When Does Sora Show:The Beginning of TAO to Imaginative Intelligence and Scenarios Engineering

DURING our discussion at workshops for writing“What Does ChatGPT Say:The DAO from Algorithmic Intelligence to Linguistic Intelligence”[1],we had expected the next milestone for Artificial Intelligence(AI)would be in the direction of Imaginative Intelligence(II),i.e.,something similar to automatic wordsto-videos generation or intelligent digital movies/theater technology that could be used for conducting new“Artificiofactual Experiments”[2]to replace conventional“Counterfactual Experiments”in scientific research and technical development for both natural and social studies[2]-[6].Now we have OpenAI’s Sora,so soon,but this is not the final,actually far away,and it is just the beginning.

Climate-growth relationships of Pinus tabuliformis along an altitudinal gradient on Baiyunshan Mountain,Central China

A set of standard chronologies for tree-ring width(TRW),earlywood width(EWW)and latewood width(LWW)in Pinus tabuliformis Carr.along an altitudi-nal gradient(1450,1400,and 1350 m a.s.l.)on Baiyunshan Mountain,Central China to analyze the effect of varying temperature and precipitation on growth along the gradi-ent.Correlation analyses showed that at all three altitudes and the TRW and EWW chronologies generally had signifi-cant negative correlations with mean and maximum tem-peratures in the current April and May and with minimum temperatures in the prior July and August,but significant positive correlations with precipitation in the current May.Correlations were generally significantly negative between LWW chronologies and all temperatures in the prior July and August,indicating that the prior summer temperature had a strong lag effect on the growth of P.tabuliformis that increased with altitude.The correlation with the standard-ized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI)confirmed that wet conditions in the current May promoted growth of TR and EW at all altitudes.Significant altitudinal differences were also found;at 1400 m,there were significant positive correlations between EWW chronologies and SPEI in the current April and significant negative correlations between LWW chronologies and SPEI in the current September,but these correlations were not significant at 1450 m.At 1350 m,there were also significant negative correlations between the TRW and the EWW chronologies and SPEI in the prior October and the current July and between LWW chronology and SPEI in the current August,but these cor-relations were not significant at 1400 m.Moving correlation results showed a stable response of EWW in relation to the SPEI in the current May at all three altitudes and of LWW to maximum temperature in the prior July-August at 1400 m from 2002 to 2018.The EWW chronology at 1400 m and the LWW chronology at 1450 m were identified as more suitable for climate reconstruction.These results provide a strong scientific basis for forest management decisions and climate reconstructions in Central China.

The Journey/DAO/TAO of Embodied Intelligence: From Large Models to Foundation Intelligence and Parallel Intelligence

THE tremendous impact of large models represented by ChatGPT[1]-[3]makes it necessary to con-sider the practical applications of such models[4].However,for an artificial intelligence(AI)to truly evolve,it needs to possess a physical“body”to transition from the virtual world to the real world and evolve through interaction with the real environments.In this context,“embodied intelligence”has sparked a new wave of research and technology,leading AI beyond the digital realm into a new paradigm that can actively act and perceive in a physical environment through tangible entities such as robots and automated devices[5].

Stability assessment of tree ring growth of Pinus armandii Franch in response to climate change based on slope directions at the Lubanling in the Funiu Mountains,China

Global warming will affect growth strategies and how trees will adapt.To compare the response of tree radial growth to climate warming in different slope directions,samples of Pinus armandii Franch were collected and tree-ring chronologies developed on northern and western slopes from the Lubanling in the Funiu Mountains.Correlation analyses showed that two chronologies were mainly limited by temperatures in the previous June-August and the com-bination of temperatures and moisture in the current May-July.The difference of the climate response to slopes was small but not negligible.Radial growth of the LBLO1 site on the northern slope was affected by the combined maximum and minimum temperatures,while that of the LBLO2 site was affected by maximum temperatures.With regards to moisture,radial growth of the trees on the north slope was influenced by the relative humidity in the current May-July,while on the western slope,it was affected by the relative humidity in the previous June-August,the current May-July and the precipitation in the current May-July.With the change in climate,the effects of the main limiting factors on growth on different slopes were visible to a certain extent,but the differences in response of trees on different slopes gradually decreased,which might be caused by factors such as different slope directions and the change in diurnal temperature range.These results may provide information for forest protection and ecological construction in this region,and a scientific reference for future climate reconstruction.

