C3N4 modified with single layer ZIF67 nanoparticles for efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants under visible light

Uniformly distributed single layer of ZIF67-derived C3N4(ZIF67-C3N4)was synthesized and applied to the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue(MB)under visible light.Results indicated that the obtained ZIF67-C3N4 has a maximum specific surface area of 541.392 m^2/g,which is much larger than that of raw C3N4 of 97.291 m^2/g.The investigation of C3N4 amount involved in ZIF67-C3N4 on the photoactivity revealed that 2.57 g ZIF67 with 0.3 g C3N4,which named ZIF67-C3N4(0.3)exhibited superior photocatalytic activities.More than 90%of MB at 10 mg/L was degraded within 70 min with the addition of 0.01 g ZIF67-C3N4(0.3),while this time required for raw C3N4 was over 140 min.The effects of pH of solution,initial concentration of MB and dosage of C3N4 in ZIF67-C3N4 composites on the photocatalytic efficiency for MB degradation were also evaluated.Quenching experiments indicated that the photo-induced holes(h^+)and superoxide radicals(O2-·)were mainly responsible for MB degradation.It is anticipated that the insertion of ZIF67 nanoparticles not only increases the adsorption capacity of C3N4 but also promotes the generation and migration of the photo-induced active species.

4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) enhances drought tolerance of apple by regulating rhizosphere microbial diversity and root architecture

The dwarfing rootstocks-mediated high-density apple orchard is becoming the main practice management.Currently,dwarfing rootstocks are widely used worldwide,but their shallow root system and drought sensitivity necessitate high irrigation requirements.Here,the root transcriptome and metabolome of dwarfing(M9-T337,a drought-sensitive rootstock)and vigorous rootstocks(Malus sieversii,a drought-tolerant species,is commonly used as a rootstock)showed that a coumarin derivative,4-Methylumbelliferon(4-MU),was found to accumulate significantly in the roots of vigorous rootstock under drought condition.When exogenous 4-MU was applied to the roots of dwarfing rootstock under drought treatment,the plants displayed increased root biomass,higher root-to-shoot ratio,greater photosynthesis,and elevated water use efficiency.In addition,diversity and structure analysis of the rhizosphere soil microbial community demonstrated that 4-MU treatment increased the relative abundance of putatively beneficial bacteria and fungi.Of these,Pseudomonas,Bacillus,Streptomyces,and Chryseolinea bacterial strains and Acremonium,Trichoderma,and Phoma fungal strains known for root growth,or systemic resistance against drought stress,were significantly accumulated in the roots of dwarfing rootstock after 4-MU treatment under drought stress condition.Taken together,we identified a promising compound—4-MU,as a useful tool,to strengthen the drought tolerance of apple dwarfing rootstock.

Myomaker和Myomerger调控成肌细胞融合的分子机制

骨骼肌形成是一个复杂的生理过程,主要涉及肌源性干细胞增殖形成成肌细胞,进而分化、融合形成多核肌管。研究发现,有多种蛋白参与成肌细胞融合过程,但它们均不具有肌肉特异性。近年来,两种肌肉特异性膜蛋白Myomaker和Myomerger先后被发现和鉴定,它们能协调促进成肌细胞融合,从而参与骨骼肌形成过程。本文对成肌过程中Myomaker和Myomerger的表达模式、功能域等研究现状及其参与成肌细胞的融合机制进行了综述,旨在为深入研究骨骼肌形成过程及治疗肌细胞融合相关疾病提供参考信息。

Apple SERRATE negatively mediates drought resistance by regulating MdMYB88 and MdMYB124 and microRNA biogenesis

