基于GTM900-B智能控制电饭锅的研制

智能电饭锅采用现代化的单片机技术来控制电饭锅的具体动作,通过通信技术来实现用户对系统的远程控制。本文改造了传统的电饭锅,设计采用GSM模块、普通手机等简单、廉价的设备开发出了一款可靠性较好的远程电饭锅控制系统,能使电饭锅及时、安全、准确的为人们做饭。

TM921.51变频调速技术在油田潜油电泵中的应用分析

潜油电泵启动过程中会产生较大的冲击电流,分布电感使系统内反压过高而造成多处绝缘损伤。不同井下压力,不同的油层深浅,采取工频运行无法有效控制采油速度。电泵设计裕量一般偏大,在井下液量不足时可能出现过高油压而影响使用寿命。针对这些问题,主要从变频调速的原理出发,分析油田潜油电泵应用变频调速技术的情况,探讨相关优势。

Photo‑Energized MoS_(2)/CNT Cathode for High‑Performance Li–CO_(2)Batteries in a Wide‑Temperature Range

Li–CO_(2) batteries are considered promising energy storage systems in extreme environments such as Mars;however,severe performance degradation will occur at a subzero temperature owning to the sluggish reaction kinetics.Herein,a photo-energized strategy adopting sustainable solar energy in wide working temperature range Li–CO_(2) battery was achieved with a binder-free MoS_(2)/carbon nanotube(CNT)photo-electrode as cathode.The unique layered structure and excellent photoelectric properties of MoS_(2) facilitate the abundant generation and rapid transfer of photo-excited carriers,which accelerate the CO_(2) reduction and Li_(2)CO_(3) decomposition upon illumination.The illuminated battery at room temperature exhibited high discharge voltage of 2.95 V and mitigated charge voltage of 3.27 V,attaining superior energy efficiency of 90.2%and excellent cycling stability of over 120 cycles.Even at an extremely low temperature of−30℃,the battery with same electrolyte can still deliver a small polarization of 0.45 V by the photoelectric and photothermal synergistic mechanism of MoS_(2)/CNT cathode.This work demonstrates the promising potential of the photo-energized wide working temperature range Li–CO_(2) battery in addressing the obstacle of charge overpotential and energy efficiency.

Defect Engineering:Can it Mitigate Strong Coulomb Effect of Mg^(2+)in Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries?

Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have been considered a promising“post lithium-ion battery”system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market.However,the sluggish diffusion kinetics of bivalent Mg^(2+)in the host material,related to the strong Coulomb effect between Mg^(2+)and host anion lattices,hinders their further development toward practical applications.Defect engineering,regarded as an effective strategy to break through the slow migration puzzle,has been validated in various cathode materials for RMBs.In this review,we first thoroughly understand the intrinsic mechanism of Mg^(2+)diffusion in cathode materials,from which the key factors affecting ion diffusion are further presented.Then,the positive effects of purposely introduced defects,including vacancy and doping,and the corresponding strategies for introducing various defects are discussed.The applications of defect engineering in cathode materials for RMBs with advanced electrochemical properties are also summarized.Finally,the existing challenges and future perspectives of defect engineering in cathode materials for the overall high-performance RMBs are described.

Molecule‑Level Multiscale Design of Nonflammable Gel Polymer Electrolyte to Build Stable SEI/CEI for Lithium Metal Battery

