Colorectal cancer(CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related mortality worldwide. Although young-onset CRC raises the possibility of a hereditary component, hereditary CRC syndromes only explain a minority of...Colorectal cancer(CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related mortality worldwide. Although young-onset CRC raises the possibility of a hereditary component, hereditary CRC syndromes only explain a minority of young-onset CRC cases. There is evidence to suggest that young-onset CRC have a different molecular profile than late-onset CRC. While the pathogenesis of young-onset CRC is well characterized in individuals with an inherited CRC syndrome, knowledge regarding the molecular features of sporadic young-onset CRC is limited. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of young-onset CRC can help us tailor specific screening and management strategies. While the incidence of late-onset CRC has been decreasing, mainly attributed to an increase in CRC screening, the incidence of young-onset CRC is increasing. Differences in the molecular biology of these tumors and low suspicion of CRC in young symptomatic individuals, may be possible explanations. Currently there is no evidence that supports that screening of average risk individuals less than 50 years of age will translate into early detection or increased survival. However, increasing understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of young-onset CRC could help us tailor specific screening and management strategies. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current knowledge about young-onset CRC, its clinicopathologic features, and the newly recognized molecular alterations involved in tumor progression.展开更多
Despite the general decrease in overall incidence of colorectal cancer since the early 1990s,the incidence of colorectal cancer in patients less than 50 years old has nearly doubled.A systematic review was performed u...Despite the general decrease in overall incidence of colorectal cancer since the early 1990s,the incidence of colorectal cancer in patients less than 50 years old has nearly doubled.A systematic review was performed using the PubMed database(2011-2020)and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(2011-2021)to identify studies(published in English)evaluating epidemiologic,clinical,hereditary,and molecular features;as well as evaluation,management,and prognosis of youngonset colorectal cancer patients.Our search yielded a total of 3401 articles,after applying our inclusion criteria.We fully reviewed 94 full-length studies.This systematic review demonstrates the increasing incidence of young-onset colorectal cancer and highlights the importance of being hypervigilant for the differential diagnosis colorectal cancer when evaluating a young adult who presents with gastrointestinal symptoms.展开更多
