The Gold Coast Colony’s Infant Welfare Clinics During the Great Depression

This paper employs archival documents to research how the Gold Coast colonial government worked with European women medical doctors at preventive health to sustain infant and child welfare clinics.After the First World War,the objective of the colonial government and medical officers was to prevent child mortality and child morbidity.European women medical doctors working with the government and in private practice at infant and child welfare clinics cared for African pregnant women,mothers,and children not older than three years old.European women medical doctors at infant and child welfare clinics educated the community.In 1932,the Great Depression peaked and Percy Selwyn-Clarke in the health service needed to increase funds and staff.Selwyn-Clarke established the Gold Coast Local Branch of the British Red Cross Society to work at the infant and child welfare clinics.

Research on the Construction of Intellectual Property System and Optimization of Business Environment in China

With the rapid development of globalization and information technology,intellectual property has been one of the key drivers of economic growth,and the construction of intellectual property system has become an important criterion for measuring the quality of business environment.This article is intended to explore the current status of intellectual property system construction in China,the challenges,and its relationship with the business environment,to propose the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.The study finds that the legal system of intellectual property in China is gradually improving,and judicial and administrative protection are continuously strengthened.However,the challenges still remain such as frequent infringements,rights hard to protect and insufficient international cooperation.These issues not only affect the legitimate rights and interests of innovation entities,but also for the market fairness and the level of the business environment.Therefore,this article proposes that strengthening the perfection of the intellectual property legal system,enhancing intellectual property services and support capabilities,strengthening international cooperation and exchanges,and accelerating the cultivation of composite talents.It aims to provide theoretical references for the construction of intellectual property system and the optimization of the business environment,promote the high-quality development of economy and enhance the global competitiveness of the country.

Regulating Crossing Border E-commerce by SC

Crossing border e‐commerce develops rapidly because of e‐commerce development.There are three typical modes of crossing border e‐commerce,and they are B2B(business to business),B2C(business to customer),and C2C(customer to customer).With the development of social network,a new mode called C2C cross‐border e‐commerce by SC(social commerce)is occurring.This new kind of e‐commerce has several advantages,like high trust between seller and customer and personalized consumption for customers.But there are still some problems of C2C cross‐border e‐commerce by SC,which are tax evasion and no rule to regulate.To solve these problems,several measures should be taken into account.In the area of Customs Law,it should refine the standard of luggage and post package taxation.The Custom should strengthen supervision for international post package.To deal with the problem that there is no law to regulate C2C cross‐border e‐commerce by SC,Contract Law is suitable before the E‐commerce Law enacts.

健康老龄化视域下智慧康养服务的发展历程、问题识别与应对策略——基于ROCCIPI技术框架的分析

文章对我国智慧康养服务的发展历程进行梳理,运用ROCCIPI技术框架从规则、机会、能力、沟通、利益、过程和意识7个维度识别出我国智慧康养服务当前存在缺乏标准化体系与监督机制、适老化不足导致资源闲置、智慧康养服务能力不足、数据统筹层次不高阻滞智慧康养服务信息共享、智慧康养服务尚未形成市场化机制、智慧康养服务发展尚处于初级阶段、老年人对智慧康养服务不熟悉的现实困境。在借鉴国内外智慧康养服务实践经验的基础上针对性提出加强政策引领、鼓励多元参与、强调以老为本、重视宣传引导的应对策略,以期能为后续推动我国智慧康养服务的政策制定与服务完善提供借鉴。

Reproductive aging in farm animals: Impacts on fertility and strategies for mitigation: A narrative review

The livestock sector is a vital component of India's agricultural economy,providing essential support to rural communities and ensuring food security.Efficient reproductive performance is critical to sustaining livestock productivity,yet age-related declines in both male and female fertility pose significant challenges.The current review highlights that male reproductive efficiency is closely tied to semen quality,which deteriorates with age due to oxidative stress,leading to reduced fertilizing capacity and embryonic developmental potential.Similarly,female reproductive longevity is predominantly influenced by ovarian health,which declines with age due to diminished oocyte quality and quantity.This decline is exacerbated by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction,leading to reproductive senescence and reduced offspring viability.Understanding the mechanisms of reproductive aging and developing strategies to mitigate its effects are crucial for enhancing livestock productivity and sustaining the agrarian economy.

