UV light absorbers executing synergistic effects of passivating defects and improving photostability for efficient perovskite photovoltaics

Metal halide perovskite-based solar cells(PSCs) have rapidly-increased power conversion efficiency(PCE)exceeding 25% but poor stability especially under ultraviolet(UV) light. Meanwhile, non-radiative recombination caused by diverse defects in perovskite absorbers and related interfaces is one of the major factors confining further development of PSCs. In this study, we systematically investigate the role of 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole(UVP) additive in perovskite layers. By adjusting the amount of doped UVP, the quality of perovskite absorbers is significantly improved with enlarged grains, longer lifetime and diffusion length of charge carriers. Furthermore, UVP not only reduces defects for less nonradiative recombination, but also matches energy level alignment for efficient interfacial charge extraction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms that N-donor of UVP molecule coordinates with undercoordinated Pb^(2+) on the surface. Interestingly, UVP incorporated in PbI_(2) protects the perovskite by absorbing UV through the opening and closing of the chelating ring. Eventually, the UVP treated PSCs obtain a champion PCE of 22.46% with remarkably enhanced UV stability, retaining over 90% of initial PCE after 60 m W/cm^(2) strong UV irradiation for 9 h while the control maintaining only 74%. These results demonstrate a promising strategy fabricating passivated and UV-resistant perovskite materials simultaneously for efficient and stable perovskite photovoltaics.

The Pollution Characteristic of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Typical Sewage Irrigation Area in North of China

This research aims to investigate the pollution characteristic of PAHs in Xiaodian sewage irrigation area. The result shows that the concentrations ofPAHs range from 47.94 to 46432.85ng/g while that of the total components of the 16 kinds of PAHs are 5969.81ng/g. PAHs with for rings and more than 4 rings are the main and important pollutants in topsoils of Xiaodian District. The main input of PAHs is combustion source, and the main pollution source in this area is fired coal. The topsoils in Xiaodian District are polluted by human activity in varying degrees. 23 of all 31 topsoil samples have been heavily polluted, especially those located nearby developed industrial townships and irrigation channels.

ABCG2基因错义突变C21R与略阳乌鸡褐壳显著关联

蛋壳颜色变异是影响蛋品销售的一个重要因素。本研究以蛋壳色素原卟啉转运基因ABCG2为对象,旨在筛选出与鸡褐壳颜色变异关联的功能突变。选取381只31周龄的略阳乌鸡,每只母鸡收集3枚蛋,用L*a*b色度空间量化蛋壳颜色。用MassARRAY质谱法检测g.18378442T>C(错义突变C21R)、g.18383682A>G和g.18391548A>T的基因型,用单因素方差分析检验基因型与色度指标的关联性。在UCSC数据库调取52种鸟类物种的同源基因组序列,经序列比对,分析C21R位点的保守性。用MODELLER程序执行同源建模,分别构建C21和R21的蛋白3D结构,研究C21R对ABCG2蛋白结构的影响。结果表明,g.18378442T>C的CC基因型L值(75.3±4.0)显著低于CT(76.6±4.3)和TT(78.0±4.4),b值(16.2±3.5)显著高于CT(15.7±3.6)和TT型(14.7±3.2)。g.18383682A>G仅与L值显著关联。g.18391548A>T与3个色度指标的关联性均不显著。C21在45种鸟类物种中均完全保守,R21仅在两个鹦形目物种中出现。结构比对结果显示,C21R将引起468个结构改变,涉及氢键(49.6%)、溶剂可及性(38.8%)、正φ转角(8.1%)和二级结构(3.5%)变化。综上所述,C21R是一个与鸡褐壳颜色变异显著关联、对ABCG2结构有潜在影响的突变;其中,CC基因型与深褐壳关联,TT与浅褐壳关联。

A Critical Review of Active Distribution Network Reconfiguration:Concepts,Development,and Perspectives

