三国孙吴时期,是典型的封建小农经济形式,耕织结合,农民自给自足,土地是主要的生产资料。通过分析长沙走马楼三国吴简税账发现,田税、米税、布税及人口税是孙吴赋税的主要形式。孙吴税赋政策符合封建社会小农经济的特点,国家实行重农政...三国孙吴时期,是典型的封建小农经济形式,耕织结合,农民自给自足,土地是主要的生产资料。通过分析长沙走马楼三国吴简税账发现,田税、米税、布税及人口税是孙吴赋税的主要形式。孙吴税赋政策符合封建社会小农经济的特点,国家实行重农政策和扶助小农的政策,保护赋税之源和维持封建统治的稳定,从小农生产结构中获取资源和利益;另一方面,繁重的税赋和刺激人口的政策导致人口过快增长,对小农经济产生了一定的消极作用。In the Sun Wu period of the Three Kingdoms, it exemplified a typical feudal small peasant economy characterized by an amalgamation of agriculture and weaving. Farmers were self-sufficient, with land serving as the primary means of production. By scrutinizing the tax records on bamboo slips from Zumalou, Changsha during the Three Kingdoms era, it becomes apparent that taxes on fields, rice, cloth, and population constituted the principal forms of taxation in Sun Wu. Sun Wu’s tax policy aligned with the attributes of a small-scale peasant economy within feudal society. The state implemented policies emphasizing agriculture and supporting small-scale peasants to safeguard their source of taxation while maintaining stability in feudal rule and reaping resources and benefits from the production structure of these peasants. Conversely, burdensome taxes coupled with population-stimulating measures resulted in excessive population growth which exerted certain adverse effects on the small peasant economy.展开更多
古罗马作家苏维托尼乌斯的《罗马十二帝王传》记录了从恺撒到图密善之间的最初12个元首的生平事迹。罗马皇帝图密善的传记是《罗马十二帝王传》的最后一篇。图密善长久以来一直被冠以暴君的称呼,然而在苏维托尼乌斯的笔下图密善不仅仅...古罗马作家苏维托尼乌斯的《罗马十二帝王传》记录了从恺撒到图密善之间的最初12个元首的生平事迹。罗马皇帝图密善的传记是《罗马十二帝王传》的最后一篇。图密善长久以来一直被冠以暴君的称呼,然而在苏维托尼乌斯的笔下图密善不仅仅具有残暴的一面,还具有慷慨、公正、热心的另一面形象;图密善的傲慢也许并非只是他自身的妄自尊大,与他的早年经历和统治也有关联。分析《罗马十二帝王传》中图密善的多面形象,有助于能够还原出一位更贴近真实的历史人物形象。De Vita Caesarum by the ancient Roman writer Suetonius records the life stories of the first twelve heads of state from Caesar to Domitian. The biography of Roman Emperor Domitian is the final chapter of it. Domitian has long been referred to as a tyrant, but in the writings of Suetonius, he not only has a cruel side, but also has another image of generosity, justice, and enthusiasm;Domitian’s arrogance may not only be his own arrogance, but also related to his early experiences and rule. Analyzing the multifaceted image of Domitian in Suetonius’ work can help to reconstruct a more realistic historical figure.展开更多
《翠微北征录》中记载了重要情报的保护之法,同时也阐述了用间之法、情报传递以及建立间谍情报网的重要性。《翠微北征录》中所体现的华岳情报观既有对前人的继承,更有自己的发展,不仅丰富完善了中国古代情报观,还对当今情报工作的开展...《翠微北征录》中记载了重要情报的保护之法,同时也阐述了用间之法、情报传递以及建立间谍情报网的重要性。《翠微北征录》中所体现的华岳情报观既有对前人的继承,更有自己的发展,不仅丰富完善了中国古代情报观,还对当今情报工作的开展具有借鉴意义。The “Cuiwei Bei Zheng Lu” records the methods for protecting important intelligence, and also elaborates on the importance of using indirect methods, information transmission, and establishing a spy intelligence network. The Huayue Intelligence View reflected in the “Cuiwei Bei Zheng Lu” not only inherits from predecessors, but also has its own development. It not only enriches and improves the ancient Chinese intelligence view, but also has reference significance for the development of current intelligence work.展开更多