Microenvironmental effects on growth response of Pinus massoniana to climate at its northern boundary in the Tongbai Mountains,Central China

The Tongbai Mountains is an ecologically sensi-tive region and the northern boundary of Pinus massoniana Lamb.To analyze the effect of different microenvironments on tree growth response to climate factors,we developed standard chronologies for earlywood width(EWW),late-wood width(LWW),and total ring width(TRW)of P.massoniana at two sampling sites on slopes with different orientations,then analyzed characteristics of the chronolo-gies and their correlations with climate variables from five stations in the region and with a regional normalized differ-ence vegetation index(NDVI).Statistical results showed that the TRW/EWW/LWW chronology consistency and charac-teristics(mean sensitivity,signal to noise ratio,expressed population signal)for trees growing on the southeastern slope were much higher than for trees on the northeastern slope.Correlations indicated that temperature in current March and August has a significant positive effect on TRW/EWW/LWW formation,and the effect on the northeastern slope was weaker than on the southeastern slope.Compared to temperature,precipitation has more complicated effects on tree growth,but the effect on the northeastern slope was also generally weaker than on the southeastern slope.Step-wise linear regression analyses showed that temperature in August was the main limiting factor at the two sampling sites.Similarly,the response of tree growth on the southeast-ern slope as determined by the NDVI is better than on the northeastern slope,and the TRW/EWW/LWW chronologies for the southeastern slope explained over 50%of the total NDVI variances in June.Overall,the results indicate that the difference in the climate response of P.massoniana at two sampling sites is clearly caused by differences in the microenvironment,and such differences should be properly considered in future studies of forest dynamics and climate reconstructions.

Stability assessment of tree ring growth of Pinus armandii Franch in response to climate change based on slope directions at the Lubanling in the Funiu Mountains,China

Global warming will affect growth strategies and how trees will adapt.To compare the response of tree radial growth to climate warming in different slope directions,samples of Pinus armandii Franch were collected and treering chronologies developed on northern and western slopes from the Lubanling in the Funiu Mountains.Correlation analyses showed that two chronologies were mainly limited by temperatures in the previous June–August and the combination of temperatures and moisture in the current May–July.The difference of the climate response to slopes was small but not negligible.Radial growth of the LBL01 site on the northern slope was affected by the combined maximum and minimum temperatures,while that of the LBL02 site was affected by maximum temperatures.With regards to moisture,radial growth of the trees on the north slope was influenced by the relative humidity in the current May–July,while on the western slope,it was affected by the relative humidity in the previous June–August,the current May–July and the precipitation in the current May–July.With the change in climate,the effects of the main limiting factors on growth on different slopes were visible to a certain extent,but the differences in response of trees on different slopes gradually decreased,which might be caused by factors such as different slope directions and the change in diurnal temperature range.These results may provide information for forest protection and ecological construction in this region,and a scientific reference for future climate reconstruction.

Endochondral ossification of hindlimbs in embryonic development of Japanese Quail(Coturnix japonica)

The endochondral ossification of hindlimb is essential to a bird’s ability to stand,walk and fly.Most hindlimb is ossified in the embryos before hatching in precocial birds.However,the molecular mechanisms of hindlimb ossification in birds is still unclear.Therefore,we tried to examine the process of hindlimb ossification and its molecular regulation by using an animal model—Japanese Quail(Coturnix japonica).We selected four critical stages(Embryo Day:E6,E8,E12 and E16) of skeletal development of embryonic quails for hindlimb skeleton staining to show the process of endochondral ossification and to examine the molecular regulation of endochondral osteogenesis by RNA-Seq analysis.The results showed that ossification became increased with embryonic development and most hindlimb was ossified before hatching.RNA-Seq analysis revealed that various signaling pathways were involved with endochondral ossification with thyroid hormone signaling and WNT signaling pathway particularly enriched.Moreover,the expression levels of 42 genes were continuously upregulated and 14 genes were continuously downregulated from E6 to E16.The present study might provide new insights into complex molecular mechanisms in regulation of endochondral ossification.