The risk of flammability is an unavoidable issue for gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs).Usually,flameretardant solvents are necessary to be used,but most of them would react with anode/cathode easily and cause serious interfacial instability,which is a big challenge for design and application of nonflammable GPEs.Here,a nonflammable GPE(SGPE)is developed by in situ polymerizing trifluoroethyl methacrylate(TFMA)monomers with flame-retardant triethyl phosphate(TEP)solvents and LiTFSI–LiDFOB dual lithium salts.TEP is strongly anchored to PTFMA matrix via polarity interaction between-P=O and-CH_(2)CF_(3).It reduces free TEP molecules,which obviously mitigates interfacial reactions,and enhances flame-retardant performance of TEP surprisingly.Anchored TEP molecules are also inhibited in solvation of Li^(+),leading to anion-dominated solvation sheath,which creates inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interface/cathode electrolyte interface layers.Such coordination structure changes Li^(+)transport from sluggish vehicular to fast structural transport,raising ionic conductivity to 1.03 mS cm^(-1) and transfer number to 0.41 at 30℃.The Li|SGPE|Li cell presents highly reversible Li stripping/plating performance for over 1000 h at 0.1 mA cm^(−2),and 4.2 V LiCoO_(2)|SGPE|Li battery delivers high average specific capacity>120 mAh g^(−1) over 200 cycles.This study paves a new way to make nonflammable GPE that is compatible with Li metal anode.

“Zero‑Strain” NiNb_(2)O_(6) Fibers for All‑Climate Lithium Storage

Niobates are promising all-climate Li^(+)-storage anode material due to their fast charge transport,large specific capacities,and resistance to electrolyte reaction.However,their moderate unit-cellvolume expansion(generally 5%–10%)during Li^(+)storage causes unsatisfactory long-term cyclability.Here,“zero-strain”NiNb_(2)O_(6) fibers are explored as a new anode material with comprehensively good electrochemical properties.During Li^(+)storage,the expansion of electrochemical inactive NiO_(6) octahedra almost fully offsets the shrinkage of active NbO_(6) octahedra through reversible O movement.Such superior volume-accommodation capability of the NiO_(6) layers guarantees the“zero-strain”behavior of NiNb_(2)O_(6) in a broad temperature range(0.53%//0.51%//0.74%at 25//−10//60℃),leading to the excellent cyclability of the NiNb_(2)O_(6) fibers(92.8%//99.2%//91.1%capacity retention after 1000//2000//1000 cycles at 10C and 25//−10//60℃).This NiNb_(2)O_(6) material further exhibits a large reversible capacity(300//184//318 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and 25//−10//60℃)and outstanding rate performance(10 to 0.5C capacity percentage of 64.3%//50.0%//65.4%at 25//−10//60℃).Therefore,the NiNb_(2)O_(6) fibers are especially suitable for large-capacity,fast-charging,long-life,and all-climate lithium-ion batteries.

Prussian Blue Analogue‑Templated Nanocomposites for Alkali‑Ion Batteries:Progress and Perspective

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have dominated the portable electronic and electrochemical energy markets since their commercialisation,whose high cost and lithium scarcity have prompted the development of other alkali-ion batteries(AIBs)including sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs).Owing to larger ion sizes of Na^(+)and K^(+)compared with Li^(+),nanocomposites with excellent crystallinity orientation and well-developed porosity show unprecedented potential for advanced lithium/sodium/potassium storage.With enticing open rigid framework structures,Prussian blue analogues(PBAs)remain promising self-sacrificial templates for the preparation of various nanocomposites,whose appeal originates from the well-retained porous structures and exceptional electrochemical activities after thermal decomposition.This review focuses on the recent progress of PBA-derived nanocomposites from their fabrication,lithium/sodium/potassium storage mechanism,and applications in AIBs(LIBs,SIBs,and PIBs).To distinguish various PBA derivatives,the working mechanism and applications of PBA-templated metal oxides,metal chalcogenides,metal phosphides,and other nanocomposites are systematically evaluated,facilitating the establishment of a structure–activity correlation for these materials.Based on the fruitful achievements of PBA-derived nanocomposites,perspectives for their future development are envisioned,aiming to narrow down the gap between laboratory study and industrial reality.