The function of serrate(SE)in miRNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis is well elucidated,whereas its role in plant drought resistance is largely unknown.In this study,we report that MdSE acts as a negative regulator of apple(Malus×domestica)drought resistance by regulating the expression levels of MdMYB88 and MdMYB124 and miRNAs,including mdm-miR156,mdm-miR166,mdm-miR172,mdm-miR319,and mdm-miR399.MdSE interacts with MdMYB88 and MdMYB124,two positive regulators of apple drought resistance.MdSE decreases the transcript and protein levels of MdMYB88 and MdMYB124,which directly regulate the expression of MdNCED3,a key enzyme in abscisic acid(ABA)biosynthesis.Furthermore,MdSE is enriched in the same region of the MdNECD3 promoter where MdMYB88/MdMYB124 binds.Consistently,MdSE RNAi transgenic plants are more sensitive to ABA-induced stomatal closure,whereas MdSE OE plants are less sensitive.In addition,under drought stress,MdSE is responsible for the biogenesis of mdm-miR399,a negative regulator of drought resistance,and negatively regulates miRNAs,including mdm-miR156,mdm-miR166,mdm-miR172,and mdm-miR319,which are positive regulators of drought resistance.Taken together,by revealing the negative role of MdSE,our results broaden our understanding of the apple drought response and provide a candidate gene for apple drought improvement through molecular breeding.

A Parameterization Scheme for Wind Wave Modules that Includes the Sea Ice Thickness in the Marginal Ice Zone

The global wave model WAVEWATCH III®works well in open water.To simulate the propagation and attenuation of waves through ice-covered water,existing simulations have considered the influence of sea ice by adding the sea ice concentration in the wind wave module;however,they simply suppose that the wind cannot penetrate the ice layer and ignore the possibility of wind forcing waves below the ice cover.To improve the simulation performance of wind wave modules in the marginal ice zone(MIZ),this study proposes a parameterization scheme by directly including the sea ice thickness.Instead of scaling the wind input with the fraction of open water,this new scheme allows partial wind input in ice-covered areas based on the ice thickness.Compared with observations in the Barents Sea in 2016,the new scheme appears to improve the modeled waves in the high-frequency band.Sensitivity experiments with and without wind wave modules show that wind waves can play an important role in areas with low sea ice concentration in the MIZ.

Fluorine substitution position effects on spiro(fluorene-9,9’-xanthene) cored hole transporting materials for high-performance planar perovskite solar cells

Fluorine substitution in molecular design has become an effective strategy for improving the overall performance of organic photovoltaics.In this study,three low-cost small molecules of spiro-linked hole transporting materials(SFX-O-2 F,SFX-m-2 F,and SFX-p-2 F) endowed with two-armed t rip he ny la mine moieties were synthesized via tuning of the fluorine substitution position,and they were employed for use in highly efficient perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Despite the fluorine substitution position playing a negligible role in the optical and electrochemical properties of the resulting small molecules,the photovoltaic performance thereof was observed to vary significantly.The planar n-i-p PSCs based on SFX-m-2 F demonstrated superior performance(18.86%) when compared to that of the corresponding SFX-o-2 F(9.7%) and SFX-p-2 F(16.33%) under 100 mW cm^(-2) AM1.5 G solar illumination,which is competitive with the performance of the benchmark spiro-OMeTAD-based device(18.98%).Moreover,the SFX-m-2 Fbased PSCs were observed to be more stable than the spiro-OMeTAD-based devices under ambient conditions.The improved performance of SFX-m-2 F is primarily associated with improved morphology,more efficient hole transport,and extraction characteristics at the perovskite/HTM interface.This work demonstrated the application of fluorination engineering to the tuning of material film morphology and charge transfer properties,showing the promising potential of fluorinated SM-HTMs for the construction of low-cost,high-efficiency PSCs.

