This study paves the way on reducing smoke emission and NO_x emissions of research diesel engine by detailing the e ect of water addition in biodiesel. Fuel samples were prepared with di erent concentrations of water ...This study paves the way on reducing smoke emission and NO_x emissions of research diesel engine by detailing the e ect of water addition in biodiesel. Fuel samples were prepared with di erent concentrations of water in orange peel oil biodiesel(94% waste orange peel oil biodiesel + 4% water + 2% Span 80(WOPOBDE1) and 90% waste orange peel oil biodiesel + 8% water + 2% Span 80(WOPOBDE2). Span 80 was employed as a nonionic surfactant, which emulsifies water in biodiesel. Experimental results revealed that the nitrogen oxides and smoke emission of orange peel oil biodiesel emulsion were reduced by 11%–19% and 3%–21%, respectively, compared to that of neat orange peel oil biodiesel(WOPOBD). In addition, the introduction of orange peel oil–water emulsions in the diesel engine considerably reduced the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The overall hydrocarbon emission of WOPOBDE2 was 12.2% lower than that of WOPOBD and 16.3% lower than that of diesel. The overall CO emission of WOPOBDE2 was 17% lower than that of base fuel(WOPOBD) and 21.8% lower than that of diesel. Experimental results revealed that modified fuel had higher brake thermal e ciency and lower brake specific fuel consumption than that of base fuel at all engine brake power levels.展开更多
生物质因其储量丰富、来源广泛、碳中和等优势被认为是最具有应用前景的生产替代燃料的原料。在容积50 m L的小型高温高压反应釜中,利用醇-水共溶剂直接液化互花米草制备生物油,考察反应温度、醇-水共溶剂中乙醇体积分数、液料比对液化...生物质因其储量丰富、来源广泛、碳中和等优势被认为是最具有应用前景的生产替代燃料的原料。在容积50 m L的小型高温高压反应釜中,利用醇-水共溶剂直接液化互花米草制备生物油,考察反应温度、醇-水共溶剂中乙醇体积分数、液料比对液化产物分布的影响,分析了原料的热重特性及生物油的主要成分。结果表明:随着升温速率的增加,互花米草的热失重曲线(thermogravimetric,TG)和微分热重曲线(differential thermogravimetric,DTG)基本保持不变,但却发生了不同程度的横向移动,出现明显的滞后现象,这是由温度和时间共同作用的结果;正交优化操作条件为温度340℃、乙醇体积分数50%、液料比10 m L/g,此时生物油产率高达44.2%,而残渣率仅为12%;与单一溶剂相比,醇-水共溶剂对互花米草的液化具有明显的协同作用,在提高产油率的同时能够显著改善生物油的品质;生物油的气相色谱-质谱分析表明生物油是一种组分复杂的含氧有机混合物,包括酸类、酚类、酯类、呋喃等,主要成分为酚类和酯类,相对含量分别为29.62%和11.27%;乙醇能够与酸发生酯化反应生成酯类,而酚类主要来自原料中木质素的降解;以乙醇体积分数为50%的醇-水共溶剂作为液化介质时,生物油的能量回收率为76.5%,明显高于以水或乙醇作为单一溶剂时液化所得生物油的能量回收率,因而醇-水共溶剂是生物质直接液化中非常有前景的液化介质。展开更多
The goal of the study was to model water quality impacts of growing perennial grasses on marginal soils. The GLEAMS-NAPRA and RUSLE models were used to simulate long-term surface runoff, percolation, erosion, total ph...The goal of the study was to model water quality impacts of growing perennial grasses on marginal soils. The GLEAMS-NAPRA and RUSLE models were used to simulate long-term surface runoff, percolation, erosion, total phosphorus (TP), and nitrate (NO3-N) losses associated with the production of corn-based bioenergy systems (i.e. conventional tillage corn and corn grain plus stover removal), switchgrass and Miscanthus on three marginal quality soils and one good quality soil in Indiana. Simulations showed that switchgrass and Miscanthus had no effect on annual runoff, but decreased percolation by at least 17%. Results also suggested a potential for reduction in erosion for Miscanthus across the soil types examined when compared to corn-based bioenergy production. The production of switchgrass and Miscanthus did not have significant effects on the simulated TP and NO3-N losses in runoff compared to corn production systems. Nitrates leached from fertilized Miscanthus production were approximately 90% lower than NO3-N leached from the production of fertilized switchgrass and corn systems. Additional studies are needed to better understand the hydrology, erosion and nutrient responses of Miscanthus and switchgrass production to meet bioenergy demands.展开更多