Advancements and Challenges in Organic–Inorganic Composite Solid Electrolytes for All‑Solid‑State Lithium Batteries

To address the limitations of contemporary lithium-ion batteries,particularly their low energy density and safety concerns,all-solid-state lithium batteries equipped with solid-state electrolytes have been identified as an up-and-coming alternative.Among the various SEs,organic–inorganic composite solid electrolytes(OICSEs)that combine the advantages of both polymer and inorganic materials demonstrate promising potential for large-scale applications.However,OICSEs still face many challenges in practical applications,such as low ionic conductivity and poor interfacial stability,which severely limit their applications.This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent research advancements in OICSEs.Specifically,the influence of inorganic fillers on the main functional parameters of OICSEs,including ionic conductivity,Li+transfer number,mechanical strength,electrochemical stability,electronic conductivity,and thermal stability are systematically discussed.The lithium-ion conduction mechanism of OICSE is thoroughly analyzed and concluded from the microscopic perspective.Besides,the classic inorganic filler types,including both inert and active fillers,are categorized with special emphasis on the relationship between inorganic filler structure design and the electrochemical performance of OICSEs.Finally,the advanced characterization techniques relevant to OICSEs are summarized,and the challenges and perspectives on the future development of OICSEs are also highlighted for constructing superior ASSLBs.

Construction of 3D porous Cu_(1.81)S/nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks for ultrafast and long-cycle life sodium-ion storage

Transition metal sulfides have great potential as anode mterials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to their high theoretical specific capacities.However,the inferior intrinsic conductivity and large volume variation during sodiation-desodiation processes seriously affect its high-rate and long-cyde performance,unbeneficial for the application as fast-charging and long-cycling SIBs anode.Herein,the three-dimensional porous Cu_(1.81)S/nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks(Cu_(1.81)S/NC)are synthesized by the simple and facile sol-gel and annealing processes,which can accommodate the volumetric expansion of Cu_(1.81)S nanoparticles and accelerate the transmission of ions and electrons during Na^(+)insertion/extraction processes,exhibiting the excellent rate capability(250.6 mA·g^(-1)at 20.0 A·g^(-1))and outstanding cycling stability(70% capacity retention for 6000 cycles at 10.0 A·g^(-1))for SIBs.Moreover,the Na-ion full cells coupled with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)/C cathode also demonstrate the satisfactory reversible specific capacity of 330.5 mAh·g^(-1)at 5.0 A·g^(-1)and long-cycle performance with the 86.9% capacity retention at 2.0 A·g^(-1)after 750 cycles.This work proposes a promising way for the conversionbased metal sulfides for the applications as fast-charging sodium-ion battery anode.

Crystallization Modulation and Holistic Passivation Enables Efficient Two‑Terminal Perovskite/CuIn(Ga)Se_(2)Tandem Solar Cells

Two-terminal(2-T)perovskite(PVK)/CuIn(Ga)Se_(2)(CIGS)tandem solar cells(TSCs)have been considered as an ideal tandem cell because of their best bandgap matching regarding to Shockley–Queisser(S–Q)limits.However,the nature of the irregular rough morphology of commercial CIGS prevents people from improving tandem device performances.In this paper,D-homoserine lactone hydrochloride is proven to improve coverage of PVK materials on irregular rough CIGS surfaces and also passivate bulk defects by modulating the growth of PVK crystals.In addition,the minority carriers near the PVK/C60 interface and the incompletely passivated trap states caused interface recombination.A surface reconstruction with 2-thiopheneethylammonium iodide and N,N-dimethylformamide assisted passivates the defect sites located at the surface and grain boundaries.Meanwhile,LiF is used to create this field effect,repelling hole carriers away from the PVK and C60 interface and thus reducing recombination.As a result,a 2-T PVK/CIGS tandem yielded a power conversion efficiency of 24.6%(0.16 cm^(2)),one of the highest results for 2-T PVK/CIGS TSCs to our knowledge.This validation underscores the potential of our methodology in achieving superior performance in PVK/CIGS tandem solar cells.