Effects of 1 MeV electron radiation on the AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

In this study, the effects of 1 MeV electron radiation on the D-mode GaN-based high electron mobility transistors(HEMTs) were investigated after different radiation doses. The changes in electrical properties of the device were obtained, and the related physical mechanisms were analyzed. It indicated that under the radiation dose of 5 × 10^(14) cm^(-2), the channel current cannot be completely pinched off even if the negative gate voltage was lower than the threshold voltage, and the gate leakage current increased significantly. The emission microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the damage location. Besides, the radiation dose was adjusted ranging from 5 × 10^(12) to 1 × 10^(14) cm^(-2), and we noticed that the drain-source current increased and the threshold voltage presented slightly negative shift. By calculations, it suggested that the carrier density and electron mobility gradually increased. It provided a reference for the development of device radiation reinforcement technology.

Gingipain from Porphyromonas gingivalis causes insulin resistance by degrading insulin receptors through direct proteolytic effects

Periodontitis is a critical risk factor for the occurrence and development of diabetes.Porphyromonas gingivalis may participate in insulin resistance(IR)caused by periodontal inflammation,but the functional role and specific mechanisms of P.gingivalis in IR remain unclear.In the present study,clinical samples were analysed to determine the statistical correlation between P.gingivalis and IR occurrence.Through culturing of hepatocytes,myocytes,and adipocytes,and feeding mice P.gingivalis orally,the functional correlation between P.gingivalis and IR occurrence was further studied both in vitro and in vivo.Clinical data suggested that the amount of P.gingivalis isolated was correlated with the Homeostatic Model Assessment for IR score.In vitro studies suggested that coculture with P.gingivalis decreased glucose uptake and insulin receptor(INSR)protein expression in hepatocytes,myocytes,and adipocytes.Mice fed P.gingivalis tended to undergo IR.P.gingivalis was detectable in the liver,skeletal muscle,and adipose tissue of experimental mice.The distribution sites of gingipain coincided with the downregulation of INSR.Gingipain proteolysed the functional insulin-binding region of INSR.Coculture with P.gingivalis significantly decreased the INSR–insulin binding ability.Knocking out gingipain from P.gingivalis alleviated the negative effects of P.gingivalis on IR in vivo.Taken together,these findings indicate that distantly migrated P.gingivalis may directly proteolytically degrade INSR through gingipain,thereby leading to IR.The results provide a new strategy for preventing diabetes by targeting periodontal pathogens and provide new ideas for exploring novel mechanisms by which periodontal inflammation affects the systemic metabolic state.

Effects of Potassium-Solubilizing Bacteria on Growth, Antioxidant Activity and Expression of Related Genes in Fritillaria taipaiensis P. Y. Li

This study aimed to examine the effects of inoculating Fritillaria taipaiensis P.Y.Li leaves with different strains ofpotassium-solubilizing bacteria (KSB), or combinations thereof, focusing on aspects of photosynthesis and physiologicaland biochemical characteristics. At present, some studies have only studied the rhizosphere microbialcommunity characteristics of F. taipaiensis and have not discussed the effects of different microbial species on thegrowth promotion of F. taipaiensis. This paper will start from the perspective of potassium-solubilizing bacteria toconduct an in-depth study. Seed cultivation commenced at the base with three different KSBs in early October2022. The growth of F. taipaiensis leaves was observed after different treatments. Both single-plant and compoundinoculations were executed. A total of eight treatment groups were established, with aseptic fertilizer and sterilizedsoil functioning as the control group. The results reveal that intercellular CO_(2) concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance(Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) were at their apex in the S7 group. Most treatment groups exhibited anincrease in leaf area, photosynthetic pigment content, soluble sugar, soluble protein, Superoxide Dismutase(SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Catalase (CAT) activities, and proline content. The expression levels of POD, SOD,and CAT genes were evaluated, following inoculation with different KSB. The highest was the S7 group. Theinoculation with various KSB, or combinations thereof, appears to bolster the growth and development of F. taipaiensis.The composite inoculation group S7, comprising Bacillus cereus, Burkholderia cepacia, and Bacillus subtilis,manifested the most favorable impact on the diverse indices of F. taipaiensis, thereby furnishing valuableinsights for the selection of bacterial fertilizer in the artificial cultivation of F. taipaiensis.