Cellulosic and agricultural bio-energy crops can be utilized as feedstock source for bio-fuels production and provide environmental benefits such as hydrology, water quality. This study compared potential feedstock yi...Cellulosic and agricultural bio-energy crops can be utilized as feedstock source for bio-fuels production and provide environmental benefits such as hydrology, water quality. This study compared potential feedstock yield and water quality benefit scenarios of six bio-energy crops: Miscanthus (Miscanthus-giganteus), Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Corn (Zea mays), and Soybean {Glycine max (L.) Merr.} at the watershed scale using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The SWAT model was calibrated (1998 to 2002) and validated (2003 to 2010) using monthly measured USGS stream flow data. Model was further verified using available monthly sediment yield, and county level NASS corn and soybean yield data within the watershed. The long-term average annual potential feedstock yield as an alternative energy source was determined the greatest when growing Miscanthus grass scenario (21.9 Mg/ha) followed by Switchgrass (15.2 Mg/ha), Johnsongrass (12.1 Mg/ha), Alfalfa (7 Mg/ha), Corn (5.9 Mg/ha), and Soybean (2.35 Mg/ha). Model results determined the least amount of average annual sediment yield (1.1 Mg/ha) from the Miscanthus grass scenario and the greatest amount (12 Mg/ha) from the corn crop scenario. About 11% less annual average surface water flow from the watershed could be anticipated when converting land areas from soybean to Miscanthus grass. The results of this study suggested that growing Miscanthus grass in the UPRW would have the greatest potential feedstock yield and water quality benefits. The results of this study may help in developing future watershed management programs.展开更多
Current trends in energy consumption and biofuel manufacturing are neither secure nor sustainable, because they are not provided by necessary cost effective technologies. Further reductions of cost and technological d...Current trends in energy consumption and biofuel manufacturing are neither secure nor sustainable, because they are not provided by necessary cost effective technologies. Further reductions of cost and technological development will be needed for biofuels to be able to compete effectively without subsidy. With the debate raging about raw material of biofuel, microalgae may offer a solution to this conundrum;creating enormous reserves of biofuels and boosting feed production. In this goal Center suggest projects, which incorporate water recourse management and restoration of lakes, freshwater conservation and cleanup through cost effective biodiesel manufacturing as well as pharmaceuticals destruction through the use of microalgae Chlorella and wastewaters aimed to replace the burning technology includes also supplying biofuel profitably and developed pilot bussiness plan based on the cost effective technology through applying new innovative approaches in various stages of microalgae production. The benefits of microalgae are so overwhelming that this, combined with the prospect of the improvement in nature protection, makes it imperative for the world to devise an international response and a plan of action. Incentives will be needed for the development of industry-led platforms such as the World Microalgae Technology Platform and its international financial fund. Microalgae must be the key tool for the new design and building sustainable development and environment management.展开更多
文摘This study paves the way on reducing smoke emission and NO_x emissions of research diesel engine by detailing the e ect of water addition in biodiesel. Fuel samples were prepared with di erent concentrations of water in orange peel oil biodiesel(94% waste orange peel oil biodiesel + 4% water + 2% Span 80(WOPOBDE1) and 90% waste orange peel oil biodiesel + 8% water + 2% Span 80(WOPOBDE2). Span 80 was employed as a nonionic surfactant, which emulsifies water in biodiesel. Experimental results revealed that the nitrogen oxides and smoke emission of orange peel oil biodiesel emulsion were reduced by 11%–19% and 3%–21%, respectively, compared to that of neat orange peel oil biodiesel(WOPOBD). In addition, the introduction of orange peel oil–water emulsions in the diesel engine considerably reduced the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The overall hydrocarbon emission of WOPOBDE2 was 12.2% lower than that of WOPOBD and 16.3% lower than that of diesel. The overall CO emission of WOPOBDE2 was 17% lower than that of base fuel(WOPOBD) and 21.8% lower than that of diesel. Experimental results revealed that modified fuel had higher brake thermal e ciency and lower brake specific fuel consumption than that of base fuel at all engine brake power levels.
