Antioxidant Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Amomum villosum Lour.

[Objectives]To study the antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Amomum villosum Lour.[Methods]The removal rate of chelated iron ions,hydroxyl radicals,superoxide anion free radicals and DPPH free radicals by the ethyl acetate extract of A.villosum Lour.was determined by UV spectrophotometer.[Results]0.5000μg/mL ethyl acetate extract of A.villosum Lour.had the strongest ability to chelate with ferrous ions and to remove hydroxyl radicals,superoxide anion free radicals and DPPH free radicals.The ability to chelate with ferrous ions was 95.14%,and the removal rate of the above free radicals was 86.217%,81.44%,and 85.16%.[Conclusions]The ethyl acetate extract of A.villosum Lour.had a strong antioxidant effect,and its antioxidant capacity was related to the sample concentration,which provides a theoretical basis for its application in the development of antioxidant skin care products.

Research Progress of Paederia scandens(Lour.)Merr in Modern Pharmacy

Paederia scandens(Lour.)Merr.is a traditional Chinese medicine,which mainly has the functions of analgesia,detoxification,anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant.Modern studies show that the main chemical constituents of this plant are iridoids and volatile oil,which have biological activities such as analgesia,anti-inflammatory,hepatoprotection,renoprotection and antibacterial.This review highlights the chemical constituents and biological activities of P.scandens based on studies published in last decades and provides the references for the further development and utilization of this medicinal plant.

Study on the molecular mechanism of Osmanthus fragrans Lour.on boosting immunity based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Objective:To explore the molecular mechanism of Osmanthus Fragrans Lour.(OFL)in enhancing immunity.Methods:The compounds and action targets of OFL were collected from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systematic Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform.Protein targets of compounds were obtained from the UniProt database and relevant targets of boosting immunity were retrieved from the Genecards database.The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis and Gene Ontology function enrichment analysis were performed through the DAVID analysis website,Visualization and Integrated Discovery.Finally,the results of the network analysis were validated by performing molecular docking using AutoDock vina.Results:A total of 7 active compounds and 167 potential active targets were identified in OFL.A total of 1549 genes with a correlation score of≥1 were retrieved from the Genecards website with the keyword“boost immunity”,and 107 genes were obtained by crossing the 167 genes of OFL with the 1549 genes of boosting immunity.A total of 4802 entries were obtained from Gene Ontology functional enrichment(P<0.05).A total of 234 signaling pathways were obtained through a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis(P<0.05).Tumor necrosis factor(TNF)and interleukin 17(IL-17)signaling pathways were closely related to body immunity.The molecular docking results showed that all the core compounds in OFL the characteristics including low energy,a stable structure and high binding activity when bound to IL-17 and TNF-αprotein.Kaempferol showed the highest affinity with IL-17,and fucosterol showed the highest affinity with TNF-α.Conclusions:Through studies on network pharmacology and molecular docking,we have further demonstrated that OFL could enhance the immunity of the body through multi-component,multi-target and multi-pathway actions,and that IL-17/TNF-αsignalling pathway is the key molecular mechanism.

Species-specific regulatory pathways of small RNAs play sophisticated roles in flower development in Dimocarpus longan Lour.

Flower development plays vital role in horticultural plants.Post-transcriptional regulation via small RNAs is important for plant flower development.To uncover post-transcriptional regulatory networks during the flower development in Dimocarpus longan Lour.‘Shixia’,an economically important fruit crop in subtropical regions,we collected and analyzed sRNA deep-sequencing datasets and degradome libraries Apart from identifying miRNAs and phased siRNA generating loci(PHAS loci),120 hairpin loci,producing abundant sRNAs,were identified by in-house protocols.Our results suggested that 56 miRNA-target pairs,2221-nt-PHAS loci,and 111 hairpin loci are involved in posttranscriptional gene silencing during longan reproductive development.Lineage-specific or species-specific post-transcriptional regulatory modules have been unveiled,including miR482-PHAS and miRN15.miR482-PHAS might be involved in longan flower development beyond their conserved roles in plant defense,and miRN15 is a novel miRNA likely associated with a hairpin locus(HPL-056)to regulate strigolactone receptor gene DWARF14(D14)and the biogenesis of phasiRNAs from D14.These small RNAs are enriched in flower buds,suggesting they are likely involved in post-transcriptional regulatory networks essential for longan flower development via the strigolactone signaling pathway.