Chat GPT对大学生意识形态教育的挑战及对策

ChatGPT赋能大学生意识形态教育,促进了大学生意识形态教育在教育模式、教育内容和教育管理方面的 创新和发展。但是ChatGPT也给大学生意识形态教育带来三个主要挑战:信息泛滥降低对主流意识形态的辨识能力、 人际互动失衡削弱主流意识形态凝聚力,以及“唯ChatGPT”现象对主流意识形态影响力的侵蚀。基于此,我们必须推 动意识形态引领教育“数智化”升级、加强ChatGPT技术的安全性和透明性,以及完善生成式智能制度体系,从而确保 大学生意识形态教育的安全和有效。

Conflict and Emergency Management in a Post-Liberal World

The world is steadily moving to the post-liberal order with the urgent need of novel organizational and security approaches,also new levels of international cooperation,in order to support its stability and prosperity.The developed high-level Spatial Grasp Technology(SGT)and its Spatial Grasp Language(SGL)are briefed which may be particularly useful for solving numerous conflicts and crises problems emerging in different areas during this transitional period,in both local and global scale.SGT employs unlimited spatial scenario mobility and parallel holistic matching of distributed systems,with numerous communicating SGL interpreters potentially installed worldwide.Basic network creation and management operations are described in SGL which may operate on top of existing communication systems or serve individually as high level network protocols in case of non-local crises and disasters.Different operations on social networks are presented in SGL including finding strongest and weakest components with resultant changing of network topologies,also determining distances between different communities for preventing and predicting social conflicts.Fully distributed analysis,and tracing and simulation of multiple mobile objects in distributed spaces with complex routes are shown in SGL related to cruise missiles,defence objects and debris in outer space,as well as massively moving refugees through international borders.The proposed technology had trial implementations and applications in different countries,and its latest version can be readily installed by agreement on any platforms needed.

Tracheostomy-related data from an intensive care unit for two consecutive years before the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND Tracheostomy is commonly used in intensive care unit(ICU)patients who are expected to be on long-term mechanical ventilation or suffer from emergency upper airway obstruction.However,some studies have conflicting findings regarding the optimal technique and its timing and benefits.AIM To provide evidence of practice,characteristics,and outcome concerning tracheostomy in an ICU of a tertiary care hospital.METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study including adult critical care patients in a single ICU for two consecutive years.Patients’demographic characteristics,severity of illness(APACHE II score),level of consciousness[Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)],comorbidities,timing and type of tracheostomy procedure performed and outcome were recorded.We defined late as tracheostomy placement after 8 days or no tracheotomy.RESULTS Data of 660 patients were analyzed(median age of 60 years),median APACHE II score of 19 and median GCS score of 12 at admission.Tracheostomy was performed in 115 patients,of whom 63 had early and 52 late procedures.Early tracheostomy was mainly executed in case of altered level of consciousness and severe critical illness polyneuromyopathy,however there were no significant statistical results(47.6%vs 36.5%,P=0.23)and(23.8%vs 19.2%,P=0.55)respectively.Regarding the method selected,early surgical tracheostomy(ST)was conducted in patients with maxillofacial injuries(50.0%vs 0.0%,P=0.033),whereas late surgical tracheostomy was selected for patients with goiter(44.4%vs 0.0%P=0.033).Patients with early tracheostomy spent significantly fewer days on mechanical ventilation(15.3±8.5 vs 22.8±9.6,P<0.001)and in ICU in general(18.8±9.1 vs 25.4±11.5,P<0.001).Percutaneous dilatation tracheostomy(PDT)vs ST was preferable in older critical care patients in the case of Central Nervous System underlying cause of admission(62.5%vs 26.3%,P=0.004).ST was the method of choice in compromised airway(31.6%,vs 7.3%P=0.008).A large proportion of patients(88/115)with tracheostomy managed to wean from mechanical ventilation and were transferred out of the ICU(100%vs 17.4%,P<0.001).CONCLUSION PDT was performed more frequently in our cohort.This technique did not affect mechanical ventilation days,ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP),ICU length of stay,or survival.No complications were observed in the percutaneous or surgical tracheostomy groups.Patients undergoing early tracheostomy benefited in terms of mechanical ventilation days and ICU length of stay but not of discharge status,presence of VAP,or survival.

