韦伯在对新教伦理与资本主义关系的分析中,流露出对现代社会发展前景的担忧。韦伯认为,宗教理性对盈利欲的束缚与自制,同时也是一个伦理对经济的规定,如果失去了这一伦理原则,就会激化社会的内部矛盾。宗教理性对贪欲的束缚与自制,同时...韦伯在对新教伦理与资本主义关系的分析中,流露出对现代社会发展前景的担忧。韦伯认为,宗教理性对盈利欲的束缚与自制,同时也是一个伦理对经济的规定,如果失去了这一伦理原则,就会激化社会的内部矛盾。宗教理性对贪欲的束缚与自制,同时也是一个伦理对经济的规定,如果失去了这一伦理原则,就会激化社会的内部矛盾。在他看来,资本主义的发展已经脱离了宗教理性对盈利欲的束缚与自制,继而导致了现代社会的分裂与人的异化。对这一社会问题的解决,可分为两条基本思路:一是韦伯、托尼等人的集体主义方案,二是彼得·辛格、温特等人的个人主义方案。本文以前者为基本立场,从分析资本主义精神的概念出发,论述新教理性在资本主义发展的作用,以及这一危机的可能原因和解决出路。In his analysis of the relationship between the Protestant ethic and capitalism, Weber reveals his concern for the future of modern society. Weber argued that religious rationality’s restraint and self-control over the desire for profit was also an ethical restriction for the economy. The loss of this ethical principle would exacerbate internal social tensions. In his view, the development of capitalism had already detached from the restraint and self-control of religious rationality over the desire for profit, which subsequently led to the fragmentation of modern society and the alienation of individuals. The resolution of this social issue can be divided into two basic approaches: one is the collectivist approach advocated by Weber and Tonny, and the other is the individualist approach proposed by Peter Singer and Winter. This article takes the former as its basic stance, starting from an analysis of the concept of the spirit of capitalism, discussing the role of Protestant rationality in the development of capitalism, as well as the possible causes of this crisis and the way out for its solution.展开更多
This paper explores the influence of Christian nationalism on U.S.foreign policy,examining its historical roots,ideological foundations,and contemporary implications.Christian nationalism,an ideology that links Christ...This paper explores the influence of Christian nationalism on U.S.foreign policy,examining its historical roots,ideological foundations,and contemporary implications.Christian nationalism,an ideology that links Christianity with national identity,has shaped U.S.foreign policy in areas such as religious freedom,Middle East diplomacy,and national security.Through its emphasis on the moral duty to defend Christianity and its promotion of conservative social values,Christian nationalism has affected U.S.relations with countries around the world,particularly in the Middle East and with religious minorities.The paper discusses the complexities and controversies surrounding Christian nationalism,its impact on the U.S.’s global image,and the challenges it poses to religious pluralism.The future of Christian nationalism’s influence on U.S.foreign policy is uncertain,as societal shifts and evolving global dynamics may prompt a reevaluation of its role in shaping America’s international actions.Overall,the paper provides a nuanced analysis of how Christian nationalism has intertwined with U.S.foreign policy and how its influence might evolve in the future.展开更多
This study reviewed scholarly articles on the relationship between Christian spirituality and mental health published in academic journals from 1980 to 2022.The review analyzed findings from 44 studies that likely use...This study reviewed scholarly articles on the relationship between Christian spirituality and mental health published in academic journals from 1980 to 2022.The review analyzed findings from 44 studies that likely used various research methods like surveys,interviews,and experiments.The results reveal a consistent link between Christian beliefs,such as faith,hope,and love,and positive mental health outcomes.Most studies focused on the therapeutic effects of Christian spirituality in alleviating mental disturbances and improving well-being.However,the review also identified gaps in the literature,including a lack of research on the relationship between Christian spirituality and mental illness,small sample sizes,and a lack of cross-cultural and cross-religious investigations.The article emphasizes the importance of addressing these limitations to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between mental health and spirituality.展开更多
The history of the relationship between Spiritism and Catholicism in Brazil can be traced through pivotal moments in the trajectory of the First Republic and the religious field since the 19th century,reflecting Brazi...The history of the relationship between Spiritism and Catholicism in Brazil can be traced through pivotal moments in the trajectory of the First Republic and the religious field since the 19th century,reflecting Brazil’s evolution into a modern,urban,and industrial society.Introduced to Brazil in the 1880s,Spiritism initially faced severe opposition from the Catholic Church,being dismissed as superstition and demon worship due to its engagement with death and spirits.Unlike Christianity,Spiritism denies the divinity of Jesus,the resurrection,and the sanctity of Church sacraments,viewing demons and angels merely as disembodied souls at different spiritual stages.Early perceptions were further complicated by the mixing of Spiritism with African and indigenous rites,which led critics to associate it with madness and mental health threats.However,the relationship between Catholicism and Spiritism in Brazil has evolved positively,particularly following the popularization of Spiritism by figures like Chico Xavier.Modern Brazilian society,characterized by increased education and religious syncretism,has grown more tolerant of diverse practices and beliefs,diminishing historical prejudices against Spiritists.This qualitative study,drawing on scholarly research and first-hand interviews,reveals that Spiritism's acceptance among Brazilian Catholics is due to its convergence with contemporary social values and the evolving profile of the average Catholic.Despite possessing a religion-like character,Spiritism is seen less as a distinct religion and more as a complementary set of practices and beliefs that enhance Catholic faith.This phenomenon mirrors the integration of Agama Hindu practices,reinforcing rather than undermining traditional religious identities.展开更多