Characteristics of Uptake and Accumulation of Pb and Cd in Osmanthus fragrans(Thunb.) Lour.under Single and Combined Stresses of Pb and Cd

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of Pb and Cd uptake and accumulation in Osmanthus fragrans（Thunb.） Lour.under single and combined stress of Pb and Cd.[Method] Pot experiment was adopted with O.fragrans seedlings as experimental materials to investigate the effect of single and combined stresses of Pb and Cd on the growth of O.fragrans seedlings under 0,50,100,500,1 000 and 2 000 mg/kg of Pb and 0,1,10,50,100 and 200 mg/kg of Cd.[Result] Under the experimental conditions,the growth of O.fragrans seedlings was significantly inhibited under moderate Pb stress（500 mg/kg） and high Cd stress（100 mg/kg）;the decreasing order of Pb uptake rate of different O.fragrans tissues was root stem leaf;the decreasing order of Cd content of different O.fragrans tissues was root stem leaf,while the decreasing order of Cd uptake rate of different O.fragrans tissues was stem root leaf.[Conclusion] Under combined stress,low concentrations of Pb and Cd can mutually promote the uptake and accumulation,while high concentrations of Pb and Cd can mutually inhibit the uptake and accumulation.

低温胁迫下龙眼(Dimocarpus longana Lour.)幼叶细胞内Ca^(2+)水平及细胞超微结构

用焦锑酸钾沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法研究低温胁迫下龙眼(DimocarpuslonganaLour.)幼叶细胞内Ca2+水平的变化。未经低温处理的幼叶,细胞壁、细胞间隙、质膜和液泡存在大量的Ca2+沉淀颗粒,叶绿体、细胞质和细胞核中也有一些Ca2+沉淀颗粒分布,表明液泡和细胞间隙是植物细胞的钙库。龙眼幼叶经4℃44h处理后,质膜上Ca2+沉淀颗粒明显增多,细胞质和细胞核中的Ca2+水平增加。不抗寒品种在低温胁迫下核膜开口,有时可观察到核内容物外漏。抗寒品种叶绿体中类囊体不形成基粒,少数片层结合重叠后伸展在整个叶绿体中。而不抗寒品种类囊体则堆积成明显的颗粒状基粒,片层数量较多,且叶绿体多数成蝶型排列。

磺胺对苦草(Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara)生理生长及细胞超微结构的影响

以沉水植物苦草为试验材料,通过实验室水培试验,经过不同浓度磺胺(0.01,0.02,0.05,0.08,0.1mg·L^(-1))处理,研究不同浓度磺胺污染对苦草(Vallisneria natans)叶片生理生长及丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SS)、叶绿素含量、叶绿素a和b含量比值(c_a/c_b)等的影响.结果显示:(1)随着外源磺胺浓度增加,苦草相对生长率降低,叶片叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量呈降低趋势,叶绿素a含量下降速度大于叶绿素b;c_a/c_b先增大后减小.(2)磺胺胁迫下叶片的丙二醛含量与对照组相比变化显著,MDA和SS含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,总体呈上升趋势.(3)透射电镜观察发现,磺胺胁迫使苦草叶细胞中叶绿体被膜破裂至消失,类囊体膨胀、破损;叶细胞中类囊体呈现出分布不均、出现空腔等.当磺胺浓度为0.01m·L^(-1)时,苦草叶片外观形态结构未表现出受害症状,而叶绿体亚显微结构显示,类囊体开始出现轻微的分布不均现象;当营养液中磺胺浓度为0.02mg·L^(-1)时,叶片出现褐色斑点,叶片边缘呈现枯黄至坏死症状,叶绿体超微结构显示类囊体膨胀、变形至空洞现象,线粒体和叶绿体的距离减小至消失.研究结果表明,磺胺胁迫导致苦草叶生理代谢失衡,叶绿素含量下降,叶片亚细胞结构出现不可逆损伤,期望该结果为研究磺胺污染的作用机制及苦草在抗生素污染修复中的应用提供一定的参考.

阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)农家种热科2性状初报

【目的】阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)是砂仁中的佳品,具有悠久的药用历史。通过系统分析阳春砂农家种热科2特征性状,为阳春砂品种识别和生产种植提供依据。【方法】对阳春砂农家种热科2植株、花、果实等性状进行跟踪调查研究与对比分析。【结果】热科2阳春砂植株高大粗壮,株高2.84 m,茎粗13.12 mm;叶片大而厚,叶长43.52 cm、宽6.46 cm,外侧叶缘波状不明显、叶面具平行于主脉的突起线,叶舌长椭圆形、棕色、长0.95 mm;花序“曲线型”,花梗长9.70 mm,小花数9.3朵,唇瓣长2.24 mm、宽2.39 mm,中脉黄色而染紫红色、顶端黄色外延、基部紫红色“八”字型痂状斑;果实扁圆形、褐色,内含种子23.2粒,千粒质量14.14 g,种子团挥发油体积分数3.6%;花期和果实成熟期晚。【结论】明确了热科2阳春砂的形态特征性状,可作为砂仁DUS测试指南的标准品种,为该品种的精准识别以及阳春砂优异资源保护与选育种奠定基础。

半边莲(Lobelia Chinensis Lour.)离体茎段再生植株的研究

半边莲去叶带节茎段接种于MS基本培养基中,附加2,4—D、NAA、6—BA等不同浓度激素,获得了愈伤组织和完整植株。并建立了一个半边莲快速繁殖程序:(1)MS+6—BA4mg/L用于诱导丛芽的形成;(2)MS+NAA2mg/L用于诱导根的形成。完整植株移栽成活率可达95％。

Phytochemical constituents and biological activities of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) fruit: a review

Longan(Dimocarpus longan Lour.),as an edible fruit and traditional Chinese medicine,has been consumed for thousands of years.Longan pulp has abundant nutritional phytochemicals such as protein,carbohydrate,vitamin C,polysaccharides,polyphenols,which shows multiple biological activities including antioxidant,immunomodulatory and antitumor effects.Longan pericarp also demonstrates biological activities because of its rich content of polysaccharides and polyphenols.This review summarizes the bioactive compounds and bioactivities of longan pulp and aims to provide comprehensive information for future development of longan as a functional health food.

阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)农家栽培种‘热科1’特征性状初报

阳春砂(Amomum villosum Lour.)是我国四大南药之一,具有极高的药用价值。我国阳春砂栽培种源混杂、退化严重等问题制约着其品质与药效的提升,亟待加强优质资源的筛选与改良。本研究通过调查阳春砂农家栽培种‘热科1’植物学性状,发现:阳春砂主茎高度208㎝,叶缘波状程度强且整齐,叶舌椭圆形、棕色,叶鞘绿黄色、边缘轻度棕色带;新抽芽被鲜艳棕红色膜质鳞片;花序"L"型、花梗长8.46㎝,小花数11.9朵;唇瓣中脉黄染深紫红,花粉囊覆盖处中部黄色、边缘染微红色;果实椭圆形、基部微三棱形,种子团挥发油含量3.7%,乙酸龙脑酯含量1.68%;种子褐色、不规则形状,千粒重11.42 g。本研究对阳春砂农家栽培种‘热科1’植株、花、果实与种子特性进行了详细的描述,具有鲜明的特征,作为砂仁DUS测试指南的标准品种,为识别‘热科1’品种提供科学依据,为砂仁品种保护奠定基础。

