干细胞治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化症:细胞来源、数量、修饰手段及给药途径

背景:随着医疗技术的不断进步,干细胞疗法已经被用于包括肌萎缩侧索硬化症在内的多种疾病的治疗。目的:综述干细胞治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化症的研究进展,展望该领域的发展趋势。方法:以“肌萎缩侧索硬化症,间充质干细胞,神经干/祖细胞,多能诱导干细胞;amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,mesenchymal stem cells,neural stem/progenitor cells,pluripotent stem cells”为关键词,在PubMed、中国知网、万方数据库进行检索,检索时限为1995-2024年。共检索到1700余篇文献,最终纳入58篇文献用于综述。结果与结论:肌萎缩侧索硬化症是一种影响脑干和脊髓的下部运动神经元以及运动皮质的上部运动神经元的神经退行性疾病。干细胞治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化症的相关研究已成为一大研究热点。在这篇综述中,总结了不同种类干细胞在肌萎缩侧索硬化症研究领域中的应用情况,包括间充质干细胞、神经干祖细胞、多能诱导干细胞,评估了干细胞来源、细胞量、干细胞修饰手段及给药途径等临床前研究关键,为未来干细胞治疗的应用奠定了基础。

Multifaceted superoxide dismutase 1 expression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients:a rare occurrence?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is a neuromuscular condition resulting from the progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the cortex,brainstem,and spinal cord.While the typical clinical phenotype of ALS involves both upper and lower motor neurons,human and animal studies over the years have highlighted the potential spread to other motor and non-motor regions,expanding the phenotype of ALS.Although superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1)mutations represent a minority of ALS cases,the SOD1 gene remains a milestone in ALS research as it represents the first genetic target for personalized therapies.Despite numerous single case reports or case series exhibiting extramotor symptoms in patients with ALS mutations in SOD1(SOD1-ALS),no studies have comprehensively explored the full spectrum of extramotor neurological manifestations in this subpopulation.In this narrative review,we analyze and discuss the available literature on extrapyramidal and non-motor features during SOD1-ALS.The multifaceted expression of SOD1 could deepen our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms,pointing towards a multidisciplinary approach for affected patients in light of new therapeutic strategies for SOD1-ALS.

Insights into spinal muscular atrophy from molecular biomarkers

Spinal muscular atrophy is a devastating motor neuron disease characterized by severe cases of fatal muscle weakness.It is one of the most common genetic causes of mortality among infants aged less than 2 years.Biomarker research is currently receiving more attention,and new candidate biomarkers are constantly being discovered.This review initially discusses the evaluation methods commonly used in clinical practice while briefly outlining their respective pros and cons.We also describe recent advancements in research and the clinical significance of molecular biomarkers for spinal muscular atrophy,which are classified as either specific or non-specific biomarkers.This review provides new insights into the pathogenesis of spinal muscular atrophy,the mechanism of biomarkers in response to drug-modified therapies,the selection of biomarker candidates,and would promote the development of future research.Furthermore,the successful utilization of biomarkers may facilitate the implementation of gene-targeting treatments for patients with spinal muscular atrophy.

Blood diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative disease for which the current treatment approaches remain severely limited.The principal pathological alterations of the disease include the selective degeneration of motor neurons in the brain,brainstem,and spinal cord,as well as abnormal protein deposition in the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells.The biological markers under extensive scrutiny are predominantly located in the cerebrospinal fluid,blood,and even urine.Among these biomarke rs,neurofilament proteins and glial fibrillary acidic protein most accurately reflect the pathologic changes in the central nervous system,while creatinine and creatine kinase mainly indicate pathological alterations in the peripheral nerves and muscles.Neurofilament light chain levels serve as an indicator of neuronal axonal injury that remain stable throughout disease progression and are a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker with high specificity and sensitivity.However,there are challenges in using neurofilament light chain to diffe rentiate amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from other central nervous system diseases with axonal injury.Glial fibrillary acidic protein predominantly reflects the degree of neuronal demyelination and is linked to non-motor symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis such as cognitive impairment,oxygen saturation,and the glomerular filtration rate.TAR DNA-binding protein 43,a pathological protein associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,is emerging as a promising biomarker,particularly with advancements in exosome-related research.Evidence is currently lacking for the value of creatinine and creatine kinase as diagnostic markers;however,they show potential in predicting disease prognosis.Despite the vigorous progress made in the identification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarkers in recent years,the quest for definitive diagnostic and prognostic biomarke rs remains a formidable challenge.This review summarizes the latest research achievements concerning blood biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that can provide a more direct basis for the differential diagnosis and prognostic assessment of the disease beyond a reliance on clinical manifestations and electromyography findings.