In recent years,the large-scale grid connection of various distributed power sources has made the planning and operation of distribution grids increasingly complex.Consequently,a large number of active distribution network reconfiguration techniques have emerged to reduce system losses,improve system safety,and enhance power quality via switching switches to change the system topology while ensuring the radial structure of the network.While scholars have previously reviewed these methods,they all have obvious shortcomings,such as a lack of systematic integration of methods,vague classification,lack of constructive suggestions for future study,etc.Therefore,this paper attempts to provide a comprehensive and profound review of 52 methods and applications of active distribution network reconfiguration through systematic method classification and enumeration.Specifically,these methods are classified into five categories,i.e.,traditional methods,mathematical methods,meta-heuristic algorithms,machine learning methods,and hybrid methods.A thorough comparison of the various methods is also scored in terms of their practicality,complexity,number of switching actions,performance improvement,advantages,and disadvantages.Finally,four summaries and four future research prospects are presented.In summary,this paper aims to provide an up-to-date and well-rounded manual for subsequent researchers and scholars engaged in related fields.

Practical Exploration of Strengthening Team Communication and Cooperation in Head Nurse Nursing Management

This study explores the practical application of nursing management led by head nurses to enhance team communication and collaboration within clinical settings.By integrating leadership theories with nursing practice,this research adopts a qualitative methodology to examine the effects of strategic communication and teamwork enhancement initiatives.Through interviews,observations,and the analysis of case studies in various hospital departments,the study identifies key barriers to effective team communication and collaboration,including hierarchical structures,lack of standardized communication protocols,and insufficient training.Solutions implemented involve targeted communication skills training,the establishment of interdisciplinary teamwork protocols,and leadership workshops for head nurses.The outcomes indicate significant improvements in team efficiency,patient care quality,and staff satisfaction.This research underscores the importance of head nurses in fostering an environment conducive to open communication and collaborative practice,thereby advancing patient care and team performance.

Rural E-commerce and New Model of Rural Development in China:A Comparative Study of "Taobao Village" in Jiangsu Province

With the development of electronic commerce,there is a special phenomenon in rural areas of China that a lot of farmers in these areas depend on opening shops on Taobao online for a living. The products are made from the village workshop,and farmers become fullyfledged network businessmen. Electronic business platform mode of " Taobao Village" is the result of integrated development of primary,secondary and tertiary industries. In this study,we take two kinds of typical Taobao villages( Dongfeng Village and Yanxia Village) as sample areas,and conduct comparative analysis of this new rural business model based on field survey data,case studies and theoretical research. We also probe into the problems in the development of Taobao villages,and set forth the recommendations for the new rural business model.

Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are involved of glucose metabolism adaptation during fasting and re-feeding in black carp(Mylopharyngodon piceus)

Both in nature and in aquaculture,fish may experience periods of food scarcity or hunger.The metabolic regulation of fish when nutritional state changes is a complex process that involves many factors.To study glucose metabolism adaptability during fasting and re-feeding in the black carp(Mylopharyngodon piceus),we measured changes in some biochemical indicators related to glucose metabolism.Five fish were sampled on days 0,1,3,5,and 10 of fasting(F,S1,S3,S5,and S10,respectively)and days 1,3,and 5 of re-feeding(RF1,RF3,and RF5,respectively).The serum glucose concentration decreased significantly at S1,reached the lowest point at S10,and increased significantly at RF1(P<0.05).The concentration of liver glycogen decreased significantly at S1 and reached the lowest level at S3,whereas the muscle glycogen level decreased significantly at S5 and reached the lowest value at S10(P<0.05).Both liver and muscle glycogen levels returned to the pre-fasting level at RF5(P<0.05).Regarding glycolysis,the concentrations of pyruvate kinase(PK)and hexokinase(HK)decreased significantly at S5 and increased significantly at RF5 and RF1,respectively(P<0.05).The concentrations of glucokinase(GCK)and insulin decreased significantly at S1 and increased significantly at RF1 and RF3,respectively(P<0.05).The mRNA expression levels of liver GCK and glucose transporter 2(GLUT2)decreased significantly at S1 and increased significantly at RF1 and RF5,respectively(P<0.05).As for gluconeogenesis,the concentration of glucose-6-phosphatase(G6PC)increased significantly at S1 and decreased significantly at RF1(P<0.05).The concentrations of glucagon and glucocorticoid(GC)increased significantly at S3 and significantly decreased at RF1 and RF5,respectively(P<0.05).The mRNA expression levels of liver G6PC and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PEPCK)increased significantly at S3 and S1,and both decreased significantly at RF1(P<0.05).These results indicate that coordination between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis might be crucial for glucose homeostasis during fasting and re-feeding in the black carp.