文摘韦伯在对新教伦理与资本主义关系的分析中,流露出对现代社会发展前景的担忧。韦伯认为,宗教理性对盈利欲的束缚与自制,同时也是一个伦理对经济的规定,如果失去了这一伦理原则,就会激化社会的内部矛盾。宗教理性对贪欲的束缚与自制,同时也是一个伦理对经济的规定,如果失去了这一伦理原则,就会激化社会的内部矛盾。在他看来,资本主义的发展已经脱离了宗教理性对盈利欲的束缚与自制,继而导致了现代社会的分裂与人的异化。对这一社会问题的解决,可分为两条基本思路:一是韦伯、托尼等人的集体主义方案,二是彼得·辛格、温特等人的个人主义方案。本文以前者为基本立场,从分析资本主义精神的概念出发,论述新教理性在资本主义发展的作用,以及这一危机的可能原因和解决出路。In his analysis of the relationship between the Protestant ethic and capitalism, Weber reveals his concern for the future of modern society. Weber argued that religious rationality’s restraint and self-control over the desire for profit was also an ethical restriction for the economy. The loss of this ethical principle would exacerbate internal social tensions. In his view, the development of capitalism had already detached from the restraint and self-control of religious rationality over the desire for profit, which subsequently led to the fragmentation of modern society and the alienation of individuals. The resolution of this social issue can be divided into two basic approaches: one is the collectivist approach advocated by Weber and Tonny, and the other is the individualist approach proposed by Peter Singer and Winter. This article takes the former as its basic stance, starting from an analysis of the concept of the spirit of capitalism, discussing the role of Protestant rationality in the development of capitalism, as well as the possible causes of this crisis and the way out for its solution.
文摘This paper explores the influence of Christian nationalism on U.S.foreign policy,examining its historical roots,ideological foundations,and contemporary implications.Christian nationalism,an ideology that links Christianity with national identity,has shaped U.S.foreign policy in areas such as religious freedom,Middle East diplomacy,and national security.Through its emphasis on the moral duty to defend Christianity and its promotion of conservative social values,Christian nationalism has affected U.S.relations with countries around the world,particularly in the Middle East and with religious minorities.The paper discusses the complexities and controversies surrounding Christian nationalism,its impact on the U.S.’s global image,and the challenges it poses to religious pluralism.The future of Christian nationalism’s influence on U.S.foreign policy is uncertain,as societal shifts and evolving global dynamics may prompt a reevaluation of its role in shaping America’s international actions.Overall,the paper provides a nuanced analysis of how Christian nationalism has intertwined with U.S.foreign policy and how its influence might evolve in the future.
文摘This study reviewed scholarly articles on the relationship between Christian spirituality and mental health published in academic journals from 1980 to 2022.The review analyzed findings from 44 studies that likely used various research methods like surveys,interviews,and experiments.The results reveal a consistent link between Christian beliefs,such as faith,hope,and love,and positive mental health outcomes.Most studies focused on the therapeutic effects of Christian spirituality in alleviating mental disturbances and improving well-being.However,the review also identified gaps in the literature,including a lack of research on the relationship between Christian spirituality and mental illness,small sample sizes,and a lack of cross-cultural and cross-religious investigations.The article emphasizes the importance of addressing these limitations to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between mental health and spirituality.
文摘The history of the relationship between Spiritism and Catholicism in Brazil can be traced through pivotal moments in the trajectory of the First Republic and the religious field since the 19th century,reflecting Brazil’s evolution into a modern,urban,and industrial society.Introduced to Brazil in the 1880s,Spiritism initially faced severe opposition from the Catholic Church,being dismissed as superstition and demon worship due to its engagement with death and spirits.Unlike Christianity,Spiritism denies the divinity of Jesus,the resurrection,and the sanctity of Church sacraments,viewing demons and angels merely as disembodied souls at different spiritual stages.Early perceptions were further complicated by the mixing of Spiritism with African and indigenous rites,which led critics to associate it with madness and mental health threats.However,the relationship between Catholicism and Spiritism in Brazil has evolved positively,particularly following the popularization of Spiritism by figures like Chico Xavier.Modern Brazilian society,characterized by increased education and religious syncretism,has grown more tolerant of diverse practices and beliefs,diminishing historical prejudices against Spiritists.This qualitative study,drawing on scholarly research and first-hand interviews,reveals that Spiritism's acceptance among Brazilian Catholics is due to its convergence with contemporary social values and the evolving profile of the average Catholic.Despite possessing a religion-like character,Spiritism is seen less as a distinct religion and more as a complementary set of practices and beliefs that enhance Catholic faith.This phenomenon mirrors the integration of Agama Hindu practices,reinforcing rather than undermining traditional religious identities.
