利用海河流域及其子流域漳河流域的实测站点资料,采用皮尔逊相关系数、均方根误差、平均绝对误差以及相对偏差作为评价指标,对CRU(climate research unit)数据降水产品的月尺度降水数据在海河与漳河流域的适用性进行评估分析,结果表明:...利用海河流域及其子流域漳河流域的实测站点资料,采用皮尔逊相关系数、均方根误差、平均绝对误差以及相对偏差作为评价指标,对CRU(climate research unit)数据降水产品的月尺度降水数据在海河与漳河流域的适用性进行评估分析,结果表明:CRU数据在海河子流域漳河流域的适用性好于整个海河流域,各项评价结果均达到预期期望;突变性与周期性规律检验结果与以往基于实测数据分析结果相符;从相关系数角度来看,应用于2个流域的CRU数据在1990年之前整体表现良好,但在1990年后海河流域的相关系数显著下降。综上CRU数据可应用于海河流域与漳河流域的气候变化背景下水文过程模拟与分析,但应用于海河流域实测站点数据的还原时,应充分考虑其年际表现不一的问题。展开更多
全球变暖的背景下,百年尺度上的区域气温变化规律,近年来已成为气候变化研究的热点。本文基于1901-2016年英国东英吉利(East Anglia)大学气候研究中心(Climatic Research Unit,CRU)提供的高分辨率、逐月气温数据集,采用一元线性回归法...全球变暖的背景下,百年尺度上的区域气温变化规律,近年来已成为气候变化研究的热点。本文基于1901-2016年英国东英吉利(East Anglia)大学气候研究中心(Climatic Research Unit,CRU)提供的高分辨率、逐月气温数据集,采用一元线性回归法、滑动平均法和Mann-Kendall突变检验法分析了116年来山西气温的时空分布特征。结果表明:百年来山西年平均气温和各季节气温均呈波动上升趋势,年均和各季节气温倾向率分别为0.13℃·(10a)-1(年平均)、0.16℃·(10a)-1(春季)、0.05℃·(10a)-1(夏季)、0.09℃·(10a)-1(秋季)、0.22℃·(10a)-1(冬季),其中冬季气温增幅最大,对年均温增长的贡献最大,贡献率为42.31%,夏季气温增幅最小,贡献率也最小(9.62%)。研究时段内,山西各季节气温均发生突变,春季季均温突变开始于1993年,夏季在1917年和1996年都发生了气温突变,秋季、冬季出现突变的年份分别为2001年、1984年。空间上,山西多年平均气温和季均温均以南高北低的纬度变化规律为主,同时受到地形的影响,分别形成不同气温中心,其中冬季受地形影响最小,尤其是最冷月。展开更多
Echinochloa crus-galli, one of the world's most serious weeds, influences seriously the yield and quality of cereal crop plant.It is well known that E.crus-galli grain is dormant, but its dormant type, as well as its...Echinochloa crus-galli, one of the world's most serious weeds, influences seriously the yield and quality of cereal crop plant.It is well known that E.crus-galli grain is dormant, but its dormant type, as well as its dormancy release and germination in relation to galactomannan-hydrolysing enzyme activity were poorly understood.The cooperation of endo-β-mannanase(EC 3.2.1.78), β-mannosidase(EC 3.2.1.25) and α-galactosidase(EC 3.2.1.22) can hydrolyze the cell walls rich in mannan-based polymers.In the present paper, the mature grains are used as experimental materials, we investigated the water uptake of grains, the effect of removing partial endosperm, after-ripening, stratification and phytohormone on grain germination, and the change in endo-β-mannanase, β-mannosidase and α-galactosidase activities of grains during after-ripening and germination.The results showed that the freshly-collected grains were water-permeable and had only phase I and II of water uptake, while the grains after-ripened for 150 d had an obvious phase III of water uptake.In alternating photoperiod, the germination of grains freshly-collected was zero at 10–35°C, and that of half grains was 11% at 20°C only.The grain germination was notably promoted by after-ripening and stratification, but not by gibberellic acid and 6-benzyladenine at 0.0001–1 mmol L–1.β-Mannosidase activity increased during 0 to 300 d of after-ripening and then decreased.The activity of endo-β-mannanase and α-galactosidase of grains decreased with after-ripening.During grain germination, endo-β-mannanase and β-mannosidase activities obviously increased, while α-galactosidase activity decreased.Our data showed that E.crus-galli grain was a deep physiological dormant, the dormancy release by after-ripening was related to an increasing β-mannosidase activity, and its germination was closely associated with an increasing endo-β-mannanase and β-mannosidase activity; which have provided new knowledge to decrease the harm of E.crus-galli on production of cereal crop plant.展开更多
Echinochloa crus-galli is a major weed in rice fields in China,and quinclorac has been long used for its control.Over-reliance of quinclorac has resulted in quinclorac resistance in E.crus-galli.Two resistant(R)E.crus...Echinochloa crus-galli is a major weed in rice fields in China,and quinclorac has been long used for its control.Over-reliance of quinclorac has resulted in quinclorac resistance in E.crus-galli.Two resistant(R)E.crus-galli populations from Hunan,China were confirmed to be at least 78-fold more resistant to quinclorac than the susceptible(S)population.No difference in foliar uptake of 14C-labelled quinclorac was detected between the R and S plants.However,a higher level of 14C translocation and a lower level of quinclorac metabolism were found in the R plants.Basal and induced expression levels ofβ-cyanoalanine synthase(β-CAS)gene andβ-CAS activity were not significantly different between the R and S plants.However,the induction expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase(ACO1)gene by quinclorac treatment was evident in the S plants but not in the R plants.Quinclorac resistance in the two resistant E.crus-galli populations was not likely to be related to foliar uptake,translocation or metabolism of quinclorac,nor to cyanide detoxification viaβ-CAS.Thus,target-site based quinclorac signal reception and transduction and regulation of the ethylene synthesis pathway should be the focus for further research.展开更多