Exposure to microplastics induces lower survival,oxidative stress,disordered microbiota and altered metabolism in the intestines of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)

There are major gaps in illustrating the risk to freshwater fish that are exposed to environmental microplastics(MPs),even though MPs in freshwater environments has drawn much concern.To explore the potentially negative effects of microplastics on freshwater fish,grass carp(averaging 9.215±0.035g)were exposed to microplastics(32-40μm in diameter)at two environmental concentrations(100 and 1000μg/L)for 21 days,and evaluated for physio-biochemical performance,gut microbiome,and metabolome responses.After exposure,microplastics were detected in the intestine and within basal nuclei and goblet cells hyperplasia.Antioxidant enzyme activities(superoxide dismutase and catalase)also significantly decreased within the intestines(P<0.05).Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis,a decrease in diversity and richness was observed in the MPs-H and MPs-L groups.The abundance of opportunistic pathogens increased and beneficial bacteria decreased in both MP treatments.For example,Acinetobacter and Bosea proportions were higher in the MPs-L group,while Bacteroides and Shewanella increased in the MPs-H group.Furthermore,abundance of Lactobacillus decreased both in the MPs-H and MPs-L groups.Metabolomics analysis revealed primary bile acid biosynthesis metabolism upregulated in the MPs-L and purine metabolism downregulated in the MPs-H group.Additionally,an integration analysis of the gut microbiome and metabolomics identified significant associations between several bacteria taxa and metabolites related to intestinal repair.Taken together,these results highlighted the negative effects on intestinal morphology,oxidative stress,and microbiome and emphasized the relationship between microbiota and metabolites in response to microplastics,which could provide comprehensive insights into the potential risks of MPs on freshwater fish intestines.

Hc-transgelin is a novel matrix protein gene involved in the shell biomineralization of triangle sail mussel(Hyriopsis cumingii)

In triangle sail mussel(Hyriopsis cumingii),shell biomineralization is a complicated process that involves multiple gene products.Shell matrix proteins are involved in the formation of the organic framework and play an important role in the regulation of calcium carbonate deposition.In this study,A new shell matrix protein gene Hc-transgelin was identified in H.cumingii.The full-length cDNA of Hc-transgelin was 1200 bp,including a 501 bp open reading frame,which encoded 166 amino acids.Hc-transgelin is rich in lysine,it accounts for 11.40%of the protein.The predicted transgelin protein contained a conserved calmodulin homologous domain.A tissue-specific expression assay indicated that Hc-transgelin exhibited significantly highest expression in the mantle.Furthermore,Hc-transgelin in situ hybridization detected positive signals at the edge of the mantle outer fold,where nacre and prismatic layer biomineralization occur.An RNA interference assay showed that the shape of aragonite flakes in nacre changed and their growth was inhibited,and cracks appeared in the prismatic layer organic sheath when the expression of Hc-transgelin was suppressed.In a shell repair assay,a higher expression of Hc-transgelin appeared from day 12 to day 25 when the nacre accumulated quickly.These findings indicate that Hc-transgelin may be involved in the formation of aragonite flakes in the nacre and play a role in the formation of the organic sheath in the prismatic layer of the shell.This study provides new insights into the role of the Hc-transgelin gene and also contributes to the molecular understanding of mollusk shell formation.

Micro-destructive assessment of subgrade compaction quality using ultrasonic pulse velocity

The ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV)correlates significantly with the density and pore size of subgrade filling materials.This research conducts numerous Proctor and UPV tests to examine how moisture and rock content affect compaction quality.The study measures the changes in UPV across dry density and compaction characteristics.The compacted specimens exhibit distinct microstructures and mechanical properties along the dry and wet sides of the compaction curve,primarily influenced by internal water molecules.The maximum dry density exhibits a positive correlation with the rock content,while the optimal moisture content demonstrates an inverse relationship.As the rock content increases,the relative error of UPV measurement rises.The UPV follows a hump-shaped pattern with the initial moisture content.Three intelligent models are established to forecast dry density.The measure of UPV and PSO-BP-NN model quickly assesses compaction quality.

