In Vitro Propagation and Artificial Seed Production of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, an Endangered Medicinal Plant

Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don(Liliaceae)is an endangered perennial bulbous plant and its dry bulb is a valuable med-icinal material with antitussive and expectorant effects.Nevertheless,lack of resources and expensive prices make it difficult to meet clinical needs.This study presents a regeneration system aimed at overcoming the challenge of inadequate supply in F.cirrhosa,focusing on:(1)callus induction,(2)bulblets and adventitious bud induction,and(3)artificial seed production.Callus development was achieved in 84.93%on Murashige and Skoog(MS)medium fortified with 1.0 mg·L^(-1) picloram.The optimal medium for callus differentiation into regenerated bulb-lets was MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg·L^(-1)6-benzyladenine(6-BA)and 0.2 mg·L^(-1)α-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA).Subsequently,bulblets and adventitious buds were induced from regenerated bulblet sections cul-tured on MS medium fortified with 0.3 mg·L^(-1)6-BA+1.0 mg·L^(-1)2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D),2.0 mg·L^(-1)6-BA+0.5 mg·L^(-1),and the induction rates were 88.17%and 84.24%,respectively.The regenerated bulblets were transplanted into a substrate of humus soil,river sand,and pearlite(1:1:1)after low-temperature treatment.The germination rate was 42.80%after culture for 30 days.Regenerated bulblets were used for encap-sulations in liquid MS medium containing 3%sucrose(w/v)+0.5 mg·L^(-1) NAA+2.0 mg·L^(-1)6-BA+3%sodium alginate(w/v)with a 10 min exposure to 2%CaCl_(2).Under non-aseptic conditions,the germination rate reached 81.67%,while the rooting rate was 20.56%after 45 days.The capsule added 1.0 g·L^(-1) carbendazim and 1.0 g·L^(-1) activated carbon was the best component of artificial seeds.This study successfully established an efficient regen-eration system for the rapid propagation of F.cirrhosa,involving in vitro bulblet regeneration and artificial seed production.This method introduces a novel approach for efficient breeding and germplasm preservation,making it suitable for large-scale industrial resource production.

The Effect of Soil Enzymes and Polysaccharides Secreted by the Roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge under Drought,High Temperature,and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deficits

Root exudates serve as crucial mediators for information exchange between plants and soil,and are an important evolutionary mechanism for plants’adaptation to environmental changes.In this study,15 different abiotic stress models were established using various stress factors,including drought(D),high temperature(T),nitrogen deficiency(N),phosphorus deficiency(P),and their combinations.We investigated their effects on the seedling growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and the activities of Solid-Urease(S-UE),Solid-Nitrite Reductase(S-NiR),Solid-Nitrate Reductase(S-NR),Solid-Phosphotransferase(S-PT),and Solid-Catalase(S-CAT),as well as the contents of polysaccharides in the culture medium.The results showed that the growth of S.miltiorrhiza was inhibited under 15 stress conditions.Among them,13 stress conditions increased the root-shoot ratio.These 15 stress conditions significantly reduced the activity of S-NR,two combinations significantly improved the activity of S-NIR,they were synergistic stresses of high temperature and nitrogen deficiency(TN),and synergistic stresses of drought and nitrogen deficiency(DN)(p<0.05).The activity of S-UE was significantly improved under N,D,T,synergistic stresses of drought and high temperature(DT),DN,synergistic stresses of drought and phosphorus deficiency(DP),and synergistic stresses of high temperature,nitrogen,and phosphorus deficiency(TNP)stress conditions(p<0.05).Most stress combinations reduced the activity of S-PT,but D and T significantly improved it.(p<0.05).The N,DN,and TN stress conditions significantly reduced S-CAT activity.The P,DT,and synergistic stresses of drought,high temperature,and phosphorus deficiency(DTP)significantly decreased the total polysaccharide content of the soil(p<0.05).The research suggested that abiotic stress hindered the growth of S.miltiorrhiza and altered the behavior of root secretion.Roots regulated the secretion of several substances in response to various abiotic stresses,including soil nitrogen cycle enzymes,phosphorus transport-related enzymes,and antioxidant enzymes.In conclusion,plants regulate the utilization of rhizosphere substances in response to abiotic stresses by modulating the exudation of soil enzymes and polysaccharides by the root system.At the same time,soil carbon sequestration was affected by the adverse environment,which restricted the input of organic matter into the soil.

An integrated spectroscopic strategy to trace the geographical origins of emblic medicines: Application for the quality assessment of natural medicines

Emblic medicine is a popular natural source in the world due to its outstanding healthcare and therapeutic functions.Our preliminary results indicated that the quality of emblic medicines might have an apparent regional variation.A rapid and effective geographical traceability system has not been designed yet.To trace the geographical origins so that their quality can be controlled,an integrated spectroscopic strategy including spectral pretreatment,outlier diagnosis,feature selection,data fusion,and machine learning algorithm was proposed.A featured data matrix(245
220)was successfully generated,and a carefully adjusted RF machine learning algorithm was utilized to develop the geographical traceability model.The results demonstrate that the proposed strategy is effective and can be generalized.Sensitivity(SEN),specificity(SPE)and accuracy(ACC)of 97.65%,99.85%and 97.63%for the calibrated set,as well as 100.00%predictive efficiency,were obtained using this spectroscopic analysis strategy.Our study has created an integrated analysis process for multiple spectral data,which can achieve a rapid,nondestructive and green quality detection for emblic medicines originating from seventeen geographical origins.

Potential pharmaceutical resources of the Qinling Mountain in central China:medicinal fungi

The present investigation on fungal diversity shows that there were rich fungal resources of up to 196 species,belonging to 41 families and 90 genera,in the Qinling Mountainous Range of central China.The dominant families were Polyporaceae,Russulaceae,Tricholomatacea and Lycoperdaceae,which comprised 107 species,54.59%of the total species.The dominant genera were Russula,Lactarius,Trametes,Phellinus,Coprinus,Lycoperdon,Suillu,and Calvatia,which consisted of 59 species,30.09%of the total species.According to the geographical characteristics,the genera were grouped into:cosmopolitan element(74.98%),pantropical element(3.57%),tropical element(1.02%)and north temperate element(21.43%),with the cosmopolitan element constituting the majority.Among these,the cosmopolitan and North Temperate Zone were characteristic of this region.Based on relevant literature review,the primary pharmaceutical action of the medicinal fungi in Qinling Mountain can be classified as follows:anti-cancer,anti-bacteria,anti-inflammation,relief of muscle rigidity and activation of collaterals,hemostasis,immunological regulation,as well as nourishing the stomach and tonification which means enhancing the body system.