Photonics Improvement of the Time-Bandwidth Product for a Linearly Chirped Waveform

A photonics approach to generate a linearly chirped waveform with increased TBWP is proposed and investigated. The time bandwidth product (TBWP) of the linearly chirped waveform is improved based on optical microwave frequency multiplying combined with temporal synthesis. An integrated dual-polarization modulator and an optical filter are utilized to perform frequency doubling operation by generating an orthogonally polarized optical signal, which consists of an optical carrier in one polarization direction and a second-order chirped optical sideband in another. Then the orthogonally polarized optical signal puts into a polarization modulator (PolM) to perform phase coding process. By driving a Pseudorandom (PN) sequence to the PolM, the time duration of the generated bandwidth doubled linearly chirped waveform can be synthesized to arbitrary length. The approach is verified by simulation. A linearly chirped waveform with central frequency of 8.25 GHz, bandwidth of 500 MHz, time duration of 6.4 ns is used to generate a synthesized waveform with central frequency of 16.5 GHz, bandwidth of 1 GHz, time duration of 819.2 ns. The TBWP of the linearly chirped signal is improved from 3.2 to 819.2. The proposed method features arbitrary large TBWP, and it can be used in a radar system to improve its resolution.

Photonic Generation of Frequency 16-Tupling Millimeter-Wave Signal without Optical Filter

A generalized optical filterless approach to achieve photonic generation of frequency 16-tupling millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal based on two cascaded dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulators (DPMZMs) is presented. A theoretical analysis leading to the operating conditions to achieve frequency 16-tupling is developed. Different modulation indices (MIs) can be implemented to achieve the frequency multiplication by adjusting the delay of tunable optical delay line (TODL). It is confirmed by simulation that the proposed scheme is effective, and the radio frequency spurious suppression ratio (RFSSR) of the generated frequency 16-tupling signal can be as high as 40 dB when the sub-MZMs have extinction ratios of 30 dB. Influencing factors such as extinction ratio, DC bias drift, phase shift deviation and RF voltage deviation on the performance of optical sideband suppression ratio (OSSR) and RFSSR are also investigated.

What Does ChatGPT Say:The DAO from Algorithmic Intelligence to Linguistic Intelligence

THE well-known ancient Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu(老子)or Laozi(6th~4th century BC during the Spring and Autumn period)started his classic Tao Teh Ching《道德经》or Dao De Jing(see Fig.1)with six Chinese characters:"道(Dao)可(Ke)道(Dao)非(Fei)常(Chang)道(Dao)",which has been traditionally interpreted as“道可道,非常道”or"The Dao that can be spoken is not the eternal Dao".

Progress involving new techniques for liposome preparation

The article presents a review of new techniques being used for the preparation of liposomes.A total of 28 publications were examined.In addition to the theories,characteristics and problems associated with traditional methods,the advantages and drawbacks of the latest techniques were reviewed.In the light of developments in many relevant areas,a variety of new techniques are being used for liposome preparation and each of these new technique has particular advantages over conventional preparation methods.However,there are still some problems associated with these new techniques that could hinder their applications and further improvements are needed.Generally speaking,due to the introduction of these latest techniques,liposome preparation is now an improved procedure.These applications promote not only advances in liposome research but also the methods for their production on an industrial scale.

Linguistic Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Psychological Health State Using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

The study of psychological health state is helpful to build appropriate models and take effective intervention strategies, and the results benefit the intervened released from psychological distress within the shortest possible time. In this paper, interval type-2 fuzzy sets and fuzzy comprehension evaluation are applied in the analysis of mental health status and crisis intervention. A closed-loop linguistic dynamic intervention model for psychological health state is built. Linguistic dynamic systems based on interval type-2 fuzzy sets are used to describe and analyze the evolutionary process of psychological health status. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

Research progress in electrospinning engineering for all-solid-state electrolytes of lithium metal batteries

Owing to safety issue and low energy density of liquid lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),all-solid-state lithium metal batteries(ASLMBs)with unique all-solid-state electrolytes(SEs)have attracted wide attentions.This arises mainly from the advantages of the SEs in the suppression of lithium dendrite growth,long cycle life,and broad working temperature range,showing huge potential applications in electronic devices,electric vehicles,smart grids,and biomedical devices.However,SEs suffer from low lithiumion conductivity and low mechanical integrity,slowing down the development of practical ASLMBs.Nanostructure engineering is of great efficiency in tuning the structure and composition of the SEs with improved lithium-ion conductivity and mechanical integrity.Among various available technologies for nanostructure engineering,electrospinning is a promising technique because of its simple operation,cost-effectiveness,and efficient integration with different components.In this review,we will first give a simple description of the electrospinning process.Then,the use of electrospinning technique in the synthesis of various SEs is summarized,for example,organic nanofibrous matrix,organic/inorganic nanofibrous matrix,and inorganic nanofibrous matrix combined with other components.The current development of the advanced architectures of SEs through electrospinning technology is also presented to provide references and ideas for designing high-performance ASLMBs.Finally,an outlook and further challenges in the preparation of advanced SEs for ASLMBs through electrospinning engineering are given.