汉代瓦当是中国古代建筑中独特的组成部分,既有实用功能,又是艺术与文化的载体。本文运用文献信息可视化软件CiteSpace,对近三十年来中国知网数据库中聚焦汉代瓦当研究的期刊论文进行历时分析发现:1) 该研究经历了从考古挖掘、资料分类...汉代瓦当是中国古代建筑中独特的组成部分,既有实用功能,又是艺术与文化的载体。本文运用文献信息可视化软件CiteSpace,对近三十年来中国知网数据库中聚焦汉代瓦当研究的期刊论文进行历时分析发现:1) 该研究经历了从考古挖掘、资料分类、文化内涵挖掘,到应用设计的历程;2) 研究主题逐渐多元化,研究内容由浅入深。特别是近十年,汉代瓦当融入现代设计、应用于文创产业的成果日渐增多。汉代瓦当的整体性和地域性考察得到学界重视,跨学科研究越发显著。The Han dynasty eaves tile is a unique part of ancient Chinese architecture, which has both practical functions and is the carrier of art and culture. This paper uses the literature information visualization software CiteSpace to make a diachronic analysis of the journal papers focusing on the Han dynasty eaves tile research in the CNKI database over the past thirty years. It is found that: 1) The research has experienced a process from archaeological excavation, data classification, and cultural connotation excavation to application design;2) The research topics are gradually diversified, and the research content is from shallow to deep. Especially in the past ten years, the Han dynasty eaves tile has been integrated into modern design and applied in the cultural and creative industry. The investigation of the totality and territoriality of Han dynasty tiles has gained the attention of academics. Interdisciplinary research is becoming increasingly significant.展开更多
晚清状元张謇与桐城派关系颇深:青年张謇拜师海门训导赵彭渊改学桐城派古文,身陷囹圄时又受桐城孙云锦解救,江宁求学投身曾国藩弟子张裕钊门下,从风发荣于淮军吴长庆幕中。后起张謇仰慕中兴桐城派的曾国藩,尤“敬湘诸先哲之志业”,曾氏...晚清状元张謇与桐城派关系颇深:青年张謇拜师海门训导赵彭渊改学桐城派古文,身陷囹圄时又受桐城孙云锦解救,江宁求学投身曾国藩弟子张裕钊门下,从风发荣于淮军吴长庆幕中。后起张謇仰慕中兴桐城派的曾国藩,尤“敬湘诸先哲之志业”,曾氏之学也奠定了张謇开拓务实的思想基础与“雄奇文风”,深刻影响了他在庆军军幕、帝后党争以及实业救国运动中的作为。鼎元后张謇接任江宁文正书院山长,承袭曾、张,囊括西学,掀起清末新学之肇端。作为曾国藩的再传弟子,张謇继承了清季桐城派的经世思想并力求“祈通中西”,开启了由传统封建士大夫向民族资产阶级的蜕变。Zhang Jian had a deep relationship with the Tongcheng School: Young Zhang Jian followed Zhao Pengyuan to study the ancient literature of the Tongcheng School. When he was in a difficult situation, he was rescued by Sun Yunjin. Zhang Jian also studied under Zhang Yuzhao, a disciple of Zeng Guofan, in Jiangning and grew up in the Wu Changqing Curtain of the Huai Army. Zhang Jian admired Zeng Guofan, who revived the Tongcheng School. The study of the Zeng also laid the foundation for Zhang Jian’s pioneering and pragmatic thinking and “magnificent literary style”, which deeply influenced his actions in the party struggle between the emperor and the empress, as well as in the industrial salvation movement. Later, Zhang Jian took over as the head of the Wenzheng Academy in Jiangning, sparking the beginning of new learning in the late Qing Dynasty. As a descendant of Zeng Guofan, Zhang Jian inherited the Confucian ideology of the Tongcheng School in the Qing Dynasty and strived to “connect China and the West”, initiating a transformation from traditional feudal literati to the national bourgeoisie.展开更多
文摘三国孙吴时期,是典型的封建小农经济形式,耕织结合,农民自给自足,土地是主要的生产资料。通过分析长沙走马楼三国吴简税账发现,田税、米税、布税及人口税是孙吴赋税的主要形式。孙吴税赋政策符合封建社会小农经济的特点,国家实行重农政策和扶助小农的政策,保护赋税之源和维持封建统治的稳定,从小农生产结构中获取资源和利益;另一方面,繁重的税赋和刺激人口的政策导致人口过快增长,对小农经济产生了一定的消极作用。In the Sun Wu period of the Three Kingdoms, it exemplified a typical feudal small peasant economy characterized by an amalgamation of agriculture and weaving. Farmers were self-sufficient, with land serving as the primary means of production. By scrutinizing the tax records on bamboo slips from Zumalou, Changsha during the Three Kingdoms era, it becomes apparent that taxes on fields, rice, cloth, and population constituted the principal forms of taxation in Sun Wu. Sun Wu’s tax policy aligned with the attributes of a small-scale peasant economy within feudal society. The state implemented policies emphasizing agriculture and supporting small-scale peasants to safeguard their source of taxation while maintaining stability in feudal rule and reaping resources and benefits from the production structure of these peasants. Conversely, burdensome taxes coupled with population-stimulating measures resulted in excessive population growth which exerted certain adverse effects on the small peasant economy.