BACKGROUND The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer(EO-CRC)is rising in the United States,and is often diagnosed at advanced stages.Low serum ferritin is often incidentally discovered in young adults,however,the...BACKGROUND The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer(EO-CRC)is rising in the United States,and is often diagnosed at advanced stages.Low serum ferritin is often incidentally discovered in young adults,however,the indication for endoscopy in EO-CRC is unclear.AIM To compare serum ferritin between patients with EO-CRC and healthy controls(HCs),and examine the association of serum ferritin in EO-CRC with patient-and disease-specific characteristics.METHODS A retrospective study of patients<50 years with newly-diagnosed EO-CRC was conducted from 1/2013-12/2023.Patients were included if serum ferritin was measured within 2 years prior to 1 year following CRC histologic diagnosis.To supplement the analysis,a cohort of HCs meeting similar inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified for comparison.A sensitivity analysis including only patients with serum ferritin obtained at or before diagnosis was separately performed to minimize risk of confounding.RESULTS Among 85 patients identified with EO-CRC(48 females),the median serum ferritin level was 26 ng/mL(range<1-2759 ng/mL).Compared to HCs(n=80211),there were a higher proportion of individuals with EO-CRC with serum ferritin<20 ng/mL(female 65%,male 40%)versus HCs(female 32.1%,male 7.2%)age 29-39 years(P=0.002 and P<0.00001,respectively).Stage IV disease was associated with significantly higher serum ferritin compared to less advanced stages(P<0.001).Serum ferritin obtained before or at the time of diagnosis was lower than levels obtained after diagnosis.Similar findings were confirmed in the sensitivity analysis.CONCLUSION Severe iron deficiency may indicate an increased risk of EO-CRC,particularly at earlier stages.Further studies defining the optimal serum ferritin threshold and routine incorporation of serum ferritin in screening algorithms is essential to develop more effective screening strategies for EO-CRC.展开更多
目的报道1例中国人葡萄糖激酶(glucokinase,GCK)新发基因突变导致青少年起病的成人型糖尿病2型(maturity-onset diabetes of the young,type 2,MODY2)家系,分析其遗传学特征及临床特点。方法对1例MODY2家系行基因测序、临床资料采集及...目的报道1例中国人葡萄糖激酶(glucokinase,GCK)新发基因突变导致青少年起病的成人型糖尿病2型(maturity-onset diabetes of the young,type 2,MODY2)家系,分析其遗传学特征及临床特点。方法对1例MODY2家系行基因测序、临床资料采集及分析。结果调查此家系成员共18人,其中先证者及其弟、父亲、叔父、堂弟等父系成员11人罹患糖尿病;先证者及其弟、父亲、叔父均存在GCK基因杂合同义突变(exon1:c.45G>A:p.K15K),生物信息学功能预测提示该突变可能影响mRNA剪接而致GCK功能受损,国内研究人群尚未见此突变报道;先证者及其弟糖化血红蛋白分别为6.49%、6.72%,空腹血糖分别为6.80、7.01 mmol/L,糖尿病自身抗体谱均为阴性,6~18个月随访示血糖水平保持稳定。结论此MODY2家系中GCK基因杂合同义突变(exon1:c.45G>A:p.K15K)为中国人新发突变位点,其临床表现为轻度、持续稳定的空腹高血糖及糖化血红蛋白升高,不应低估GCK基因同义突变的致病性。展开更多
目的分析低龄幼儿早发性高度近视(eoHM)的临床特点,为临床诊疗提供指导。方法纳入首次采用睫状肌麻痹检影验光确诊为eoHM的患儿[任意一眼等效球镜(SE)≤-6.00 D],统计分析眼位、裂隙灯、彩色眼底照相、眼部生物测量等检查结果。结果共收...目的分析低龄幼儿早发性高度近视(eoHM)的临床特点,为临床诊疗提供指导。方法纳入首次采用睫状肌麻痹检影验光确诊为eoHM的患儿[任意一眼等效球镜(SE)≤-6.00 D],统计分析眼位、裂隙灯、彩色眼底照相、眼部生物测量等检查结果。结果共收集10例eoHM患儿的临床资料,其中男7例,女3例;首诊月龄35~60个月,平均(47.70±8.53)个月。10例(20眼)患儿中,SE≤-6.00 D 12眼。单眼近视4例,双眼对称性近视4例,双眼不对称性近视2例。屈光参差8例,其中6例为重度屈光参差。SE≤-6.00 D 12眼,首诊时裸眼视力及最佳矫正视力均为视力低下。7例(14眼)完成眼部生物学测量,其中高度近视9眼,平均SE(-8.19±2.99)D,平均眼轴(AL)(25.28±0.92)mm,平均角膜曲率(Km)(44.38±1.03)D,平均AL/角膜曲率半径(CR)(3.32±0.17)。SE与AL及AL/CR均呈明显负相关(P<0.05),与Km无明显相关性(P=0.132)。2例单眼高度近视合并视网膜有髓神经纤维;1例单眼高度近视合并白内障及玻璃体混浊;1例双眼合并视网膜色素变性;1例双眼合并牵牛花综合征、眼球震颤;3例合并斜视。结论eoHM多表现为轴性近视及屈光参差,对视力影响明显,易合并视网膜病变等先天异常,重视eoHM患儿早期筛查和诊治,有利于提高视功能和有效防治弱视。展开更多