基于Transformer的纯电动汽车充电时间预测

纯电动汽车充电时间的安排是车主日常生活中至关重要的环节,直接影响车主出行的便利度和舒适体验。然而,目前仍然面临充电桩资源不足、充电须提前规划等挑战,为解决车主因车辆电量不足而无法立即用车的问题,提出一种基于Transformer模型的充电时间预测解决方案,帮助车主更好地规划日常行程。为了更好地了解电池性能衰减程度和容量损失情况,采用容量法评估电池健康状态,并分析驾驶人的充电行为,对电池充电行为特征进行构建。使用Savitzky-Golay滤波器对表征电池衰减的特征进行平滑处理,并进行累积变换,使特征能更全面地表征电池信息;再耦合皮尔逊相关系数和LASSO(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator)回归算法二次筛选得到最优特征集。最后,利用Transformer模型的超强注意力机制,对充电时间进行预测。通过实验数据验证,此方案可以准确且快速地预测纯电动汽车的充电时间,决定系数达到0.999,运行时间为156 ms。

用于一体化电极的碳布改性综述

由于碳布密度低、柔性高且导电导热性好,在电子器件中应用广泛。当碳布与其他材料复合时,为获得所需的性能,需对其进行改性处理。总结对当前用于电子器件中一体化电极的碳布进行改性的主要方法。从去浆、形貌处理和活性处理等3个方面进行介绍,并指出每种改性方法的优缺点和选用需考虑的要点。液相反应法对表面活性改变显著,但往往会降低电导率;热空气处理法对形貌改变显著,但操作过程复杂。液相氧化、热空气氧化和高温碳化相结合的改性效果可以更好,形貌改性和活性改性同时进行,可能会得到更好的综合性能。将碳布与活性物质直接复合制成一体化电极而完成改性处理,由于效率高可能成为改性技术的发展趋势。

光伏硅弃料制备锂离子电池硅负极的性能

纯硅的导电性差,且纳米化、非晶化技术成本高。光伏行业用硅的产业化程度高、导电性好,弃料可在锂离子电池硅基负极实现再利用。以光伏硅弃料为原料,采用机械球磨法制备纳米硅和非晶/纳米硅材料。制备的材料均具有较高的可逆比容量和稳定的循环性能,以0.2 C在0.005~0.900 V循环100次,纳米硅剩余的比容量为2 123.32 mAh/g,非晶/纳米硅剩余的比容量为1 367.70 mAh/g。

基于改进灰色预测单神经元PI的全超导托卡马克核聚变发电装置快控电源电流控制

全超导托卡马克核聚变发电装置(EAST)快控电源负载电感的电流受多种不确定环境因素的影响而难以预测,灰色预测无需精确对象模型,只需少量已知信息即可实现输出电流短期预测,已在EAST快控电源中有了一定研究应用。为解决灰色预测在EAST快控电源中对突变信号边沿预测精度低和预测延时时间长的问题,提出一种改进灰色预测算法实现输出电流预测。在一个开关周期内对输出电流进行等时长间隔采样4次作为原始序列,将滚动式采样预测改为逐周期采样预测,在实现灰色预测的过程中不必依赖过去几个周期的历史采样信息,只需本周期的4个原始采样值即可实现输出电流的预测。根据预测电流与参考电流误差自适应调整单神经元比例-积分(PI)控制的输出增益,实现输出电流的快速准确控制。仿真和实验结果表明,在EAST快控电源电流预测过程中所提出的改进灰色预测,对比传统灰色预测具有更高的预测精度和更小的预测延时,改进灰色预测变增益单神经元PI控制能够在减小电流超调的同时加快输出电流响应速度。