The burden of upper motor neuron involvement is correlated with the bilateral limb involvement interval in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:a retrospective observational study

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by the involvement of both upper and lower motor neurons.Early bilateral limb involvement significantly affects patients'daily lives and may lead them to be confined to bed.However,the effect of upper and lower motor neuron impairment and other risk factors on bilateral limb involvement is unclear.To address this issue,we retrospectively collected data from 586 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with limb onset diagnosed at Peking University Third Hospital between January 2020 and May 2022.A univariate analysis revealed no significant differences in the time intervals of spread in different directions between individuals with upper motor neuron-dominant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and those with classic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.We used causal directed acyclic graphs for risk factor determination and Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the association between the duration of bilateral limb involvement and clinical baseline characteristics in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.Multiple factor analyses revealed that higher upper motor neuron scores(hazard ratio[HR]=1.05,95%confidence interval[CI]=1.01–1.09,P=0.018),onset in the left limb(HR=0.72,95%CI=0.58–0.89,P=0.002),and a horizontal pattern of progression(HR=0.46,95%CI=0.37–0.58,P<0.001)were risk factors for a shorter interval until bilateral limb involvement.The results demonstrated that a greater degree of upper motor neuron involvement might cause contralateral limb involvement to progress more quickly in limb-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.These findings may improve the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with limb onset and the prediction of patient prognosis.

Treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with allogeneic Schwann cell-derived exosomal vesicles: a case report

Schwann cells are essential for the maintenance and function of motor neurons,axonal networks,and the neuromuscular junction.In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,where motor neuron function is progressively lost,Schwann cell function may also be impaired.Recently,important signaling and potential trophic activities of Schwann cell-derived exosomal vesicles have been reported.This case report describes the treatment of a patient with advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using serial intravenous infusions of allogeneic Schwann cell-derived exosomal vesicles,marking,to our knowledge,the first instance of such treatment.An 81-year-old male patient presented with a 1.5-year history of rapidly progressive amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.After initial diagnosis,the patient underwent a combination of generic riluzole,sodium phenylbutyrate for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and taurursodiol.The patient volunteered to participate in an FDA-approved single-patient expanded access treatment and received weekly intravenous infusions of allogeneic Schwann cell-derived exosomal vesicles to potentially restore impaired Schwann cell and motor neuron function.We confirmed that cultured Schwann cells obtained from the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient via sural nerve biopsy appeared impaired(senescent)and that exposure of the patient’s Schwann cells to allogeneic Schwann cell-derived exosomal vesicles,cultured expanded from a cadaver donor improved their growth capacity in vitro.After a period of observation lasting 10 weeks,during which amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised and pulmonary function were regularly monitored,the patient received weekly consecutive infusions of 1.54×1012(×2),and then consecutive infusions of 7.5×1012(×6)allogeneic Schwann cell-derived exosomal vesicles diluted in 40 mL of Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline.None of the infusions were associated with adverse events such as infusion reactions(allergic or otherwise)or changes in vital signs.Clinical lab serum neurofilament and cytokine levels measured prior to each infusion varied somewhat without a clear trend.A more sensitive in-house assay suggested possible inflammasome activation during the disease course.A trend for clinical stabilization was observed during the infusion period.Our study provides a novel approach to address impaired Schwann cells and possibly motor neuron function in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using allogeneic Schwann cell-derived exosomal vesicles.Initial findings suggest that this approach is safe.