Management Practices:Shaping Employee Satisfaction and Commitment in Large German Companies

The rapid evolution of the political,economic,and social landscape has generated increased interest in understanding the contextual application of management styles and behaviours toward employees.In this context,organizations must comprehend and assess employee satisfaction to enhance productivity and realize their strategic and economic goals.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the prevailing and significant management behaviours toward employees in large German companies and their impact on employee satisfaction and job commitment.To achieve the research objective,the study will employ a qualitative method to explore management behaviours toward employees.Data were collected through interviews with randomly selected managers from different companies and departments.The study aims to uncover discrepancies or variations in employee expectations regarding management behaviour.The findings will provide a better understanding of the most prevalent and significant management behaviours toward employees in large German companies and their impact on employee satisfaction and job commitment.The results will be valuable to management in adopting suitable leadership styles and improving employee satisfaction,leading to increased productivity and organizational performance.The research will contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field of management and human resource management by providing insights into the impact of management behaviours on employees.It will also offer recommendations to management on how to enhance employee satisfaction and job commitment,leading to improved organizational performance.In conclusion,this study will investigate the prevailing management behaviours toward employees in large German companies and their impact on employee satisfaction and job commitment.

采用Macy模式加强培养住院医师医患沟通能力的 应用效果

探讨采用Macy模式对加强培养住院医师医患沟通能力的效果。方法 选择2023年3月至2024年4月接 受我院住院医师规范化培训的住院医师80名,依据由计算机产生的随机奇偶数分为2组,各40名。常规组实施常规教学 模式培养医患沟通,研究组实施Macy模式加强培养医患沟通。比较2组教学前后医患沟通能力、教学满意度及投诉纠 纷发生率。结果 教学结束后,2组医患沟通能力均明显提升,且研究组医患沟通能力评分高于常规组(P<0.05);研究组 教学满意度评分均高于常规组(P<0.05);研究组半年内投诉纠纷发生率低于常规组(P<0.05)。结论 Macy模式可明 显加强培训住院医生医患沟通能力,提升教学满意度,减少医疗投诉纠纷。

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Education from Social Disciplinary Theoretical Perspectives

Disaster is a social phenomenon. The occurrence and impacts of disasters including the education sector can be studied through a social problem lens. This paper draws meaning and understanding of DRR education using the sociological disciplinary framework in a detailed qualitative case study of three schools as they responded to the devastating Gorakha earthquake in 2015 and other disasters in Nepal. This paper considers the three sub-disciplines of sociology: the sociology of disaster, the sociology of education and the sociology of education governance in a development context. These sub-disciplines are nested together to analyse social, political and historical factors and their relationships which are helpful to identify risks and vulnerabilities in the education sector in Nepal. These are the major areas to explore the disaster context and needs of context-specific education acts (hereafter DRR education) to minimise the potential risks of disasters. The article concludes that the social disciplinary framework is significantly useful to analyse DRR education provisions and implications of education governance to mobilise school in disaster preparedness, response and recovery.

RCEP背景下广西跨国警务合作翻译特色人才培养机制研究

随着RCEP合作框架的正式实施,通过分析RCEP对广西跨国警务合作带来的机遇与挑战,提出培养广西 地区跨国警务合作中翻译特色人才的必要性与紧迫性。基于对广西地区涉外警务翻译人才需求的调研,明确了人才培养 的目标与定位,构建了以“外语 警务”为核心的复合型翻译特色人才培养模式,并提出了具体的培养机制与实施路径。