A 3D-printed molybdenum-containing scaffold exerts dual pro-osteogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic effects to facilitate alveolar bone repair

The positive regulation of bone-forming osteoblast activity and the negative feedback regulation of osteoclastic activity are equally important in strategies to achieve successful alveolar bone regeneration. Here, a molybdenum(Mo)-containing bioactive glass ceramic scaffold with solid-strut-packed structures(Mo-scaffold) was printed, and its ability to regulate pro-osteogenic and antiosteoclastogenic cellular responses was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. We found that extracts derived from Mo-scaffold(Moextracts) strongly stimulated osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and inhibited differentiation of osteoclast progenitors. The identified comodulatory effect was further demonstrated to arise from Mo ions in the Mo-extract,wherein Mo ions suppressed osteoclastic differentiation by scavenging reactive oxygen species(ROS) and inhibiting mitochondrial biogenesis in osteoclasts. Consistent with the in vitro findings, the Mo-scaffold was found to significantly promote osteoblastmediated bone formation and inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption throughout the bone healing process, leading to enhanced bone regeneration. In combination with our previous finding that Mo ions participate in material-mediated immunomodulation, this study offers the new insight that Mo ions facilitate bone repair by comodulating the balance between bone formation and resorption. Our findings suggest that Mo ions are multifunctional cellular modulators that can potentially be used in biomaterial design and bone tissue engineering.

Recommendation Algorithm Based on Probabilistic Matrix Factorization with Adaboost

A current problem in diet recommendation systems is the matching of food preferences with nutritional requirements,taking into account individual characteristics,such as body weight with individual health conditions,such as diabetes.Current dietary recommendations employ association rules,content-based collaborative filtering,and constraint-based methods,which have several limitations.These limitations are due to the existence of a special user group and an imbalance of non-simple attributes.Making use of traditional dietary recommendation algorithm researches,we combine the Adaboost classifier with probabilistic matrix factorization.We present a personalized diet recommendation algorithm by taking advantage of probabilistic matrix factorization via Adaboost.A probabilistic matrix factorization method extracts the implicit factors between individual food preferences and nutritional characteristics.From this,we can make use of those features with strong influence while discarding those with little influence.After incorporating these changes into our approach,we evaluated our algorithm’s performance.Our results show that our method performed better than others at matching preferred foods with dietary requirements,benefiting user health as a result.The algorithm fully considers the constraint relationship between users’attributes and nutritional characteristics of foods.Considering many complex factors in our algorithm,the recommended food result set meets both health standards and users’dietary preferences.A comparison of our algorithm with others demonstrated that our method offers high accuracy and interpretability.

Electro-optical properties cholesteric liquid of polymer stabilized crystal film＊

Liquid crystals （LCs） and polymers are extensively used in various electro-optical applications. In this paper, normal mode polymer stabilized cholesteric LC film is prepared and studied. The effects of chiral dopant and monomer concentrations on the electro-optical properties, such as contrast ratio, driving voltage, hysteresis width and response time, are investigated. The reasons of electro-optical properties influenced by the concentrations of the materials are discussed. Through the proper material recipe, the electro-optical properties of polymer stabilized cholesteric LC film can be optimized.

Determination of the Backward Predictability Limit and Its Relationship with the Forward Predictability Limit

In this work, two types of predictability are proposed—forward and backward predictability—and then applied in the nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent approach to the Lorenz63 and Lorenz96 models to quantitatively estimate the local forward and backward predictability limits of states in phase space. The forward predictability mainly focuses on the forward evolution of initial errors superposed on the initial state over time, while the backward predictability is mainly concerned with when the given state can be predicted before this state happens. From the results, there is a negative correlation between the local forward and backward predictability limits. That is, the forward predictability limits are higher when the backward predictability limits are lower, and vice versa. We also find that the sum of forward and backward predictability limits of each state tends to fluctuate around the average value of sums of the forward and backward predictability limits of sufficient states.Furthermore, the average value is constant when the states are sufficient. For different chaotic systems, the average value is dependent on the chaotic systems and more complex chaotic systems get a lower average value. For a single chaotic system,the average value depends on the magnitude of initial perturbations. The average values decrease as the magnitudes of initial perturbations increase.