Carboplatin restores neuronal toxicity in FUS-linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS),also known as Lou Geh rig's disease,is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.This leads to muscle weakness,paralysis,and ultimately,respiratory failure(Cha and Kim,2022).

Role of glutathione transferase in phase separation of FUS and TAF15 in neurons

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord,leading to muscle weakness,paralysis,and ultimately death(Cleveland and Rothstein,2001).Frontotemporal lobar degeneration(FTLD)is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain,leading to changes in behavior,personality,and language(Van Langenhove et al.,2012).Both ALS and FTLD are classified as proteinopathies in which abnormal protein aggregation and accumulation in neurons contribute to the disease pathogenesis.Fused in sarcoma(FUS)is a DNA/RNA-binding protein involved in various cellular processes,including transcriptional regulation,RNA splicing,and DNA repair.Mutations in the FUS gene have been linked to familial ALS,highlighting the importance of FUS in the disease pathogenesis(Vance et al.,2009).In ALS and FTLD,aberrant post-translational modifications(PTMs)of FUS,such as phosphorylation,acetylation,and methylation,have been implicated in the promotion of FUS aggregation and neurotoxicity(Choi et al.,2023).Therefore,understanding the regulatory mechanisms of FUS PTMs is crucial for developing targeted therapies against these diseases.

Translational challenges in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis therapy with macrophage migration inhibitory factor

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF):MIF acts as a pleiotropic inflammatory mediator,playing regulatory roles in innate and adaptive immunity,neuroinflammation,neuroendocrine functions,and nervous system development(Matejuk et al.,2024).In recent years,MIF has attra cted significant inte rest from research groups as a potential target for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,multiple sclerosis,and glioblastoma(Matejuk et al.,2024).

Small extrachromosomal circular DNA in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis matter

Comprehensive studies identify motor neuron spectrum disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)as globally rising fatal disorders with the highest prevalence in aging populations,influenced by ethnicity and ancestry(GBD 2016 Motor Neuron Disease Colla borators,2018).While~10% of diagnoses involve a family history(fALS),most cases are considered sporadic(sALS).However,population-based studies suggest that even cases without a common index mutation impart heritability(Ryan et al.,2019),indicating a crucial role of rare and as yet unknown genetic denominators.

Disruption of neuronal actin barrier promotes the entry of disease-implicated proteins to exacerbate amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathology

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)is a devastating neurological disease characterized by the accumulation of aberrant proteins in motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord.Patients with ALS develop skeletal muscle weakness,resulting in death from respiratory paralysis,which usually occurs 2-4 years after clinical onset(Goutman et al.,2022).

老年发病的运动神经元病临床特点及诊治:15例病例系列分析

背景运动神经元病(motor neuron disease,MND)是一种神经系统变性疾病,预后不佳,多为中年起病,目前国内缺乏对老年起病的MND的研究。目的探讨60岁以上发病的MND的临床特点及预后。方法收集2008年9—2023年9月在解放军总医院第七医学中心住院的老年起病的MND患者的临床资料,分析其临床特征、诊治及结局。结果共收集15例老年起病的MND患者,男性10例,女5例,平均年龄(66.2±5.71)岁,发病年龄为60~79岁。延髓起病4例,单侧上肢起病6例,单侧下肢起病3例,双下肢起病1例,四肢起病1例。7例患者在起病18个月内出现了延髓症状,呼吸肌受累3例。临床分型方面,肌萎缩侧索硬化9例,进行性脊肌萎缩症4例,进行性延髓麻痹2例。6例在发病初期被误诊,误诊率达40%。5例放弃治疗,其余治疗效果也不佳。结论老年起病的MND男性多于女性,多为单侧起病,延髓起病的比例高,以肢体起病的患者更易、也更早出现延髓症状,呼吸肌受累比例较高。提示老年起病的MND可能生存期更短,共患病多,误诊率高,弃疗率高。

