug delivery,and wound repair.

Sprayable nanodrug-loaded hydrogels with enzyme-catalyzed semiinter penetrating polymer network(Semi-IPN)for solar dermatitis

Solar dermatitis is an acute or chronic high incidence of skin injury caused by ultraviolet(UV)radiation based on strong sunlight,which seriously endangers people's health.In this study,we designed and demonstrated enzyme-catalyzed semi-inter penetrating polymer network(Semi-IPN)sprayable nanodrug-loaded hydrogels based on gelatin,3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid(HPA),polyvinyl alcohol(PVA),glycerol,and dexamethasone sodium phosphate(DEXP)for solar dermatitis.The hydrogels had high water content,excellent biocompatibility,effective encapsulation and sustained release of nanodrugs,antiinflammatory,and strong anti-ultraviolet B(anti-UVB)radiation properties based on glycerol and phenol functional groups,but also controllable spray gelation mode to make them adhere well on the dynamic skin surfaces and achieve continuous transdermal drugs delivery for solar dermatitis.The sprayable nanodrug-loaded hydrogel systems could be used as a highly effective therapeutic method for solar dermatitis,and also provide a good strategy for designing novel nanodrug-loaded hydrogel delivery systems.

Chiral inorganic nanomaterials:Harnessing chirality-dependent interactions with living entities for biomedical applications

Chirality is an intriguing and fundamental property of natural matter,which is especially crucial in supporting the processes of living systems.The selective interactions between natural chiral compounds are widespread at all levels in living entities and play a vital role in biochemical reactions.The cutting-edge advancements in synthetic chiral inorganic nanostructures have led to significant progress in their applications within biological systems.These developments have unraveled chirality-dependent interactions at the nanoscale and molecular scale,providing a better understanding of intricate process of chiral selection in biological systems and demonstrating the potential of chiral inorganic nanostructures for life science applications.Herein,we summarize recent progress in understanding the chirality origin of inorganic chiral nanoparticles and the development of wet-chemical synthesis.We also discuss the captivating interaction between chiral inorganic nanostructures and biological entities at various scales.Finally,we discuss the challenges and potential of functional chiral nanomaterials for future biomedical and bioengineering applications,offering design ideas and a forecast for their future impact.

Antibacterial hydrogel with pH-responsive microcarriers of slow-release VEGF for bacterial infected wounds repair

Bacterial infection causes wound inflammation and makes angiogenesis difficult.It is urgent to develop effectively antibacterial and pro-vascularizing dressings for wound healing.The hydrogel is developed with pH-responsive drug-releasing microcarriers which were loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)that promotes angiogenesis and actively respond to wound pH for control and prolong VEGF release.The surfaces of the microcarriers were coated with polydopamine which can reduce the silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)in situ,and dynamically crosslink with the polyacrylamide,which forms a stable slow-release system with different release behavior for the VEGF and AgNPs.The hydrogel inhib-ited bacterial formation and accelerated wound healing.With the hydrogel dressing,83.3%±4.29%of the wound heals at day 7,which is 40.9%±8.5%higher than the non-treatment group in defect infected model.The antibacterial properties of hydrogel down-regulate early inflammation-related cytokines,and the release of VEGF in the middle and late phases of wound healing in response to pH changes pro-motes angiogenesis and up-regulate the expression of angiogenesis-associated cytokine.The sequential release of antibacterial agents and pro-vascularizing agents in response to the change in wound microen-vironmental cues facilitate temporally controlled therapy that suites the need of different wound healing phases.Collectively,the hydrogel loaded with multifunctional microcarriers that enable controlled release of AgNPs and VEGF is an effective system for treating infected wounds.

Thiol-ene conjugation of a VEGF peptide to electrospun scaffolds for potential applications in angiogenesis

Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)plays a vital role in promoting attachment and proliferation of endothelial cells,and induces angiogenesis.In recent years,much research has been conducted on the functionalization of tissue engineering scaffolds with VEGF or a VEGF-mimetic peptide to promote angiogenesis.However,most chemical reactions are nonspecific and require organic solvents,which can compromise control over functionalization and alter peptide/protein activity.An attractive alternative is the fabrication of functionalizable electrospun fibers,which can overcome these hurdles.In this study,we used thiol-ene chemistry for the conjugation of a VEGF-mimetic peptide to the surface of poly(ε-caprolactone)(PCL)fibrous scaffolds with varying amounts of a functional PCL-diacrylate(PCL-DA)polymer.30%PCL-DA was selected due to homogeneous fiber morphology.A VEGF-mimetic peptide was then immobilized on PCL-DA fibrous scaffolds by a light-initiated thiol-ene reaction.7-Mercapto-4-methylcoumarin,RGD-FITC peptide and VEGF-TAMRA mimetic peptide were used to validate the thiol-ene reaction on the fibrous scaffolds.Tensile strength and elastic modulus of the 30%PCL-DA fibrous scaffolds were significantly increased after the reaction.Conjugation of the 30%PCL-DA fibrous scaffolds with the VEGF peptide increased the surface water wettability of the scaffolds.Patterned structures could be obtained after using a photomask on the fibrous film.Moreover,in vitro studies indicated that scaffolds functionalized with the VEGF-mimetic peptide were able to induce phosphorylation of the VEGF receptor and enhanced HUVECs survival,proliferation and adhesion.A chick chorioallantoic membrane(CAM)assay further indicated that the VEGF peptide functionalized scaffolds were able to promote angiogenesis in vivo.These results show that scaffold functionalization can be controlled via a simple polymer mixing approach,and that the functionalized VEGF peptide-scaffolds have potential for vascular tissue regeneration.

Eu^(3+)/Tb^(3+)-doped whitlockite nanocrystals:Controllable synthesis,cell imaging,and the degradation process in the bone reconstruction

Whitlockite(WH,Ca_(18)Mg_(2)(HPO_(4))_(2)(PO_(4))_(12))is an important inorganic phase in human bones and has positive significance for participating in the bone reconstruction process.In this paper,we report different doping strategies to prepare WH and WH-Ln(Eu/Tb)nanocrystals,and have successfully synthesized WH-Ln(Eu/Tb)nanoparticles(NPs)with bright red or green fluorescence based on ions exchange doping by two-step hydrothermal reaction.WH-5%Ln(Eu/Tb)NPs with the best fluorescence properties were successfully applied to live cell imaging,and WH-5%Eu NPs were implanted into the bone defect site in rabbit femoral condyles to visually observe its degradation process.The related results would help us understand WH nanocrystals and further expand their potential applications in tissue engineering and related fields.