Molar Mass Distribution and Chain Conformation of Polysaccharides from Fortunella margarita(Lour.) Swingle

In order to study the effects of different extraction methods on the molar mass distribution and chain conformation of Fortunella margarita （Lour.） Swingle polysaccharides （FP）, we used extraction by hot water （WFP）, ultrasonic-assisted treatment （UFP）, microwave-assisted treatment （MFP） and ultrasonic/microwave-assisted treatment （UMFP）, and then Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectroscopy as well as 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） spectroscopy to characterize the structural properties of FP extracted. The molar weight （Mw）, polydispersity index （Mw/Mn）, root-mean-square （RMS） turning radius （Rg）, molar mass distribution and chain conformation of FP were studied systematically using size-exclusion chromatography （SEC）, multi-angle laser light-scattering （MALLS） and refractive index （RI）. WFP, UFP, MFP and UMFP are all typical carbohydrates according to 1H NMR, laC NMR and FT-IR measurements. The type of glycosidic linkage is mainly a fl-glycosidic bond with a small amount of a-glycosidic bond. The results obtained by the SEC-MALLS-RI system showed the molar masses of WFP and UMFP were distributed mainly in the range of 5.0x10^6-1.0x10^7 g-mo1-1 and they accounted for 57.80% and 56.84% of total FP, respectively. The molar masses of UFP and MFP were distributed mainly in the 1.0x10^6-5.0x10^6 g.mol-1 range, which accounted for 38.24% and 52.39% of FP, respectively. WFP and UMFP in water were uniform spherical polymers; UFP and MFP were typical highly branched polymers and the degree of branching for MFP was higher compared to UFP. These results indicated the ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted extraction methods caused a significant decrease of the molar mass of FP but the ultrasonic/microwave synergistic extraction method had no effect.

Structural Features and Biological Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Fortunella margarita(Lour.) Swingle：A Review

Fortunella margarita（Lour.） Swingle, commonly known as kumquat, is the smallest citrus fruit. It thrives in southeastern China and is widely cultivated and consumed in the world due to its multiple health benefits. It has been used as an important herbal medicine in traditional Chinese medicine and also as one of the most popular fruits. There are various kinds of bioactive compounds in F. margarita, such as polysaccharides, limonoids, essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, vitamins, dietary fiber, etc. In addition, many studies have reported that these bioactive compounds can be used as antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, drosophila lure components in functional foods, pharmaceuticals and daily chemical products due to their biological activities. This review focuses on the structural features and biological activities of polysaccharides, limonoids, essential oils and flavonoids and other bioactive substances from F. margarita and their potential applications in food, daily chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

The anti-tubercular activity of Melia azedarach L. and Lobelia chinensis Lour. and their potential as effective anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis candidate agents

Objective: To evaluate the anti-mycobacterial activity of Melia azedarach L.(M. azedarach) and Lobelia chinensis Lour.(L. chinensis) extracts against the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M. tuberculosis).Methods: The anti-M. tuberculosis activity of M. azedarach and L. chinensis extracts were evaluated using different indicator methods such as resazurin microtiter assay(REMA) and mycobacteria growth indicator tube(MGIT) 960 system assay. The M. tuberculosis was incubated with various concentrations(50–800 mg/m L) of the extracts for 5 days in the REMA, and for 4 weeks in MGIT 960 system assay.Results: M. azedarach and L. chinensis extracts showed their anti-M. tuberculosis activity by strongly inhibiting the growth of M. tuberculosis in a concentration-dependent manner in the REMA and the MGIT 960 system assay. Particularly, the methanol extract of M. azedarach and n-hexane extract of L. chinensis consistently exhibited their effects by effectively inhibiting the growth of M. tuberculosis in MGIT 960 system for 4 weeks with a single-treatment, indicating higher anti-M. tuberculosis activity than other extracts,and their minimum inhibitory concentrations were measured as 400 mg/m L and 800 mg/m L, respectively.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that M. azedarach and L. chinensis extracts not only have unique anti-M. tuberculosis activity, but also induce the selective antiM. tuberculosis effects by consistently inhibiting or blocking the growth of M. tuberculosis through a new pharmacological action. Therefore, this study suggests the potential of them as effective candidate agents of next-generation for developing a new anti-tuberculosis drug, as well as the advantage for utilizing traditional medicinal plants as one of effective strategies against tuberculosis.

Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol fraction from Disporum cantoniense （Lour.） Merr. in LPS-stimulated RAW264. 7 cells

Aim To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol fraction prepared from Disporum cantoniense （Lour.） Merr. 70% ethanol extract with a cellular model of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell. Methods RAW264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of ethanol fraction （25,50 and 100 g · L^-1 ） and stimu- the conditioned media was collected and analyzed. The quantity of ni- lated with LPS （10 μg· L^-1） for 24 hours, tric oxide （NO） was assayed by Griess reagent. The production of inflammatory mediators was determined by en- zyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, such as prostaglandin E2 （PGE2）, tumor necrosis factor ot （TNF-ot） interleukin- 1 β （IL-1 β） and interleukin 6 （IL-6） in cell supernatant. The concentrations of inflammatory medi- 9 ators were calculated according to the standard curves generated by each of the recombinant cytokines provided with LPS can induce RAW264.7 cells to promote the pro- the ELISA kits. Results Compared with the control group, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Compared with the duction of inflammatory mediators （P 〈 0.01 ） , including NO, PGE2, model group, ethanol fraction significantly suppressed LPS induced release of inflammatory mediators such as nitric NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in a good dose dependent manner （P 〈 0.05, P 〈 0.01 ）. Conclusions Eth- anol fraction could significantly inhibit the production of LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells, and its anti-inflammatory effect may be related to reduce the production of inflammatory mediators NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1 β and IL-6. These results demonstrate that the ethanol fraction is the bioactive component of Disporum can- toniense （Lour.） Merr. , and the ethanol fraction will be further developed as a herbal remedy for preventive and/ or curative purposes in various inflammatory diseases.

Preliminary Experimental Study on Anti-inflammatory Effect of Extract from Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour.as a National Medicine

[Objectives]To study the anti-inflammatory effects of water extract and ethanol extract from Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour.[Methods]The acute and chronic inflammation models of mouse paw edema induced by cotton ball granuloma and carrageenan were established respectively,and the anti-inflammatory effects of water and ethanol extract from E.cochinchinensis Lour.on acute and chronic inflammation in mice were evaluated.The experimental mice were equally divided into three groups of high,medium and low dose of E.cochinchinensis Lour.(60,40 and 20 g/kg),dexamethasone(0.006 g/kg)group and blank group(distilled water).In the cotton ball granuloma test in mice,the mice were given intragastric administration continuously for 7 d after cotton ball implantation.In the experiment of inflammation induced by carrageenan,the mice in each group were given intragastric administration once a day for 7 d,and the inflammatory model was made after the last administration.[Results]The granuloma inhibition rates of mice in the high,medium and low dose groups of water extract and ethanol extract from E.cochinchinensis Lour were significantly lower than those in the blank group(P<0.05).The degree of paw edema in each dose group of water and ethanol extract from E.cochinchinensis Lour.was significantly lower than that in the blank group(P<0.05).[Conclusions]The water and ethanol extracts from E.cochinchinensis Lour.had significant anti-inflammatory effects.