生育假期政策设计的时间性、经济性与平等性及其政策效应——基于30个OECD国家的实证研究

当前我国人口结构高龄少子化特征日益凸显,适龄人口生育意愿不断降低,总和生育率长期低于更替水平。生育假期政策作为生育支持政策的“三驾马车”之一,通过提供“照料时间”来减轻生育养育成本与家庭照料负担,已成为应对低生育风险的关键性策略工具。研究系统分析了OECD国家生育假期政策体系的政策设计与内容,发现其呈现出兼具灵活休假与弹性工作的制度安排、差异化补偿与成本共担的责任机制以及鼓励父母双方共同育儿的价值取向等政策特征。此外,研究构建了双向固定效应模型和多期双重差分模型,利用30个OECD国家1990—2020年家庭数据库面板数据,实证检验了“时间性”“经济性”以及性别“平等性”生育假期的政策效应,即“假期时长”“带薪假期时长”以及“设立父亲育儿假”对生育率的影响。研究表明,作为时间政策工具的生育假期具有积极的生育效应,但兼具经济杠杆属性的带薪假期对生育率产生了抑制作用,建立性别平等取向的父亲育儿假政策亦是提振生育率的有效途径。对此,我国生育假期政策设计应灵活配比不同生育假期组合,适当延长父母育儿假,科学设置父母育儿假薪酬水平并形成合理的成本共担机制,同步探索实施父母育儿假与父亲假配额,促进“单系抚育”向“双系抚育”转变,以实现助推生育的政策目标。

Relationship Between Individuals’Epidemic Risk Perception Within Living Space and Subjective Well-Being:Empirical Evidence from China after the First Wave of COVID-19

It is common to observe the epidemic risk perception(ERP)and a decline in subjective well-being(SWB)in the context of public health events,such as Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19).However,there have been few studies exploring the impact of individuals’ERP within living space on their SWB,especially from a geographical and daily activity perspective after the resumption of work and other activities following a wave of the pandemic.In this paper,we conducted a study with 789 participants in urban China,measuring their ERP within living space and examining its influence on their SWB using path analysis.The results indicated that individuals’ERP within their living space had a significant negative effect on their SWB.The density of certain types of facilities within their living space,such as bus stops,subway stations,restaurants,fast food shops,convenience shops,hospitals,and public toilets,had a significantly negative impact on their SWB,mediated by their ERP within living space.Additionally,participation in out-of-home work and other activities not only increased individuals’ERP within living space,but also strengthened its negative effect on their SWB.

Decreased desire to have children: A qualitative study

Objective:To explain barriers to childbearing among working women from the perspective of working women and midwives.Methods:In this study,a qualitative study of content analysis method was employed.The study was conducted from December 2021 to July 2022.The population consisted of working women and midwives.Data collection was conducted using semi-structured interviews and continued until data saturation was achieved.Through purposeful sampling,10 women and 11 midwives were selected as the sample.The data were analyzed by Graneheim and Lundman content analysis approach.For more rigorous,Nvivo 14 software was also used for data management,analysis,coding and organization of data.Results:This study included 21 women(10 women employees and 11 midwives)aged 25-43 years(for women employees)and 27-56 years(for midwives)with 1 to 34 years of job experience.In examination of participant’views about the barriers to childbearing,1124 codes were identified,of which we managed to extract six subthemes and two themes.Two themes emerged:“lack of social support and lack of family support”.Subthemes of“lack of social support”were“inadequate leave,long distance from workplace,and insufficient wages”.Subthemes of“lack of family support”were“lack of spouse support,lack of spouse's family support,and lack of their family support”.Conclusions:Different socioeconomic factors influence childbearing tendency in working women.Social and family supports play an important role in this regard.It is important to take these factors into account at the time of policymaking in the field of midwifery.