Agriculture needs to produce more food to feed the growing population in the 21st century.It makes the reference crop water requirement(WREQ)a major challenge especially in regions with limited water and high water de...Agriculture needs to produce more food to feed the growing population in the 21st century.It makes the reference crop water requirement(WREQ)a major challenge especially in regions with limited water and high water demand.Iran,with large climatic variability,is experiencing a serious water crisis due to limited water resources and inefficient agriculture.In order to overcome the issue of uneven distribution of weather stations,gridded Climatic Research Unit(CRU)data was applied to analyze the changes in potential evapotranspiration(PET),effective precipitation(EFFPRE)and WREQ.Validation of data using in situ observation showed an acceptable performance of CRU in Iran.Changes in PET,EFFPRE and WREQ were analyzed in two 30-a periods 1957-1986 and 1987-2016.Comparing two periods showed an increase in PET and WREQ in regions extended from the southwest to northeast and a decrease in the southeast,more significant in summer and spring.However,EFFPRE decreased in the southeast,northeast,and northwest,especially in winter and spring.Analysis of annual trends revealed an upward trend in PET(14.32 mm/decade)and WREQ(25.50 mm/decade),but a downward trend in EFFPRE(-11.8 mm/decade)over the second period.Changes in PET,EFFPRE and WREQ in winter have the impact on the annual trend.Among climate variables,WREQ showed a significant correlation(r=0.59)with minimum temperature.The increase in WREQ and decrease in EFFPRE would exacerbate the agricultural water crisis in Iran.With all changes in PET and WREQ,immediate actions are needed to address the challenges in agriculture and adapt to the changing climate.展开更多
Total Cloud Cover (TCC) over China deter- mined from four climate datasets including the Interna- tional Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), the 40-year Re-Analysis Project of the European Centre for Medi...Total Cloud Cover (TCC) over China deter- mined from four climate datasets including the Interna- tional Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), the 40-year Re-Analysis Project of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA-40), Climate Research Unit Time Series 3.0 (CRU3), and ground sta- tion datasets are used to show spatial and temporal varia- tion of TCC and their differences. It is demonstrated that the four datasets show similar spatial pattern and seasonal variation. The maximum value is derived from ISCCE TCC value in North China derived from ERA-40 is 50% larger than that from the station dataset; however, the value is 50% less than that in South China. The annual TCC of ISCCP, ERA-40, and ground station datasets shows a decreasing trend during 1984-2002; however, an increasing trend is derived from CRU3. The results of this study imply remarkable differences of TCC derived from surface and satellite observations as well as model simu- lations. The potential effects of these differences on cloud climatology and associated climatic issues should be carefully considered.展开更多
Exserohilum monoceras (Drechsler) Leonard and Suggs is a potential biocontrol agent for the control of Echinochloa species. This fungus causes leaf blight in Echinochloa species, but does not damage rice. Phytotoxic...Exserohilum monoceras (Drechsler) Leonard and Suggs is a potential biocontrol agent for the control of Echinochloa species. This fungus causes leaf blight in Echinochloa species, but does not damage rice. Phytotoxicity of the fungal fermented broth was evaluated through the bioassay and the active ingredients were preliminarily isolated by using silica gel column chromatography (CC) in this study. The most active fraction 5-Ⅲ was obtained and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results show that 5-Ⅲ consisted of many compounds, in which 36 compounds accounted for 94.24% of total peak area. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) displayed the highest activity accounted for 9.24% of the total peak area, suggesting that DBP may be one of the main active compounds produced by E. monoceras.展开更多