储能电站锂离子电池本体安全关键技术及新技术应用情况

“双碳”目标的提出和能源电力低碳转型的持续推进,以新能源为主体的新型电力系统面临着规模化安全高效储能等能源问题的重要挑战。在这一背景下,储能电站作为能源系统中关键的组成部分,其安全管理尤为重要,直接关系到整个电力系统的稳定运行和可持续发展。针对锂离子电池本体安全管理的研究现状展开深入分析,首先,系统回顾了当前广泛应用的各类电池健康评估方法,并详细总结了数据驱动方法中健康因子的选择;其次,从基于数据碎片评估电池状态、电池边缘平台构建与储能电站智慧巡检3个方面出发,探讨了现有电池状态评估技术的最新研究热点,指出储能安全评估未来的发展方向和关键挑战;最后,总结储能电站的安全控制技术,针对计及电池参数变化的系统稳定性与储能系统多目标控制问题提出了相关见解。

商用电动车电池模组热管理研究

文章在已有的研究成果基础上,提出搭建特定模型分析电池模组产热情况的研究思路,并结合有限元仿真计算方法,进一步探究基于不同环境温度条件,电池在不同恒流倍率工况下的热流特性。研究结果表明,根据仿真分析结果所提出的电池模块风道改进方案,可以有效降低电池模组最高温度,同时解决内部温度分布不均匀问题,能为后续优化商用电动车电池设计提供参考。

动力电池包结构振动强度的仿真与优化

本文借助仿真软件在虚拟平台搭建电池包随机振动有限元模型,对电池包施加国标规定的垂直于路面方向的功率谱密度,计算电池包结构件的应力分布,根据结果进行结构的优化和验证。

锂离子电池健康状态估计及寿命预测研究进展综述

随着锂离子电池的应用越来越广泛,锂电池健康状态的精确估计和剩余寿命的实时预测对于锂电池系统的安全运行和降低运维成本具有重要意义。锂电池内部复杂的物理化学反应和外部复杂工作条件,使得实现精准的健康状态估计和寿命预测具有挑战性。该文综述近年来锂电池健康状态估计和剩余使用寿命预测方法的研究现状,分析基于物理/数学模型、数据驱动、模型法和数据驱动融合,以及多种数据驱动融合的锂电池健康状态估计方法的优缺点及适用条件,并对比分析不同数据驱动类型的锂电池寿命预测方法。指出锂电池健康状态估计及寿命预测尚存在的问题,并对未来研究方向进行展望,对完善锂电池健康状态估计和寿命预测算法理论体系、指导实际应用技术具有重要意义。

典型插电混动车型高压系统原理及检修(二)

(接上期)二、高压蓄电池充电系统1.车辆充电操作车辆有2种交流(AC)充电方式:一是使用充电桩(模式3壁挂充电箱32A),完全充电需要大约2.75h;二是随附一根家用充电电缆(模式2基本型10A),充满电时间约7.5h。使用家用充电电缆时,不建议使用延长导线。车辆仅支持交流电(AC)充电。车载充电模块(BCCM)支持最高为7kW的单相交流充电,可以在短至2.75h内将蓄电池充满电。如果使用22kW3相交流充电点(快速充电),车辆的车载充电模块会将充电功率调节为7kW,车辆仍然只能实现最短2.75h的充电时间。

用于运动状态监测的纸基柔性摩擦电传感器

为解决柔性摩擦电传感器制备流程复杂、成本高、不够环保等问题,设计了一种基于纸基导电银浆的低成本柔性摩擦电传感器。当外部压力由5 N增大至50 N时,其输出电压和输出电流逐渐增大,在频率为1 Hz、幅值为50 N的外部压力作用下,输出电压的峰值约为7.52 V。当外部压强在17~173 kPa的范围内变化时,输出电压峰值与压强呈分段线性关系。当外部压力的频率变化时,输出电压保持不变。结果表明,该传感器压力传感性能良好。当应用于运动传感中时,该传感器能够感知肘关节、腕关节的弯曲角度,并能有效区分走、快走、跑3种运动类型以及踮脚、深蹲、抱腹跳3种健身动作,计算人体行走频率与健身动作次数,在人体运动状态监测等领域具有良好的应用价值。