文摘古罗马作家苏维托尼乌斯的《罗马十二帝王传》记录了从恺撒到图密善之间的最初12个元首的生平事迹。罗马皇帝图密善的传记是《罗马十二帝王传》的最后一篇。图密善长久以来一直被冠以暴君的称呼,然而在苏维托尼乌斯的笔下图密善不仅仅具有残暴的一面,还具有慷慨、公正、热心的另一面形象;图密善的傲慢也许并非只是他自身的妄自尊大,与他的早年经历和统治也有关联。分析《罗马十二帝王传》中图密善的多面形象,有助于能够还原出一位更贴近真实的历史人物形象。De Vita Caesarum by the ancient Roman writer Suetonius records the life stories of the first twelve heads of state from Caesar to Domitian. The biography of Roman Emperor Domitian is the final chapter of it. Domitian has long been referred to as a tyrant, but in the writings of Suetonius, he not only has a cruel side, but also has another image of generosity, justice, and enthusiasm;Domitian’s arrogance may not only be his own arrogance, but also related to his early experiences and rule. Analyzing the multifaceted image of Domitian in Suetonius’ work can help to reconstruct a more realistic historical figure.
文摘《翠微北征录》中记载了重要情报的保护之法,同时也阐述了用间之法、情报传递以及建立间谍情报网的重要性。《翠微北征录》中所体现的华岳情报观既有对前人的继承,更有自己的发展,不仅丰富完善了中国古代情报观,还对当今情报工作的开展具有借鉴意义。The “Cuiwei Bei Zheng Lu” records the methods for protecting important intelligence, and also elaborates on the importance of using indirect methods, information transmission, and establishing a spy intelligence network. The Huayue Intelligence View reflected in the “Cuiwei Bei Zheng Lu” not only inherits from predecessors, but also has its own development. It not only enriches and improves the ancient Chinese intelligence view, but also has reference significance for the development of current intelligence work.
文摘汉代瓦当是中国古代建筑中独特的组成部分,既有实用功能,又是艺术与文化的载体。本文运用文献信息可视化软件CiteSpace,对近三十年来中国知网数据库中聚焦汉代瓦当研究的期刊论文进行历时分析发现:1) 该研究经历了从考古挖掘、资料分类、文化内涵挖掘,到应用设计的历程;2) 研究主题逐渐多元化,研究内容由浅入深。特别是近十年,汉代瓦当融入现代设计、应用于文创产业的成果日渐增多。汉代瓦当的整体性和地域性考察得到学界重视,跨学科研究越发显著。The Han dynasty eaves tile is a unique part of ancient Chinese architecture, which has both practical functions and is the carrier of art and culture. This paper uses the literature information visualization software CiteSpace to make a diachronic analysis of the journal papers focusing on the Han dynasty eaves tile research in the CNKI database over the past thirty years. It is found that: 1) The research has experienced a process from archaeological excavation, data classification, and cultural connotation excavation to application design;2) The research topics are gradually diversified, and the research content is from shallow to deep. Especially in the past ten years, the Han dynasty eaves tile has been integrated into modern design and applied in the cultural and creative industry. The investigation of the totality and territoriality of Han dynasty tiles has gained the attention of academics. Interdisciplinary research is becoming increasingly significant.
文摘晚清状元张謇与桐城派关系颇深:青年张謇拜师海门训导赵彭渊改学桐城派古文,身陷囹圄时又受桐城孙云锦解救,江宁求学投身曾国藩弟子张裕钊门下,从风发荣于淮军吴长庆幕中。后起张謇仰慕中兴桐城派的曾国藩,尤“敬湘诸先哲之志业”,曾氏之学也奠定了张謇开拓务实的思想基础与“雄奇文风”,深刻影响了他在庆军军幕、帝后党争以及实业救国运动中的作为。鼎元后张謇接任江宁文正书院山长,承袭曾、张,囊括西学,掀起清末新学之肇端。作为曾国藩的再传弟子,张謇继承了清季桐城派的经世思想并力求“祈通中西”,开启了由传统封建士大夫向民族资产阶级的蜕变。Zhang Jian had a deep relationship with the Tongcheng School: Young Zhang Jian followed Zhao Pengyuan to study the ancient literature of the Tongcheng School. When he was in a difficult situation, he was rescued by Sun Yunjin. Zhang Jian also studied under Zhang Yuzhao, a disciple of Zeng Guofan, in Jiangning and grew up in the Wu Changqing Curtain of the Huai Army. Zhang Jian admired Zeng Guofan, who revived the Tongcheng School. The study of the Zeng also laid the foundation for Zhang Jian’s pioneering and pragmatic thinking and “magnificent literary style”, which deeply influenced his actions in the party struggle between the emperor and the empress, as well as in the industrial salvation movement. Later, Zhang Jian took over as the head of the Wenzheng Academy in Jiangning, sparking the beginning of new learning in the late Qing Dynasty. As a descendant of Zeng Guofan, Zhang Jian inherited the Confucian ideology of the Tongcheng School in the Qing Dynasty and strived to “connect China and the West”, initiating a transformation from traditional feudal literati to the national bourgeoisie.