A numerical study of Stokes drift and thermal effects on the oceanic mixed layer

This study explores the influence of Stokes drift and the thermal effects on the upper ocean bias which occurs in the summer with overestimated sea surface temperature(SST)and shallower mixed layer depth(MLD)using Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure scheme.The upper ocean thermal structures through Princeton ocean model are examined by experiments in the cases of idealized forcing and real observational situation.The results suggest that Stokes drift can generally enhance turbulence kinetic energy and deepen MLD either in summer or in winter.This effect will improve the simulation results in summer,but it will lead to much deeper MLD in winter compared to observational data.It is found that MLD can be correctly simulated by combining Stokes drift and the thermal effects of the cool skin layer and diurnal warm layer on the upper mixing layer.In the case of high shortwave radiation and weak wind speed,which usually occurs in summer,the heat absorbed from sun is blocked in the warm layer and prevented from being transferred downwards.As a result,the thermal effects in summer nearly has no influence on dynamic effect of Stokes drift that leads to deepening MLD.However,when the stratification is weak in winter,the thermal effects will counteract the dynamic effect of Stokes drift through enhancing the strength of stratification and suppress mixing impact.Therefore,the dynamic and thermal effects should be considered simultaneously in order to correctly simulate upper ocean thermal structures in both summer and winter.

Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying responses of apple trees to abiotic stresses

Apple(Malus×domestica)is a popular temperate fruit crop worldwide.However,its growth,productivity,and quality are often adversely affected by abiotic stresses such as drought,extreme temperature,and high salinity.Due to the long juvenile phase and highly heterozygous genome,the conventional breeding approaches for stress-tolerant cultivars are time-consuming and resource-intensive.These issues may be resolved by feasible molecular breeding techniques for apples,such as gene editing and marker-assisted selection.Therefore,it is necessary to acquire a more comprehensive comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underpinning apples’response to abiotic stress.In this review,we summarize the latest research progress in the molecular response of apples to abiotic stressors,including the gene expression regulation,protein modifications,and epigenetic modifications.We also provide updates on new approaches for improving apple abiotic stress tolerance,while discussing current challenges and future perspectives for apple molecular breeding.

Acceptor-planarized typeⅠphotosensitizer for lipid droplet-targeted two-photon photodynamic therapy by ferroptosis

Two-photon photodynamic therapy(TP-PDT)has garnered significant attention because of its excellent depth of tissue penetration and high spatiotemporal selectivity.However,the limited targeting ability and oxygen dependency of photosensitizers(PSs)significantly hinder the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in hypoxic tumor treatment.Herein,we designed and synthesized two lipid droplet(LD)-targeted two-photon PSs(TBPCP and TBCP)by reducing benzene rings to achieve“acceptor planarization”.Notably,acceptor planarization not only enhanced the intramolecular charge transfer but also transferred the photochemical reaction from typeⅡ(TBPCP)to typeⅠ(TBCP).Under the irradiation of 940 nm femtosecond pulsed laser,TBPCP and TBCP showed bright two-photon-excited fluorescence and excellent LD targeting in living cells.Comparing TBPCP(typeⅡPS),the outstanding TP-PDT efficacy of TBCP(typeⅠPS)under hypoxic conditions could be obtained in both cellular experiments and multicellular tumor spheroids(MCTS)model.Additionally,both TBPCP and TBCP could induce the lipid peroxidation in the typeⅠor typeⅡPDT due to the location of LD,depleting GSH and inactivating GPX4 to induce nonprogrammed ferroptosis in cells.

Interfering small ubiquitin modifiers(SUMO)improves the thermotolerance of apple by facilitating the activity of MdDREB2A

Heat stress,which is caused by global warming,threatens crops yield and quality across the world.As a kind of post-translation modification,SUMOylation involves in plants heat stress response with a rapid and wide pattern.Here,we identified small ubiquitin modifiers(SUMO),which affect drought tolerance in apple,also participated in thermotolerance.Six isoforms of SUMOs located on six chromosomes in apple genome,and all the SUMOs were up-regulated in response to heat stress condition.The MdSUMO2 RNAi transgenic apple plants exhibited higher survival rate,lower ion leakage,higher catalase(CAT)activity,and Malondialdehyde(MDA)content under heat stress.MdDREB2A,the substrate of MdSUMO2 in apple,was accumulated in MdSUMO2 RNAi transgenic plants than the wild type GL-3 at the protein level in response to heat stress treatment.Further,the inhibited SUMOylation level of MdDREB2A in MdSUMO2 RNAi plants might repress its ubiquitination,too.The accumulated MdDREB2A in MdSUMO2 RNAi plants further induced heat-responsive genes expression to strengthen plants thermotolerance,including MdHSFA3,MdHSP26.5,MdHSP18.2,MdHSP70,MdCYP18-1 and MdTLP1.In summary,these findings illustrate that interfering small ubiquitin modifiers(SUMO)in apple improves plants thermotolerance,partly by facilitating the stability and activity of MdDREB2A.

