This research evaluated the ability of different coupled climate models to simulate the historical variability of potential evapotranspiration(PET)for the time period 1979–2017 in phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model ...This research evaluated the ability of different coupled climate models to simulate the historical variability of potential evapotranspiration(PET)for the time period 1979–2017 in phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5 and CMIP6,respectively).Their projected future changes of PET under two emission scenarios for the 21st century were also compared.Results show that PET has an increasing trend of 0.2–0.6 mm d-1/50 yr over most land surfaces and that there are clear regional differences.The future value of PET is higher in the CMIP6 multi-model simulations than in the CMIP5 ones under the same emissions scenario,possibly because CMIP6 models simulate stronger warming for a given forcing or scenario.The contributions of each individual climate driver to future changes in PET were examined and revealed that the surface vapor pressure deficit makes a major contribution to changes in PET.Shortwave radiation increases PET in most terrestrial regions,except for northern Africa,East Asia,South Asia,and Australia;the effect of longwave radiation is the opposite to that of shortwave radiation.The contribution of surface wind speed to PET is small,but results in a slight reduction.展开更多
Microcapsules of volatile oil containing Herba Schizonepetae(VOHS) were prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method to improve the drug loading and reduce the amount of pharmaceutical excipients.Orthogonal assay was...Microcapsules of volatile oil containing Herba Schizonepetae(VOHS) were prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method to improve the drug loading and reduce the amount of pharmaceutical excipients.Orthogonal assay was applied to optimize the preparation condition of microcapsulation,and the results illustrated that the ratio of ethyl cellulose(EC) to VOHS influenced the property of VOHS microcapsule significantly.GC-MS analysis indicated that some volatile components with low concentration in VOHS were lost after microencapsulation.The microcapsules prepared with optimum condition had good fluidity,and the holes on the surface of the microcapsules contributed to the release of VOHS.The particles of the microcapsule conformed to a normal distribution with the diameter of 45—220 μm.In the simulated intestinal fluid containing 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate,pulegone in VOHS microcapsule showed a certain degree of slow release.Compared with β-cyclodextrin method,the microencapsulation used in the present work could reduce the amount of excipients and increase the drug loading.It was beneficial to reduce the dose of Chinese medicines containing volatile oils.展开更多
External forces of marine weather, such as waves, currents and wind flows, affect the course and speed of a ship under way. As a result, marine accidents, such as collisions or grounding, may occur, particularly in in...External forces of marine weather, such as waves, currents and wind flows, affect the course and speed of a ship under way. As a result, marine accidents, such as collisions or grounding, may occur, particularly in inshore areas. On coasts where earthquakes and tsunamis occur frequently, such as the Japanese coast, a tsunami that advances into a bay from the open sea is influenced by the submarine topography. It grows into a huge wave that could cause tremendous damage to ships under way and at anchorage. A massive earthquake occurred in the Tohoku and Kanto regions of Japan on March 11,2011. In response, a tsunami alert, a tsunami warning and an advisory were issued for the entire Pacific coast region. This research investigates the evacuation behaviour of ships by AIS （automatic identification system） data in Tokyo Bay after the tsunami warning was issued. The unusual behaviour observed was attributed to the emergency evacuation of ships.展开更多
This study compares the subject matter appeared on traditional Thai textbooks and Japanese textbooks and analyzes how extension and integration sequence on Japanese textbooks evokes students＇ mathematical creativity....This study compares the subject matter appeared on traditional Thai textbooks and Japanese textbooks and analyzes how extension and integration sequence on Japanese textbooks evokes students＇ mathematical creativity. The data were collected from the series of four lessons in the fifth grade by teaching experiment methodology conducted following the professional development project implemented lesson study and open approach in Thailand. The results show that extension and integration sequence is an appropriate subject matter to generate lesson for problem-solving classroom. The sequence of lesson leads students to excitement, curiosity, confidence and intimacy in mathematics that are powerful effects of mathematical creativity. Students can produce the different and various ways to solve problems that indicate their divergent thinking.展开更多
Through the 5-channel SWAES digital full waveform AE detector, the paper dealt with the fracture process of coal and rock samples under uniaxial compression. Using wavelet operations of multi-scale discrete analysis t...Through the 5-channel SWAES digital full waveform AE detector, the paper dealt with the fracture process of coal and rock samples under uniaxial compression. Using wavelet operations of multi-scale discrete analysis the pulses of a particular time period （points） and the space domain signal by numerical method were gotten, and the paper concluded that the signal singularity in load rupture had closely relations with fracture and uniaxial compression. The detected position and the actual breaking point only differed at one sample point, the relative error was 6.82%, and there was no accumulative error. Thus it provided an effective method to solve the problem of instability analysis of the signal singularity detection and coal-rock compression failure in the whole process.展开更多
This paper expounds upon the basic principle of scanning electron microscopy(SEM),the main features of image types,and different signals,and the applications and prospects in earth sciences research are reviewed.High-...This paper expounds upon the basic principle of scanning electron microscopy(SEM),the main features of image types,and different signals,and the applications and prospects in earth sciences research are reviewed.High-resolution field emission SEM allows observation and investigation of a very fine micro area in situ.Using low-vacuum mode SEM,geological insulating samples can be analyzed directly without coating,demonstrating the wide application prospect.Combined with backscatter detector(BSE),energy dispersal X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),cathodoluminescence spectrometry(CL),and electron back-scattering diffraction(EBSD),SEM can yield multiple types of information about geological samples at the same time,such as superficial microstructure,CL analysis,BSE image,component analysis,and crystal structure features.In this paper,we use examples to discuss the geological application of SEM.We stress that we should not only focus on the CL image analysis,but strengthen CL spectrum analyses of minerals.These results will effectively reveal the mineral crystal lattice defects and trace element composition and can help to reconstruct mineral growth conditions precisely.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China grant number 2018YFC1507704the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant numbers 41675094 and 41975115。
文摘This research evaluated the ability of different coupled climate models to simulate the historical variability of potential evapotranspiration(PET)for the time period 1979–2017 in phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5 and CMIP6,respectively).Their projected future changes of PET under two emission scenarios for the 21st century were also compared.Results show that PET has an increasing trend of 0.2–0.6 mm d-1/50 yr over most land surfaces and that there are clear regional differences.The future value of PET is higher in the CMIP6 multi-model simulations than in the CMIP5 ones under the same emissions scenario,possibly because CMIP6 models simulate stronger warming for a given forcing or scenario.The contributions of each individual climate driver to future changes in PET were examined and revealed that the surface vapor pressure deficit makes a major contribution to changes in PET.Shortwave radiation increases PET in most terrestrial regions,except for northern Africa,East Asia,South Asia,and Australia;the effect of longwave radiation is the opposite to that of shortwave radiation.The contribution of surface wind speed to PET is small,but results in a slight reduction.