稳定转染TDP-43导致NSC34细胞自噬异常

目的 探讨稳定转染TDP-43对NSC34细胞自噬的影响。方法 体外培养稳定转染空质粒的NSC34细胞系(E细胞)和转染TDP-43的NSC34细胞系(TDP-43细胞)。应用CCK-8试剂盒测定两组细胞活力,应用EdU试剂盒测定两组细胞增值能力,应用透射显微镜观察两组细胞线粒体形态,应用免疫荧光检测两组细胞自噬相关蛋白表达水平。结果 与E组细胞相比,TDP-43组细胞活力明显下降,增殖能力下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);线粒体形态异常,自噬相关蛋白表达水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 稳定转染TDP-43可导致NSC34细胞自噬异常,线粒体形态改变,降低细胞活力和增殖能力。

scAAV9-IGF-1对SOD1-G93A小鼠抗凋亡通路的作用

目的 探索以自我互补双链腺相关病毒9为载体介导的人胰岛素样生长因子-1 (scAAV9-IGF-1)对SOD1-G93A转基因小鼠抗凋亡通路的作用。方法 采用肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)的动物模型即转基因SOD1-G93A突变型及野生型(wild type-SOD1,WT-SOD1)小鼠,在其出生后60 d龄时,雌性同窝阳性SOD1-G93A转基因小鼠采用随机的方法分配到治疗组及溶剂对照组,治疗组全身多点肌肉注射scAAV9-IGF-1,溶剂对照组多点肌肉注射AAV9-GFP,同年龄WT-SOD1作为阴性对照组。在肌肉注射40~50 d后,利用PCR技术检测腰髓中IGF-1含量的变化,同时检测抗凋亡通路因子Bcl-xl、Bcl-2的mRNA含量变化,通过免疫组化染色观察抗凋亡通路因子Bcl-xl、Bcl-2在小鼠腰髓前角神经元中的表达。结果 PCR技术检测显示scAAV9-IGF-1处理后,腰髓中IGF-1的mRNA含量显著高于GFP对照组,抗凋亡通路因子Bclxl、Bcl-2的mRNA含量均高于溶剂对照组(均P<0.05),而与WT组差异无统计学意义。免疫组化染色结果显示,治疗组中抗凋亡通路蛋白Bcl-xl,Bcl-2在小鼠腰髓前角神经元中的表达多于溶剂对照组,并且与WT阴性对照组相当。结论 scAAV9-IGF-1可以激活SOD1-G93A转基因小鼠模型中的抗凋亡通路,其通过上调Bcl-xl,Bcl-2的mRNA水平,进而增加Bcl-xl、Bcl-2的蛋白表达,从而产生抗凋亡的作用。

羟丙基-β-环糊精通过加重自噬障碍降低稳转hSOD1G93A的NSC34细胞的活力

目的观察羟丙基-β-环糊精(HpβCD)对稳转hSOD1G93A的NSC34细胞活力的影响并探讨可能的机制。方法应用HpBCD分别干预对照组(稳转空质粒的NSC34细胞)和实验组(稳转hSOD1G93A的NSC34细胞),通过CCK-8试剂盒检测各组细胞活力,通过透射电镜观察细胞自噬结构,应用Western blotting检测human SOD1、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、P62的蛋白表达水平。结果HpβCD干预后,稳转hSOD1G93A的NSC34细胞活力下降,细胞中humanSOD1含量及自噬结构明显增多,LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、P62蛋白的表达水平也显著增加。结论HpβCD降低稳转hSOD1G93A的NSC34细胞活力,这种细胞毒性作用可能是由于进一步加重了稳转hSOD1G93A的NSC34细胞的自噬障碍。