Optimization of Extraction Process for Longan(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)Leaves Using Multi-indicator Comprehensive Evaluation Method

[Objectives]This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of longan(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)leaves by multi-indicator comprehensive evaluation method.[Methods]The contents of gallic acid ethyl ester,astragalin,quercetin,luteolin and kaempferol in longan leaves were determined simultaneously by HPLC.Using the multi-indicator comprehensive evaluation method,the methanol concentration,solid to liquid ratio and extraction time for extraction of longan leaves were optimized by orthogonal test.[Results]The optimal extraction process of longan leaves are as follows:methanol concentration of 100%,solid to liquid ratio of 1∶5,and extraction time of 50 min.[Conclusions]The optimized process is simple and feasible,and it can be used to determine the contents of different ingredients in longan leaves.

Determination of Cinnamic Acid in Stephania longa Lour. by HPLC

[Objectives] To establish a HPLC method for the quantitative determination of cinnamic acid in Stephania longa Lour. [Methods]The chromatographic column: Thermo BDS HYPERSIL C_(18)( 4. 6 mm × 250 mm,5 μm); mobile phase: acetonitrile-0. 1% phosphoric acid( 24∶ 76); flow rate: 1 mL/min; column temperature: 30℃; wavelength: 285 nm. [Results]The cinnamic acid was in a good linear relationship in the range of 0. 021 7-0. 076 μg,the sample recovery rate was 100. 46%,the RSD was 2. 20%,and the content was in the range of 0. 004%-0. 022%. [Conclusions] The method is simple,accurate and reproducible,and can be used for the quality control of S. longa Lour.

Elucidation of the hepatoprotective effect and mechanism of Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. based on network pharmacology and experimental validation

Objective:To systematically explore the effect and mechanism of melastomatis dodecandri herba(Melastoma dodecandrum Lour.)in the treatment of hepatitis based on network pharmacology.Method:We evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of M.dodecandrum in concanavalin A(Con A)-induced hepatitis in mice by assessing survival rate,histological analysis,serum transaminases,and related cytokines.Then the mechanism of action was predicted by a network pharmacology-based strategy.Based on the results,we measured the hepatic expression of related genes at mRNA level and proteins related to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)and nuclear factorkappa B(NF-кB)pathways.Results:Our study results clearly demonstrated that M.dodecandrum pretreatment significantly alleviated liver injury.This was demonstrated by an increase in survival rate,decreased severity of liver damage,and reduced serum transaminase levels compared with those in the Con A group.Moreover,M.dodecandrum significantly reduced the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-a,interleukin-6,and interferon-g and increased the liver levels of superoxide dismutase,which indicated that M.dodecandrum exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.On the basis of network pharmacology,50 nodes were selected as major hubs based on their topological importance.Pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the putative targets of M.dodecandrum mostly participate in various pathways associated with the anti-inflammation response,which implies the underlying mechanism by which M.dodecandrum acts on hepatitis.Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis showed that M.dodecandrum downregulates the mRNA expression of interleukin-6,Toll-like receptor 7,interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4,NF-кB and tumor necrosis factor-a in liver tissues.Western blotting showed that M.dodecandrum pretreatment protected against inflammation through activating the PI3K-Akt pathway by upregulating phosphorylated Akt(p-Akt)expression and suppressing NF-кB activation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IKK,IkBa,and p65.Conclusion:The present work demonstrated the hepatoprotective effects of M.dodecandrum by regulating the PI3K/Akt and NF-кB pathways in Con A-induced mice,which provide insights into the treatment of hepatitis using M.dodecandrum.

A New Record of Orchidaceae from Guangxi:Galeola nudifolia Lour.

This paper reported a new record of Orchidaceae from Guangxi,Galeola nudifolia Lour.This species was previously known from Hainan Province and Yunnan Province of China,India,Myanmar,Vietnam,Thailand,Malaysia,Indonesia and the Philippines.The new Orchidaceae record has broken the record of only one species of the genus Galeola Lour.in Guangxi,and it filled the gap in the northern part of the original distribution area,and proved that the species in general is in a continuous distribution state.The new Orchidaceae record in Guangxi is of great significance to the study of the distribution pattern and geographical origin of the species.