The fornix, a part of the Papez circuit, transfers information of episodic memory between the medial temporal lobe and the medial diencephalon (Aggleton and Brown, 1999). The right medial temporal lobe is known to b...The fornix, a part of the Papez circuit, transfers information of episodic memory between the medial temporal lobe and the medial diencephalon (Aggleton and Brown, 1999). The right medial temporal lobe is known to be specialized for visual memory and the left medial temporal lobe for verbal memory (Tucker et al., 1988; Aegleton and Brown, 1999).展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">In order to evaluate the possibilities of valorization as the feed of the plant biomass produced during wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands, a study of the&l...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">In order to evaluate the possibilities of valorization as the feed of the plant biomass produced during wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands, a study of the</span> <i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">digestibility and gas production of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Echinochloa</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">was carried out in the Laboratory of Animal Production and Nutrition of the University of Dschang. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>vitro</i> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">digestibility of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Echinochloa</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">was evaluated at different harvesting periods. The digestibility parameters of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">samples were determined by the <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">method at different phenological stages. The gas production (GP) during 24 h of incubation was assessed using the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>vitro</i> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">incubation technique with bovine rumen fluid. <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">dry matter digestibility (IVDM) values ranged from 52.09% to 64.76% with a decrease observed with the phenological stages of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> (<span style="font-family:Verdana;">from 64.76% at the leafy stage to 52.09% at the flowering stage). The microbial biomass (MB) values varied significantly between 67.99 and 88.45 mg, with no significant difference observed between the leafy (88.45 mg), bolting (82.93 mg), and early heading (80.26 mg) stages (P > 0.05). On the other hand, changes in the gas produced during 24 h from the studied samples of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">(34.9 and 48 ml/500mg) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) values (1.08 and 0.80 mmol/ml) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the change in the phenological stage. The values of the partitioning factors (CF) of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">in rumen fluid significantly decreased with advanced plant maturity (P < 0.05). The numerical values ranged from 0.52 to 1.19 ml/mg. A decrease in NDF-N was observed with the phenological stages of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i>. <span style="font-family:Verdana;">By combining the requirements of an optimal quantitative and qualitative production of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, harvesting at the bolting or early heading stage is an option of choice for exploitation as forage, under the conditions of this study. Based on the <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">digestibility parameters studied, <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">is suitable as a ruminant feed.</span>展开更多
采集了浙江、福建、江苏、湖南、湖北、四川、重庆、黑龙江、河南9个省的稗(Echinochloa crus-galli(L.)P.Beauv.)及其变种的33份种子,分别播种在相同的环境下,获得33个种群,测定了种群的16个形态性状,筛选出重复性好的9条ISSR引物,从3...采集了浙江、福建、江苏、湖南、湖北、四川、重庆、黑龙江、河南9个省的稗(Echinochloa crus-galli(L.)P.Beauv.)及其变种的33份种子,分别播种在相同的环境下,获得33个种群,测定了种群的16个形态性状,筛选出重复性好的9条ISSR引物,从33个种群中扩增出了109个位点。基于这些形态性状和ISSR位点信息,对33个种群先进行主成分分析,在此基础上再进行模糊均值聚类分析,探讨了它们的形态和遗传变化特点,及其与形态—遗传—地理背景三者之间的关系。主要结论如下:(1)33个种群可以鉴别出形态性状相对一致的4组,能够识别出西来稗(E.crus-galli var.zelayensis(Kunth)Farw.)、无芒稗(E.crus-galli var.mitis(Pursh)Peterm.)、细叶旱稗(E.crus-galli var.praticola Ohwi);(2)基于109个位点信息对33个种群进行聚类分析得到了6组,部分组与形态聚类分组有一定的对应性;(3)33个稗草种群的遗传分化受地理背景因素的影响(r=0.684,n=33,P<0.001);形态变异也有较明显的遗传背景因素(r=0.425,n=33,P<0.02)。在相对一致的稻田生境中,可能存在着形态上的趋同适应,使遗传上分化的组间在形态上又往往有交叉过渡,致使稗原变种(E.crus-galli var.crus-galli)、西来稗、无芒稗、短芒稗(E.crus-galli var.breviseta(D9ll)Podp.)在形态上难以区别;(4)基于遗传和形态数据分析,发现细叶旱稗无论在形态上,还是遗传上,均形成了明显的一组,推测与该种长期适应于干旱生境有关,建议将细叶旱稗提升为种的水平,并将其命名为Echinochloa praticola(Ohwi)Guo S L,Lu Y L,Yin L P&Zou M Y。展开更多