Understanding the Unique Characteristics of Suicide in China: National Psychological Autopsy Study

Objective To compare the characteristics of suicides in the four main demographic groups： urban males, urban females, rural males and rural females in order to help clarify the demographic pattern of suicides in China. Methods A detailed psychological autopsy survey instrument was independently administered to 895 suicide victims in family members and close associates from 23 geographically representative locations from around the country. Results Pesticide ingestion accounted for 58% （519） of all suicides and 61% （3181519） of deaths were due to unsuccessful medical resuscitation. A substantial proportion （37%） of suicide victims did not have a mental illness. Among the 563 victims with mental illness, only 13% （76/563） received psychiatric treatment. Compared to other demographic groups, young rural females who died from suicide had the highest rate of pesticide ingestion （79%）, the lowest prevalence of mental illness （39%）, and the highest acute stress from precipitating life events just prior to the suicide. Contusion Many suicides in China are impulsive acts of deliberate self-harm following acute interpersonal crises. Prevention of suicides in China must focus on improving awareness of psychological problems, improving mental health services, providing alternative social support networks for managing acute interpersonal conflicts, limiting access to pesticides, and improving the resuscitation skills of primary care providers.

CBL、TSP、床边教学联合教学模式在消化内科教学中的应用研究

本文旨在探讨 CBL(案例教学法)、TSP(标准化病人)、床边教学模式在消化内科的基础及临床教学中的应用成果。方法 选取在安丘市人民医院消化内科实习的山东第二医科大学临床2019级、2020级学生作为本次的研究观察对象,采用随机方法将其均分为对照组和观察组。对照组在教学过程中应用传统教学方法,观察组教学时采用CBL、TSP、床边教学模式,对两组学生教学结束后的基础理论成绩、实践技能及教学满意度进行对比。结果 观察组学生的基础理论成绩及实践技能均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组学生的满意度优于对照组,比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论 与传统教学模式相比较而言,联合教学模式可在一定程度上提高学生的基础理论成绩、临床能力、团队协作能力等方面的优势比较突出,值得在临床教学中进一步推广应用。

社会治理绩效评价与政治信任——基于“中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS2018)”数据的工具变量分析

政治信任是政治支持的重要层面,能够为政府治理提供重要支撑。关于政治信任的影响因素,既有研究主要集中于经济绩效评价和政治绩效评价对民众政治信任的影响,在社会治理绩效评价维度侧重社会保障和公共服务满意度对政治信任的影响,对政府解决社会矛盾和社会问题的治理绩效关注不够。从社会治理绩效评价角度,来分析制度绩效评价对政治信任的影响,具有可行性与必要性。采用“中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS2018)”数据,使用工具变量分析方法处理治理绩效评价变量对政治信任影响的内生性问题,可以发现,民众对当下社会矛盾与社会问题的治理绩效评价越高,其对各级政府的政治信任水平就越高。不断提升社会治理效能,及时有效解决社会问题、纾解社会矛盾,有助于维持民众的高水平政治信任。

思维导图引入PBL与CBL双轨模式对心内科带教实习生学习能力及理论成绩的影响

心内科收治患者多为高危,科室内医护人员需具备较强的专业能力,临床带教期间也需要重视培养实习生学习能力,巩固其理论成绩。本研究予以思维导图引入PBL与CBL双轨模式,探究该模式的应用价值。方法 纳入2023年1月~2023年12月进入心内科实习的30名学生为观察对象,以等量随机法完成分组,分为对照与研究两组,每组别15名。带教模式选择中,对照组选择传统PBL与CBL双轨模式,研究组选择思维导图引入PBL与CBL双轨模式,比较学生学习能力与理论成绩。结果 实习生综合学习能力各项评分比较,研究组均明显高于对照组(P均<0.05);综合理论考试成绩比较,对照组均略低于研究组(P均<0.05)。结论 心内科学生进入科室实习期间,将思维导图引入PBL与CBL双轨模式应用其中,在提升学生学习能力及理论成绩方面效果显著。

Chinese Enrichment and Development of Marxist Concept of Democracy in the New Era

Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China,Chinese communists,re-presented by President Xi Jinping,have innovated Marxist Concept of Democracy base on Chinese history,culture and conditions. On the basis of inheriting Marxist thought of the inner prescriptions of "people's democracy",they fur-ther expanded the connotation and extension of "rule by the people",developed the contents of the electoral democ-racy and consultative democracy in China.,enriched the concrete requirements of the democratic realization condi-tions from the aspects of economic foundation,intellectual support and the guarantee of the rule of law,and a new ex-ploration is made on the development of China's democratic political system from the aspects of Party's leadership and operation supervision.