APPLE SUMO E3 REGULATES LIGASE MDSIZ1 NEGATIVELY DROUGHT TOLERANCE

Drought stress typically causes heavy losses in apple production and uncovering the mechanisms by which apple tolerates drought stress is important in apple breeding.MdSIZl is a SUMO(small ubiquitin-like modifier)E3 ligase that promotes SUMO binding to substrate proteins.Here,we demonstrate that MdSIZl in apple has a negative relationship with drought tolerance.MdSIZ1 RNAi transgenic apple trees had a higher survival rate after drought stress.During drought stress they had higher leaf water potential,reduced ion leakage,lower H_(2)O_(2)and malondialdehyde contents,and higher catalase activity.In addition,MdSIZl RNAi transgenic plants had a higher net photosynthetic rate during the latter period of drought stress.Finally,the transgenic apple trees also altered expression levels of some microRNAs in response to drought stress.Taken together,these results indicate that apple MdSIZl negatively regulates drought stress by enhancing leaf water-holding capacity and antioxidant enzyme activity.

APPLE SUMO E3 LIGASE MDSIZ1 NEGATIVELY REGULATES DROUGHT TOLERANCE

General Introduction Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering(FASE)is an authoritative source for professionals with interests encompassing agricultural science and engineering,supervised by the Chinese Academy of Engineering,administered by Higher Education Press of China and China Agricultural University,and published by Higher Education Press of China on a quarterly basis in English.

Effect of annealing temperature on Ti/Al/Ni/Au ohmic contacts on undoped AlN films

The Ti/Al/Ni/Au metals were deposited on undoped AlN films by electron beam evaporation. The influence of annealing temperature on the properties of contacts was investigated. When the annealing temperatures were between 800 and 950 ℃, the AlN-Ti/Al/Ni/Au contacts became ohmic contacts and the resistance decreased with the increase of annealing temperature. A lowest specific contacts resistance of 0.379 Ω·cm^2 was obtained for the sample annealed at 950 ℃. In this work, we confirmed that the formation mechanism of ohmic contacts on Al N was due to the formation of Al-Au, Au-Ti and Al-Ni alloys, and reduction of the specific contacts resistance could originate from the formation of Au2Ti and AlAu2 alloys. This result provided a possibility for the preparation of Al N-based high-frequency, high-power devices and deep ultraviolet devices.

Research progress in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for gastric cancer

Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide.Its incidence ranks the 5th among all malignant tumors globally,and it is the 3rd leading cause of death among patients with cancer.Surgical treatment is the first choice in clinical practice.However,targeted therapy,immunotherapy,and other treatment methods have also become research hotspots at home and abroad with the development of individualized precision therapy in recent years,besides traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy.At present,targeted therapy and immunotherapy are methods used for treating GC,and they have important clinical application value and prospects.This study aimed to review the research progress of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for GC,focusing on its mechanism of action and related important clinical trials,hoping to provide references for the clinical treatment of GC.

Advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer(EC)is one of the most common aggressive malignant tumors in the digestive system with a severe epidemiological situation and poor prognosis.The early diagnostic rate of EC is low,and most EC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage.Multiple multimodality treatments have gradually evolved into the main treatment for advanced EC,including surgery,chemotherapy,radiotherapy,targeted therapy,and immunotherapy.And the emergence of targeted therapy and immunotherapy has greatly improved the survival of EC patients.This review highlights the latest advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for EC,discusses the efficacy and safety of relevant drugs,summarizes related important clinical trials,and tries to provide references for therapeutic strategy of EC.