文摘利用海河流域及其子流域漳河流域的实测站点资料,采用皮尔逊相关系数、均方根误差、平均绝对误差以及相对偏差作为评价指标,对CRU(climate research unit)数据降水产品的月尺度降水数据在海河与漳河流域的适用性进行评估分析,结果表明:CRU数据在海河子流域漳河流域的适用性好于整个海河流域,各项评价结果均达到预期期望;突变性与周期性规律检验结果与以往基于实测数据分析结果相符;从相关系数角度来看,应用于2个流域的CRU数据在1990年之前整体表现良好,但在1990年后海河流域的相关系数显著下降。综上CRU数据可应用于海河流域与漳河流域的气候变化背景下水文过程模拟与分析,但应用于海河流域实测站点数据的还原时,应充分考虑其年际表现不一的问题。
文摘全球变暖的背景下,百年尺度上的区域气温变化规律,近年来已成为气候变化研究的热点。本文基于1901-2016年英国东英吉利(East Anglia)大学气候研究中心(Climatic Research Unit,CRU)提供的高分辨率、逐月气温数据集,采用一元线性回归法、滑动平均法和Mann-Kendall突变检验法分析了116年来山西气温的时空分布特征。结果表明:百年来山西年平均气温和各季节气温均呈波动上升趋势,年均和各季节气温倾向率分别为0.13℃·(10a)-1(年平均)、0.16℃·(10a)-1(春季)、0.05℃·(10a)-1(夏季)、0.09℃·(10a)-1(秋季)、0.22℃·(10a)-1(冬季),其中冬季气温增幅最大,对年均温增长的贡献最大,贡献率为42.31%,夏季气温增幅最小,贡献率也最小(9.62%)。研究时段内,山西各季节气温均发生突变,春季季均温突变开始于1993年,夏季在1917年和1996年都发生了气温突变,秋季、冬季出现突变的年份分别为2001年、1984年。空间上,山西多年平均气温和季均温均以南高北低的纬度变化规律为主,同时受到地形的影响,分别形成不同气温中心,其中冬季受地形影响最小,尤其是最冷月。
基金supported by grants from the National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2012BAC01B05)
文摘Echinochloa crus-galli, one of the world's most serious weeds, influences seriously the yield and quality of cereal crop plant.It is well known that E.crus-galli grain is dormant, but its dormant type, as well as its dormancy release and germination in relation to galactomannan-hydrolysing enzyme activity were poorly understood.The cooperation of endo-β-mannanase(EC 3.2.1.78), β-mannosidase(EC 3.2.1.25) and α-galactosidase(EC 3.2.1.22) can hydrolyze the cell walls rich in mannan-based polymers.In the present paper, the mature grains are used as experimental materials, we investigated the water uptake of grains, the effect of removing partial endosperm, after-ripening, stratification and phytohormone on grain germination, and the change in endo-β-mannanase, β-mannosidase and α-galactosidase activities of grains during after-ripening and germination.The results showed that the freshly-collected grains were water-permeable and had only phase I and II of water uptake, while the grains after-ripened for 150 d had an obvious phase III of water uptake.In alternating photoperiod, the germination of grains freshly-collected was zero at 10–35°C, and that of half grains was 11% at 20°C only.The grain germination was notably promoted by after-ripening and stratification, but not by gibberellic acid and 6-benzyladenine at 0.0001–1 mmol L–1.β-Mannosidase activity increased during 0 to 300 d of after-ripening and then decreased.The activity of endo-β-mannanase and α-galactosidase of grains decreased with after-ripening.During grain germination, endo-β-mannanase and β-mannosidase activities obviously increased, while α-galactosidase activity decreased.Our data showed that E.crus-galli grain was a deep physiological dormant, the dormancy release by after-ripening was related to an increasing β-mannosidase activity, and its germination was closely associated with an increasing endo-β-mannanase and β-mannosidase activity; which have provided new knowledge to decrease the harm of E.crus-galli on production of cereal crop plant.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31701803 and 31772182)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (Grant No. 2017JJ3164) in China and the Australian Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC)
文摘Echinochloa crus-galli is a major weed in rice fields in China,and quinclorac has been long used for its control.Over-reliance of quinclorac has resulted in quinclorac resistance in E.crus-galli.Two resistant(R)E.crus-galli populations from Hunan,China were confirmed to be at least 78-fold more resistant to quinclorac than the susceptible(S)population.No difference in foliar uptake of 14C-labelled quinclorac was detected between the R and S plants.However,a higher level of 14C translocation and a lower level of quinclorac metabolism were found in the R plants.Basal and induced expression levels ofβ-cyanoalanine synthase(β-CAS)gene andβ-CAS activity were not significantly different between the R and S plants.However,the induction expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase(ACO1)gene by quinclorac treatment was evident in the S plants but not in the R plants.Quinclorac resistance in the two resistant E.crus-galli populations was not likely to be related to foliar uptake,translocation or metabolism of quinclorac,nor to cyanide detoxification viaβ-CAS.Thus,target-site based quinclorac signal reception and transduction and regulation of the ethylene synthesis pathway should be the focus for further research.