文摘生物质因其储量丰富、来源广泛、碳中和等优势被认为是最具有应用前景的生产替代燃料的原料。在容积50 m L的小型高温高压反应釜中,利用醇-水共溶剂直接液化互花米草制备生物油,考察反应温度、醇-水共溶剂中乙醇体积分数、液料比对液化产物分布的影响,分析了原料的热重特性及生物油的主要成分。结果表明:随着升温速率的增加,互花米草的热失重曲线(thermogravimetric,TG)和微分热重曲线(differential thermogravimetric,DTG)基本保持不变,但却发生了不同程度的横向移动,出现明显的滞后现象,这是由温度和时间共同作用的结果;正交优化操作条件为温度340℃、乙醇体积分数50%、液料比10 m L/g,此时生物油产率高达44.2%,而残渣率仅为12%;与单一溶剂相比,醇-水共溶剂对互花米草的液化具有明显的协同作用,在提高产油率的同时能够显著改善生物油的品质;生物油的气相色谱-质谱分析表明生物油是一种组分复杂的含氧有机混合物,包括酸类、酚类、酯类、呋喃等,主要成分为酚类和酯类,相对含量分别为29.62%和11.27%;乙醇能够与酸发生酯化反应生成酯类,而酚类主要来自原料中木质素的降解;以乙醇体积分数为50%的醇-水共溶剂作为液化介质时,生物油的能量回收率为76.5%,明显高于以水或乙醇作为单一溶剂时液化所得生物油的能量回收率,因而醇-水共溶剂是生物质直接液化中非常有前景的液化介质。
文摘The goal of the study was to model water quality impacts of growing perennial grasses on marginal soils. The GLEAMS-NAPRA and RUSLE models were used to simulate long-term surface runoff, percolation, erosion, total phosphorus (TP), and nitrate (NO3-N) losses associated with the production of corn-based bioenergy systems (i.e. conventional tillage corn and corn grain plus stover removal), switchgrass and Miscanthus on three marginal quality soils and one good quality soil in Indiana. Simulations showed that switchgrass and Miscanthus had no effect on annual runoff, but decreased percolation by at least 17%. Results also suggested a potential for reduction in erosion for Miscanthus across the soil types examined when compared to corn-based bioenergy production. The production of switchgrass and Miscanthus did not have significant effects on the simulated TP and NO3-N losses in runoff compared to corn production systems. Nitrates leached from fertilized Miscanthus production were approximately 90% lower than NO3-N leached from the production of fertilized switchgrass and corn systems. Additional studies are needed to better understand the hydrology, erosion and nutrient responses of Miscanthus and switchgrass production to meet bioenergy demands.
文摘Cellulosic and agricultural bio-energy crops can be utilized as feedstock source for bio-fuels production and provide environmental benefits such as hydrology, water quality. This study compared potential feedstock yield and water quality benefit scenarios of six bio-energy crops: Miscanthus (Miscanthus-giganteus), Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Corn (Zea mays), and Soybean {Glycine max (L.) Merr.} at the watershed scale using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The SWAT model was calibrated (1998 to 2002) and validated (2003 to 2010) using monthly measured USGS stream flow data. Model was further verified using available monthly sediment yield, and county level NASS corn and soybean yield data within the watershed. The long-term average annual potential feedstock yield as an alternative energy source was determined the greatest when growing Miscanthus grass scenario (21.9 Mg/ha) followed by Switchgrass (15.2 Mg/ha), Johnsongrass (12.1 Mg/ha), Alfalfa (7 Mg/ha), Corn (5.9 Mg/ha), and Soybean (2.35 Mg/ha). Model results determined the least amount of average annual sediment yield (1.1 Mg/ha) from the Miscanthus grass scenario and the greatest amount (12 Mg/ha) from the corn crop scenario. About 11% less annual average surface water flow from the watershed could be anticipated when converting land areas from soybean to Miscanthus grass. The results of this study suggested that growing Miscanthus grass in the UPRW would have the greatest potential feedstock yield and water quality benefits. The results of this study may help in developing future watershed management programs.
文摘Current trends in energy consumption and biofuel manufacturing are neither secure nor sustainable, because they are not provided by necessary cost effective technologies. Further reductions of cost and technological development will be needed for biofuels to be able to compete effectively without subsidy. With the debate raging about raw material of biofuel, microalgae may offer a solution to this conundrum;creating enormous reserves of biofuels and boosting feed production. In this goal Center suggest projects, which incorporate water recourse management and restoration of lakes, freshwater conservation and cleanup through cost effective biodiesel manufacturing as well as pharmaceuticals destruction through the use of microalgae Chlorella and wastewaters aimed to replace the burning technology includes also supplying biofuel profitably and developed pilot bussiness plan based on the cost effective technology through applying new innovative approaches in various stages of microalgae production. The benefits of microalgae are so overwhelming that this, combined with the prospect of the improvement in nature protection, makes it imperative for the world to devise an international response and a plan of action. Incentives will be needed for the development of industry-led platforms such as the World Microalgae Technology Platform and its international financial fund. Microalgae must be the key tool for the new design and building sustainable development and environment management.