脊髓性肌萎缩症误诊1例

1病例资料患者女性,17岁,因“双下肢萎缩乏力14年”于2022年4月29日收入我科。患者约3岁时无明显诱因开始出现活动时双下肢无力,后逐渐出现双侧大腿肌肉萎缩,小腿肌肉肥大,站立时双胯稍向前凸,坐位时双腿无法伸直,步行时缓慢摇摆且双脚外撇,爬楼较费劲,不能跑步、跳绳,蹲下或站起时需双手撑地,一侧下肢先屈曲尚能顺利蹲下。患者4.5岁时曾至中山大学第三附属医院门诊就诊,医师考虑患者上述症状为走路姿势问题,建议行走姿纠正。

利司扑兰单药治疗儿童脊髓性肌萎缩症随访1年的病例系列报告

背景利司扑兰服用1个月内对不同类型脊髓性肌萎缩症(SMA)患儿均有疗效,由于利司扑兰治疗获取的便捷性等原因复诊随访率较低,缺乏中国长期应用该药治疗的真实世界数据。目的观察不同类型SMA患儿利司扑兰单药治疗≥12个月的效果。设计病例系列报告。方法纳入2021年8月至2023年3月山东大学附属儿童医院神经内科门诊或住院、接受了利司扑兰初始和随访期间单药治疗的、治疗年龄≥16 d的、治疗开始和随访期间接受了运动功能评估的不同类型SMA的连续病例。依据利司扑兰说明书推荐的方法以年龄和体重计算口服剂量服药,观察随访≥6个月,由有评估资质的医生行运动功能评估,评估量表如下:费城儿童医院神经肌肉评估量表(CHOP INTEND)、修订的上肢模块测试(RULM)、汉默史密斯运动功能扩展量表(HFMSE)、6 min步行试验(6MWT),观察不良事件和发生率。主要结局指标运动功能改善水平(最后一次随访的运动功能评分-基线运动功能评分,或切换量表后最后一次随诊时运动功能评分)。结果14例SMA患儿进入本文分析,男9例(64.3%),女5例。除1例症状前患儿外,余13例患儿的平均起病年龄为9.0(3.0,12.0)月龄;14例SMA患儿接受利司扑兰治疗的平均年龄为19.5(6.5,39.5)月龄。1例SMN1拷贝数为1,存在点突变,余13例SMN1拷贝数均为0;SMN2拷贝数为1、2、3和4的患儿分别有1例、3例、9例和1例。症状前1例,1型6例,2型5例,3型2例。末次随访与首次给药时间间隔为20(11.8,25.5)个月。13例SMA患儿的运动功能改善具有临床意义,1例运动功能评分有提升,但改善尚不具临床意义。9例SMA患儿有基线及随访血常规、肝功能和肾功能结果;血常规均正常;2例基线时肝功能异常,随访中恢复正常;部分患儿血肌酐水平异常,与SMA疾病本身相关,随访中未见血肌酐水平增高。随访期间可能与药物无关的不良事件包括上呼吸道感染11例次,肺炎4例次,腹泻1例次,除1例肺炎为2型SMA,其余不良事件均发生于1型SMA;可能与药物相关的不良反应包括皮肤颜色改变12例(85.7%),皮疹2例(14.3%),便秘1例(7.1%)。未发现严重不良反应。本文报告了1例SMA患儿在出现症状前接受利司扑兰治疗可维持正常的运动功能发育的病例,也报告了SMN2单拷贝患儿接受利司扑兰同样具有良好效果。结论中国不同类型的SMA患儿长期接受利司扑兰单药治疗疗效尚好,常见不良事件为呼吸道感染和皮肤颜色改变。

Circulating proteomic biomarkers for diagnosing sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:a cross-sectional study