文摘Agriculture needs to produce more food to feed the growing population in the 21st century.It makes the reference crop water requirement(WREQ)a major challenge especially in regions with limited water and high water demand.Iran,with large climatic variability,is experiencing a serious water crisis due to limited water resources and inefficient agriculture.In order to overcome the issue of uneven distribution of weather stations,gridded Climatic Research Unit(CRU)data was applied to analyze the changes in potential evapotranspiration(PET),effective precipitation(EFFPRE)and WREQ.Validation of data using in situ observation showed an acceptable performance of CRU in Iran.Changes in PET,EFFPRE and WREQ were analyzed in two 30-a periods 1957-1986 and 1987-2016.Comparing two periods showed an increase in PET and WREQ in regions extended from the southwest to northeast and a decrease in the southeast,more significant in summer and spring.However,EFFPRE decreased in the southeast,northeast,and northwest,especially in winter and spring.Analysis of annual trends revealed an upward trend in PET(14.32 mm/decade)and WREQ(25.50 mm/decade),but a downward trend in EFFPRE(-11.8 mm/decade)over the second period.Changes in PET,EFFPRE and WREQ in winter have the impact on the annual trend.Among climate variables,WREQ showed a significant correlation(r=0.59)with minimum temperature.The increase in WREQ and decrease in EFFPRE would exacerbate the agricultural water crisis in Iran.With all changes in PET and WREQ,immediate actions are needed to address the challenges in agriculture and adapt to the changing climate.
基金supported by the "Strategic Priority Research Program" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA05100300)the National Basic Research Program of China(2013CB955801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41175030)
文摘Total Cloud Cover (TCC) over China deter- mined from four climate datasets including the Interna- tional Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), the 40-year Re-Analysis Project of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA-40), Climate Research Unit Time Series 3.0 (CRU3), and ground sta- tion datasets are used to show spatial and temporal varia- tion of TCC and their differences. It is demonstrated that the four datasets show similar spatial pattern and seasonal variation. The maximum value is derived from ISCCE TCC value in North China derived from ERA-40 is 50% larger than that from the station dataset; however, the value is 50% less than that in South China. The annual TCC of ISCCP, ERA-40, and ground station datasets shows a decreasing trend during 1984-2002; however, an increasing trend is derived from CRU3. The results of this study imply remarkable differences of TCC derived from surface and satellite observations as well as model simu- lations. The potential effects of these differences on cloud climatology and associated climatic issues should be carefully considered.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30671381,30671381)Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(06300411)for the financial supports
文摘Exserohilum monoceras (Drechsler) Leonard and Suggs is a potential biocontrol agent for the control of Echinochloa species. This fungus causes leaf blight in Echinochloa species, but does not damage rice. Phytotoxicity of the fungal fermented broth was evaluated through the bioassay and the active ingredients were preliminarily isolated by using silica gel column chromatography (CC) in this study. The most active fraction 5-Ⅲ was obtained and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results show that 5-Ⅲ consisted of many compounds, in which 36 compounds accounted for 94.24% of total peak area. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) displayed the highest activity accounted for 9.24% of the total peak area, suggesting that DBP may be one of the main active compounds produced by E. monoceras.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Pro-gram through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology,No.2012R1A1A4A01001873
文摘The fornix, a part of the Papez circuit, transfers information of episodic memory between the medial temporal lobe and the medial diencephalon (Aggleton and Brown, 1999). The right medial temporal lobe is known to be specialized for visual memory and the left medial temporal lobe for verbal memory (Tucker et al., 1988; Aegleton and Brown, 1999).