Alterations in cecal microbiota of Jinhua piglets fostered by a Yorkshire sow

Gut microbiota play important roles in host health and diseases.Several factors,in particular antibiotics,affect the gut microbiota of pigs.Cross-fostering has been applied as a regular practice to equalize litter size,reduce pre-weaning mortality and increase body weight.However,the effect of cross-fostering on cecal microbiota is unclear.In this study,we fostered three Jinhua pigs to a Yorkshire sow.The fostered Jinhua piglets grew significantly faster than their biological siblings.To explore whether the cecal microbiota of piglets will alter during fostering,we characterized the cecal microbiota of allpiglets by examining the V3 hypervariable region of 16S rDNA.We observed altered cecal microbiota in these piglets using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform,and this was accompanied with an increase in growth rate after fostering.The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the fostered Jinhua piglets was decreased compared with their biological siblings,although still higher in comparison with their new littermates.Beta-diversity analysis also showed that the cecal microbiota of the adopted Jinhua piglets differed from their biological siblings with a shift toward their step-siblings.Our data show that cecal microbiota of piglets were altered after cross-fostering while the growth rate increased.

Snapshot of Structural Variations in the Tibetan Wild Boar Genome at Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Genomic structural variations （SVs）, particularly insertions, deletions and inversions, can contribute to the heterogeneity of millions of nucleotides within a genome, and are likely to make an important contribution to biological diversity and phenotypic variation （Alkan et al., 2011; Bickhart and Liu, 2014）. With the rapid development of the next-generation sequencing technologies and the new assembly methodolo- gies, the multiple de novo assemblies of genomes within a species allow researchers to explore more detailed SV maps （Li et al., 2011）. Compared with the traditional read depth algorithm using the whole-genome resequencing approach and array-based technologies （Baker, 2012; Wang et al., 2012;

Evaluation of fog warning system on driving under heavy fog condition based on driving simulator

Purpose–Heavy fog results in low visibility,which increases the probability and severity of traffic crashes,and fog warning system is conducive to the reduction of crashes by conveying warning messages to drivers.This paper aims at exploring the effects of dynamic message sign(DMS)of fog warning system on driver performance.Design/methodology/approach–First,a testing platform was established based on driving simulator and driver performance data under DMS were collected.The experiment route was consisted of three different zones(i.e.warning zone,transition zone and heavy fog zone),and mean speed,mean acceleration,mean jerk in the whole zone,ending speed in the warning zone and transition zone,maximum deceleration rate and mean speed reduction proportion in the transition zone and heavy fog zone were selected.Next,the one-way analysis of variance was applied to test the significant difference between the metrics.Besides,drivers’subjective perception was also considered.Findings–The results indicated that DMS is beneficial to reduce speed before drivers enter the heavy fog zone.Besides,when drivers enter a heavy fog zone,DMS can reduce the tension of drivers and make drivers operate more smoothly.Originality/value–This paper provides a comprehensive approach for evaluating the effectiveness of the warning system in adverse conditions based on the driving simulation test platform.The method can be extended to the evaluation of vehicle-to-infrastructure technology in other special scenarios.

Research on High Precision Autonomous Navigation of Shared Balancing Vehicles Based on EKF-SLAM

In view of the technical difficulties of autonomous navigation in local areas,this paper proposes a high-precision autonomous navigation shared bal-ancing bike system based on EKF-SLAM.This system uses the EKF-SLAM algorithm in robot localization to achieve simultaneous localization and map con-struction using the extended Kalmanfilter.At the same time,GPS and IMU are also employed for absolute positioning,and point cloud matching is used for rel-ative positioning to achieve multisensor fusion positioning.For the convenience of users,this system uses the RNN-T model for speech recognition destinations.Through experimental verification,the EKF-SLAM-based autonomous naviga-tion technology proposed in this paper can meet the accurate localization service and can realize the function of high precision autonomous navigation and voice recognition of destinations for shared balancing vehicles in a local area.