Biomarke rs are required for the early detection,prognosis prediction,and monitoring of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,a progressive disease.Proteomics is an unbiased and quantitative method that can be used to detect neurochemical signatures to aid in the identification of candidate biomarke rs.In this study,we used a label-free quantitative proteomics approach to screen for substantially differentially regulated proteins in ten patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral scle rosis compared with five healthy controls.Su bstantial upregulation of serum proteins related to multiple functional clusters was observed in patients with spo radic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Potential biomarke rs were selected based on functionality and expression specificity.To validate the proteomics profiles,blood samples from an additional cohort comprising 100 patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and 100 healthy controls were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Eight substantially upregulated serum proteins in patients with spora dic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were selected,of which the cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide demonstrated the best discriminative ability between patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and healthy controls(area under the curve[AUC]=0.713,P<0.0001).To further enhance diagnostic accuracy,a multi-protein combined discriminant algorithm was developed incorporating five proteins(hemoglobin beta,cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide,talin-1,zyxin,and translationally-controlled tumor protein).The algo rithm achieved an AUC of 0.811 and a P-value of<0.0001,resulting in 79%sensitivity and 71%specificity for the diagnosis of sporadic amyotrophic lateral scle rosis.Subsequently,the ability of candidate biomarkers to discriminate between early-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and controls,as well as patients with different disease severities,was examined.A two-protein panel comprising talin-1 and translationally-controlled tumor protein effectively distinguished early-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients from controls(AUC=0.766,P<0.0001).Moreove r,the expression of three proteins(FK506 binding protein 1A,cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide,and hemoglobin beta-1)was found to increase with disease progression.The proteomic signatures developed in this study may help facilitate early diagnosis and monitor the progression of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis when used in co mbination with curre nt clinical-based parameters.

The pathogenic mechanism of TAR DNA-binding protein 43(TDP-43)in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is usually characterized by focal death of both upper and/or lower motor neurons occurring in the motor cortex,basal ganglia,brainstem,and spinal cord,and commonly involves the muscles of the upper and/or lower extremities,and the muscles of the bulbar and/or respiratory regions.However,as the disease progresses,it affects the adjacent body regions,leading to generalized muscle weakness,occasionally along with memory,cognitive,behavioral,and language impairments;respiratory dysfunction occurs at the final stage of the disease.The disease has a complicated pathophysiology and currently,only riluzole,edaravone,and phenylbutyrate/taurursodiol are licensed to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in many industrialized countries.The TAR DNA-binding protein 43 inclusions are observed in 97%of those diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.This review provides a preliminary overview of the potential effects of TAR DNAbinding protein 43 in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,including the abnormalities in nucleoplasmic transport,RNA function,post-translational modification,liquid-liquid phase separation,stress granules,mitochondrial dysfunction,oxidative stress,axonal transport,protein quality control system,and non-cellular autonomous functions(e.g.,glial cell functions and prion-like propagation).

面部起病的感觉运动神经元病1例报道

1临床资料患者女性、 57岁,“因口周麻木9月”于2021年9月入院。患者9月前无诱因出现口周麻木、抬头困难、咀嚼费力、吞咽困难,伴头晕、头痛、四肢乏力、饮水呛咳。逐渐加重出现梳头、抬手困难、言语不清。病程中无发热、肌肉酸痛、肌肉跳动,起病以来,进食费力、量少,体重下降7kg,余无特殊。查体:轻度构音障碍,角膜反射右眼消失、左眼减弱。额纹对称、闭目有力,鼻唇沟对称,伸舌居中,可见舌肌纤颤,鼓腮无力,双侧咽反射消失。双侧胸锁乳突肌、冈上肌、冈下肌、斜方肌、三角肌、肱二头肌、肱三头肌萎缩;抬头肌力Ⅱ级,转头肌力Ⅲ级,双上肢近端肌力肌力Ⅲ级,远端肌力Ⅴ(—)级,双下肢肌力Ⅴ级;四肢肌张力正常、腱反射活跃(+++),双侧Hoffmann征(+),双侧掌颌反射(—),右下肢Babinsk’s (+)。辅助检查:血生化、甲状腺功能、体液免疫、抗核抗体谱、肿瘤标志物,未见异常。MRI示:颈椎间盘变性,颈4/5,颈5/6椎间盘轻度膨出;颈4/5,颈5/6节段黄韧带轻度增厚。肺部CT示:双肺散在粟粒样结节,多考虑感染性病灶,肺结核待排。