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">In order to evaluate the possibilities of valorization as the feed of the plant biomass produced during wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands, a study of the</span> <i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">digestibility and gas production of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Echinochloa</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">was carried out in the Laboratory of Animal Production and Nutrition of the University of Dschang. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>vitro</i> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">digestibility of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Echinochloa</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">was evaluated at different harvesting periods. The digestibility parameters of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">samples were determined by the <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">method at different phenological stages. The gas production (GP) during 24 h of incubation was assessed using the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>vitro</i> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">incubation technique with bovine rumen fluid. <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">dry matter digestibility (IVDM) values ranged from 52.09% to 64.76% with a decrease observed with the phenological stages of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> (<span style="font-family:Verdana;">from 64.76% at the leafy stage to 52.09% at the flowering stage). The microbial biomass (MB) values varied significantly between 67.99 and 88.45 mg, with no significant difference observed between the leafy (88.45 mg), bolting (82.93 mg), and early heading (80.26 mg) stages (P > 0.05). On the other hand, changes in the gas produced during 24 h from the studied samples of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">(34.9 and 48 ml/500mg) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) values (1.08 and 0.80 mmol/ml) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the change in the phenological stage. The values of the partitioning factors (CF) of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">in rumen fluid significantly decreased with advanced plant maturity (P < 0.05). The numerical values ranged from 0.52 to 1.19 ml/mg. A decrease in NDF-N was observed with the phenological stages of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i>. <span style="font-family:Verdana;">By combining the requirements of an optimal quantitative and qualitative production of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, harvesting at the bolting or early heading stage is an option of choice for exploitation as forage, under the conditions of this study. Based on the <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">digestibility parameters studied, <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">crus-pavonis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">is suitable as a ruminant feed.</span>
文摘采集了浙江、福建、江苏、湖南、湖北、四川、重庆、黑龙江、河南9个省的稗(Echinochloa crus-galli(L.)P.Beauv.)及其变种的33份种子,分别播种在相同的环境下,获得33个种群,测定了种群的16个形态性状,筛选出重复性好的9条ISSR引物,从33个种群中扩增出了109个位点。基于这些形态性状和ISSR位点信息,对33个种群先进行主成分分析,在此基础上再进行模糊均值聚类分析,探讨了它们的形态和遗传变化特点,及其与形态—遗传—地理背景三者之间的关系。主要结论如下:(1)33个种群可以鉴别出形态性状相对一致的4组,能够识别出西来稗(E.crus-galli var.zelayensis(Kunth)Farw.)、无芒稗(E.crus-galli var.mitis(Pursh)Peterm.)、细叶旱稗(E.crus-galli var.praticola Ohwi);(2)基于109个位点信息对33个种群进行聚类分析得到了6组,部分组与形态聚类分组有一定的对应性;(3)33个稗草种群的遗传分化受地理背景因素的影响(r=0.684,n=33,P<0.001);形态变异也有较明显的遗传背景因素(r=0.425,n=33,P<0.02)。在相对一致的稻田生境中,可能存在着形态上的趋同适应,使遗传上分化的组间在形态上又往往有交叉过渡,致使稗原变种(E.crus-galli var.crus-galli)、西来稗、无芒稗、短芒稗(E.crus-galli var.breviseta(D9ll)Podp.)在形态上难以区别;(4)基于遗传和形态数据分析,发现细叶旱稗无论在形态上,还是遗传上,均形成了明显的一组,推测与该种长期适应于干旱生境有关,建议将细叶旱稗提升为种的水平,并将其命名为Echinochloa praticola(Ohwi)Guo S L,Lu Y L,Yin L P&Zou M Y。