基金Supported by the Plan Issue of Shanghai Science&Technology Committee(No.13401901100)
文摘Microcapsules of volatile oil containing Herba Schizonepetae(VOHS) were prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method to improve the drug loading and reduce the amount of pharmaceutical excipients.Orthogonal assay was applied to optimize the preparation condition of microcapsulation,and the results illustrated that the ratio of ethyl cellulose(EC) to VOHS influenced the property of VOHS microcapsule significantly.GC-MS analysis indicated that some volatile components with low concentration in VOHS were lost after microencapsulation.The microcapsules prepared with optimum condition had good fluidity,and the holes on the surface of the microcapsules contributed to the release of VOHS.The particles of the microcapsule conformed to a normal distribution with the diameter of 45—220 μm.In the simulated intestinal fluid containing 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate,pulegone in VOHS microcapsule showed a certain degree of slow release.Compared with β-cyclodextrin method,the microencapsulation used in the present work could reduce the amount of excipients and increase the drug loading.It was beneficial to reduce the dose of Chinese medicines containing volatile oils.
文摘External forces of marine weather, such as waves, currents and wind flows, affect the course and speed of a ship under way. As a result, marine accidents, such as collisions or grounding, may occur, particularly in inshore areas. On coasts where earthquakes and tsunamis occur frequently, such as the Japanese coast, a tsunami that advances into a bay from the open sea is influenced by the submarine topography. It grows into a huge wave that could cause tremendous damage to ships under way and at anchorage. A massive earthquake occurred in the Tohoku and Kanto regions of Japan on March 11,2011. In response, a tsunami alert, a tsunami warning and an advisory were issued for the entire Pacific coast region. This research investigates the evacuation behaviour of ships by AIS （automatic identification system） data in Tokyo Bay after the tsunami warning was issued. The unusual behaviour observed was attributed to the emergency evacuation of ships.
文摘This study compares the subject matter appeared on traditional Thai textbooks and Japanese textbooks and analyzes how extension and integration sequence on Japanese textbooks evokes students＇ mathematical creativity. The data were collected from the series of four lessons in the fifth grade by teaching experiment methodology conducted following the professional development project implemented lesson study and open approach in Thailand. The results show that extension and integration sequence is an appropriate subject matter to generate lesson for problem-solving classroom. The sequence of lesson leads students to excitement, curiosity, confidence and intimacy in mathematics that are powerful effects of mathematical creativity. Students can produce the different and various ways to solve problems that indicate their divergent thinking.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （51174157, 51174158）
文摘Through the 5-channel SWAES digital full waveform AE detector, the paper dealt with the fracture process of coal and rock samples under uniaxial compression. Using wavelet operations of multi-scale discrete analysis the pulses of a particular time period （points） and the space domain signal by numerical method were gotten, and the paper concluded that the signal singularity in load rupture had closely relations with fracture and uniaxial compression. The detected position and the actual breaking point only differed at one sample point, the relative error was 6.82%, and there was no accumulative error. Thus it provided an effective method to solve the problem of instability analysis of the signal singularity detection and coal-rock compression failure in the whole process.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41402031)
文摘This paper expounds upon the basic principle of scanning electron microscopy(SEM),the main features of image types,and different signals,and the applications and prospects in earth sciences research are reviewed.High-resolution field emission SEM allows observation and investigation of a very fine micro area in situ.Using low-vacuum mode SEM,geological insulating samples can be analyzed directly without coating,demonstrating the wide application prospect.Combined with backscatter detector(BSE),energy dispersal X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),cathodoluminescence spectrometry(CL),and electron back-scattering diffraction(EBSD),SEM can yield multiple types of information about geological samples at the same time,such as superficial microstructure,CL analysis,BSE image,component analysis,and crystal structure features.In this paper,we use examples to discuss the geological application of SEM.We stress that we should not only focus on the CL image analysis,but strengthen CL spectrum analyses of minerals.These results will effectively reveal the mineral crystal lattice defects and trace element composition and can help to reconstruct mineral growth conditions precisely.