Effects of biological flocculation technology(BFT)on water quality dynamics and immune response of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)

The biofloc technology(BFT)offers benefits in improving feed utilization and reducing the feed conversion ratio compared to the recirculating aquaculture system(RAS).In this study,high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was employed to investigate and compare the bacterial communities in these aquaculture systems and the gut microbiota of grass carp reared in them.We observed a significant distinction between the microbial communities of the aquaculture systems and the intestinal microbiota of grass carp.The genera cetobacterium and bacillus were more abundant in the BFT system,accounting for only 0.05% and 0.25% in the RAS.Our study also demonstrated that BFT could influence the intestinal microorganisms of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon Idella)by reducing the relative abundance of burkholderia-caballeronia-paraburkholderia and increasing that of cetobacterium.Based on bugBase community predictions,the potential pathogenicity in BFT and grass carp intestine was lower than in RAS.Regarding gene expression in the grass carp intestine,immunosuppressive genes showed higher expression,while pro-inflammatory genes exhibited lower expression in grass carp reared in BFT.Furthermore,the final average length and weight of grass carp in the BFT system were significantly higher than those in the RAS.This study provides valuable insights into gut microbiome ecology in relation to two grass carp aquaculture systems,which could be effectively applied in grass carp management to promote health and improve water quality.

A multiplex microsatellite PCR method for evaluating genetic diversity in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Grass carp is one of the most important cultured fishes all over the world.The genetic diversity of grass carp plays an important role whatever in selective breeding progress or ecological conservation purposes.However,some genetic diversity researches were not accuracy and cannot be compared with each other due to different molecular markers,sample size and detection methods.In this study,we constructed five multiplex PCR assays contained 20 microsatellites with highly polymorphism and heterozygosity for evaluating genetic information of grass carp.We used nine cultured populations consisting of 507 individuals to detect stability of the five multiplex PCR assays.The results showed that the number of alleles(Na),effective number of alleles(Ne),observed heterozygosity(Ho),expected heterozygosity(He)and polymorphism information content(PIC)of the 20 microsatellite loci were relative high compared with the genetic diversity parameters of microsatellite loci developed by other researchers.Six loci were significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium(P<0.01).And with exception of the Shaoguan,Indian and Nepal cultured population,all other cultured populations showed very high genetic diversity.Through the test of grass carp populations,we developed an effective and accurate multiplex SSR-PCR assays that can be as statistical powerful tool for detecting genetic information of grass carp.

Comprehensive summary of solid oxide fuel cell control:a state-of-the-art review

Hydrogen energy is a promising renewable resource for the sustainable development of society.As a key member of the fuel cell(FC)family,the solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC)has attracted a lot of attention because of characteristics such as having various sources as fuel and high energy conversion efficiency,and being pollution-free.SOFC is a highly coupled,nonlinear,and multivariable complex system,and thus it is very important to design an appropriate control strategy for an SOFC system to ensure its safe,reliable,and efficient operation.This paper undertakes a comprehen-sive review and detailed summary of the state-of-the-art control approaches of SOFC.These approaches are divided into eight categories of control:proportional integral differential(PID),adaptive(APC),robust,model predictive(MPC),fuzzy logic(FLC),fault-tolerant(FTC),intelligent and observer-based.The SOFC control approaches are carefully evalu-ated in terms of objective,design,application/scenario,robustness,complexity,and accuracy.Finally,five perspectives are proposed for future research directions.

Expression and characterization of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA binding protein in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta

Insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA binding protein(igf2bp)is an mRNA binding protein that regulates the post-transcriptional fate of multiple transcripts.In this study,a novel igf2bp gene was identified in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta.The complete 2254 bp Sc-igf2bp cDNA consists of an open reading frame(ORF)encoding 610 amino acid(aa)residues.The deduced protein includes a single RNA recognition motif(RRM)and four K homology(KH)domains.Sc-igf2bp transcripts were expressed widely during different developmental stages and in adult tissues,and a 95 kDa recombinant pEGX-4T-1-Scigf2bp protein was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3)pLysS cells and purified using Glutathione Sepharose 4B resin.Activity was evaluated by GST pull-down assays,and mass spectrometry results indicated that Sc-igf2bp may participate in RNA-related processes.The findings provide a basis for further research on the role of igf2bp in regulating the growth and development of the razor clam.

Genetic diversity and population structure of the Chinese lake gudgeon (Sarcocheilichthys sinensis) using microsatellite markers

The Chinese lake gudgeon is a small benthopelagic freshwater fish.It is presently threatened by human activities and environmental factors in China.Understanding the genetic diversity and population structure is fundamental for implementation of appropriate conservation measures and a sustainable management program.However,little is reported about the current genetic diversity and population structure.Here,we used ten microsatellite markers to genotype 175 individuals from six populations.Low levels of genetic diversity were found in all six tested populations.The Xiang river population showed the highest level of genetic diversity.Genetic differentiation was very low but significant among the Changyang,Changqidang and Mayang populations,but the Qiandao lake,Gan river,Xiang river populations all showed significant and strong differentiation from the other three populations.Contemporary gene flow was observed in among Changyang,Changqidang and Mayang populations and between Gan and Xiang river populations,respectively.This is the first genetic study to report the genetic diversity and population structure of S.sinensis and the results will be used to develop management and conservation strategies.

Deposition law of flat fan nozzle for pesticide application in horticultural plants

Pesticide spraying is to protect the plants with adequate target coverage and a minimum of off-target drift.Understanding the spatial distribution characteristics of spray droplets is essential for regulating pesticide deposition,in order to investigate the relationship between the two at the mechanistic level and provide an accurate basis for nozzle selection,this study compared the characteristics of the atomization field under different pressures,angles,and flow rate types by phase Doppler particle analyzer(PDPA),the unit spatial density of droplet was used as a link to explore the internal mechanism that affects the deposition efficiency by constructing a transport model and conducting actual spraying experiments.The results showed that the cumulative distribution of droplet diameter could be perfectly fitted by the Rosin-Rammler correlation,and the deposition efficiency had a strong correlation with the peak particle size range.For strawberry and chrysanthemum plants,the optimal droplet deposition particle size ranges were 250-270μm and 240-260μm,respectively.This article explained the deposition efficiency from a single droplet dynamics mechanism and deposition of droplet cloud,which provided a new research idea for the study of precision plant protection.

Cloning,prokaryotic expression,purification,and functional verification of the insulin gene in black carp(Mylopharyngodon piceus)

In this paper,we studied the structure,expression and function of black carp insulin gene.The complete Mylopharyngodon piceus insulin(Mp-Ins)gene is 1,965 bp long and includes a 1,499 bp 5ʹ-untranslated region(UTR),a 139 bp 3′-UTR with a poly(A)tail,and an open reading frame(ORF)of 327 bp.The predicted molecular weight of the recombinant Mp-Ins(rMp-Ins)protein is 11.87 kDa.The mRNA expression of Mp-Ins is upregulated in the brain and liver.After the injection of rMp-Ins,Mp-Ins mRNA transcript abundance was significantly upregulated in the liver.The rMp-Ins protein could inhibit the concentration of glycogen phosphorylase(GP),growth hormone(GH),fatty acid synthase(FAS),and insulin-like growth factors-1(IGF-1),and it also significantly increased the concentration of PI3K.Additionally,the injection of rMp-Ins did not have a significant impact on the glucose-6-phosphatase(G6Pase)content in blood.In situ hybridization results showed that the positive signal of the Mp-Ins gene was mainly concentrated in the cell nucleus of brain tissue and the cell membrane of liver tissue and muscle tissue.Together,these results demonstrated that Mp-Ins plays an important role in growth and metabolism in M.piceus.

Characterization of two splice variants of EGFR and their effects on the growth of the razor clam

The epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)plays a vital role in cell growth,proliferation,and body growth.In this study,two EGFR isoforms(Sc-EGFR-1a and Sc-EGFR-1b)were obtained from Sinonovacula constricta.Sequence analysis of the coding region of Sc-EGFRs,revealed the 2 isoforms were generated from a common gene by alternative splicing and that one form possessed an extra 81 bp that corresponded to an insertion of 27 amino acids in the C-terminus.Expression of the Sc-EGFR isoforms were detectable in the early embryo stages and increased in the middle-late stages.Both isoforms were widely expressed in tissues,but the highest levels were detected in the siphon.Although both isoforms had a typical extracellular region,transmembrane region,and intracellular region,the insertion/deletion of 27 aa in the C-terminus changed the phosphorylation sites and may have influenced downstream kinase activities.In vitro,the proliferating cell nuclear antigen indicator and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed that HEK293T cells transfected with Sc-EGFR-1a and Sc-EGFR-1b exhibited different proliferation patterns.Sc-EGFR-1a caused more rapid proliferation than Sc-EGFR-1b and the EGFP-N1 control.In vivo,Sc-EGFRs were successfully knocked-down for at least 15 days by injecting the clams with the dsRNA and was associated with a significant reduction in shell length.Our results reveal for the first time in mollusks the existence of alternative splicing of EGFR and provide the basis for further studies to establish the role of EGFR in growth and development of S.constricta.

Fabrication of a 3D bioprinting model for posterior capsule opacification using GelMA and PLMA hydrogel-coated resin

Posterior capsule opacification(PCO)remains the predominant complication following cataract surgery,significantly impairing visual function restoration.In this study,we developed a PCO model that closely mimics the anatomical structure of the crystalline lens capsule post-surgery.The model incorporated a threaded structure for accurate positioning and observation,allowing for opening and closing.Utilizing 3D printing technology,a stable external support system was created using resin material consisting of a rigid,hollow base and cover.To replicate the lens capsule structure,a thin hydrogel coating was applied to the resin scaffold.The biocompatibility and impact on cellular functionality of various hydrogel compositions were assessed through an array of staining techniques,including calcein-AM/PI staining,rhodamine staining,BODIPY-C11 staining and EdU staining in conjunction with transwell assays.Additionally,the PCO model was utilized to investigate the effects of eight drugs with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties,including 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide(AICAR),THZ1,sorbinil,4-octyl itaconate(4-OI),xanthohumol,zebularine,rapamycin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester,on human lens epithelial cells(HLECs).Confocal microscopy facilitated comprehensive imaging of the PCO model.The results demonstrated that the GelMA 605%þPLMA 2%composite hydrogel exhibited superior biocompatibility and minimal lipid peroxidation levels among the tested hydrogels.Moreover,compared to using hydrogel as the material for 3D printing the entire model,applying surface hydrogel spin coating with parameters of 2000 rpm�2 on the resin-based 3D printed base yielded a more uniform cell distribution and reduced apoptosis.Furthermore,rapamycin,4-OI and AICAR demonstrated potent antiproliferative effects in the drug intervention study.Confocal microscopy imaging revealed a uniform distribution of HLECs along the anatomical structure of the crystalline lens capsule within the PCO model,showcasing robust cell viability and regular morphology.In conclusion,the PCO model provides a valuable experimental platform for studying PCO pathogenesis and exploring potential therapeutic interventions.

Inorganic material passivation of defects toward efficient perovskite solar cells

Surface passivation with organic materials is one of the most effective and popular strategies to improve the stability and efficiency of perovskite solar cells(PSCs). However, the secondary bonding formed between organic molecules and perovskite layers is still not strong enough to protect the perovskite absorber from degradation initialized by oxygen and water attacking at defects. Recently, passivation with inorganic materials has gradually been favored by researchers due to the effectiveness of chemical and mechanical passivation. Lead-containing substances, alkali metal halides, transition elements, oxides,hydrophobic substances, etc. have already been applied to the surface and interfacial passivation of PSCs.These inorganic substances mainly manipulate the nucleation and crystallization process of perovskite absorbers by chemically passivating defects along grain boundaries and surface or forming a mechanically protective layer simultaneously to prevent the penetration of moisture and oxygen, thereby improving the stability and efficiency of the PSCs. Herein, we mainly summarize inorganic passivating materials and their individual passivation principles and methods. Finally, this review offers a personal perspective for future research trends in the development of passivation strategies through inorganic materials.