Positive diagnosis of diabetes is currently easy, but typing diagnosis of diabetes still remains a challenge for every clinician. It is currently accepted that types of diabetes apart from T1D and T2D can expand and i...Positive diagnosis of diabetes is currently easy, but typing diagnosis of diabetes still remains a challenge for every clinician. It is currently accepted that types of diabetes apart from T1D and T2D can expand and include several forms of diabetes mellitus;From gestational diabetes, to all forms of secondary diabetes mellitus due to medications, intercurrent disease but also infections, and finally monogenic diabetes, whose diagnosis is not always easy to establish. The aim is to reveal the difficulties that clinicians may face in the process of etiological diagnosis regarding the suspicion of this type of monogenic diabetes, through the study of 2 cases, in which MODY type diabetes was suspected. Today we recognize 17 different genetic mutations that can all lead to MODY diabetes, the most common mutation of which is GCK coding for the glucokinase, the real sensor of pancreatic Beta-cell. The truly stable glycemic profile, with an A1C ranging between 7% and 7.5%, confirmed with a TIR always above 70% and a good MAGE, but also the rarity of degenerative complications and pharmacological therapeutic abstention which can last for years, these would be the most striking clinical characteristics of a GCK MODY.展开更多
报告1例青少年起病的成人型糖尿病(maturity-onset diabetes of the young,MODY)3型(MODY3)合并5型(MODY5)患者的临床特征、诊断及治疗,并复习相关文献。利用MODY(1~14型)基因外显子二代测序和Sanger测序验证MODY患者及其母亲,结合临床...报告1例青少年起病的成人型糖尿病(maturity-onset diabetes of the young,MODY)3型(MODY3)合并5型(MODY5)患者的临床特征、诊断及治疗,并复习相关文献。利用MODY(1~14型)基因外显子二代测序和Sanger测序验证MODY患者及其母亲,结合临床表型及基因检测结果,该患者诊断为MODY3合并MODY5,给予胰岛素及利格列汀治疗,观察血糖变化。临床医师应提高对MODY临床表型的认识,对于合并先天性胰腺和肾脏发育不全、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高,无自发酮症、胰岛素分泌缺陷,胰岛自身抗体阴性,无明显胰岛素抵抗,非肥胖的青少年糖尿病患者应行基因检测以筛查MODY,精准诊断并予以个体化治疗将有助于血糖水平达标及改善生活质量,并指导优化生育。展开更多
目的·筛查青少年的成人起病型糖尿病(maturity-onset diabetes of the young,MODY)家系中NEUROD1基因突变,分析突变与中国人MODY6发病的相关性及其潜在的致病机制。方法·采用PCR-直接测序法对96例GCK/MODY2、HNF1A/MODY3、HNF...目的·筛查青少年的成人起病型糖尿病(maturity-onset diabetes of the young,MODY)家系中NEUROD1基因突变,分析突变与中国人MODY6发病的相关性及其潜在的致病机制。方法·采用PCR-直接测序法对96例GCK/MODY2、HNF1A/MODY3、HNF1B/MODY5突变阴性的中国MODY先证者进行NEUROD1突变筛查,同时比较96例MODY先证者与100例非糖尿病对照者NEUROD1基因变异的基因型频率。采用从头建模法构建NEUROD1蛋白野生型和突变体的3D结构,采用双荧光素酶报告基因系统检测野生型和突变体蛋白对胰岛素基因转录活性的影响。结果·在一个MODY家系中发现NEUROD1基因杂合错义突变Glu59Gln (NM_002500.5,c.175G>C)。3D结构分析发现,该突变将野生型中带负电荷的Glu59转化为突变中不带电荷的Gln59,导致两个盐桥键Glu59-Arg54和Glu59-Lys88缺失,并形成一个新的氢键Gln59-Arg54。与野生型相比,Glu59Gln突变体的胰岛素基因转录活性下降36.3%(P<0.05)。与非糖尿病对照相比,96例MODY先证者中Ala45Thr (G-A)变异的AA+GA基因型频率显著升高(P=0.002)。结论·Glu59Gln突变改变了NEUROD1蛋白N端的分子构象,导致其胰岛素基因转录活性显著下降,是该家系突变携带者胰岛素分泌缺陷的原因。Ala45Thr变异与MODY6先证者糖尿病发病年龄的提前有关。展开更多
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related mortality worldwide. Although young-onset CRC raises the possibility of a hereditary component, hereditary CRC syndromes only explain a minority of young-onset CRC cases. There is evidence to suggest that young-onset CRC have a different molecular profile than late-onset CRC. While the pathogenesis of young-onset CRC is well characterized in individuals with an inherited CRC syndrome, knowledge regarding the molecular features of sporadic young-onset CRC is limited. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of young-onset CRC can help us tailor specific screening and management strategies. While the incidence of late-onset CRC has been decreasing, mainly attributed to an increase in CRC screening, the incidence of young-onset CRC is increasing. Differences in the molecular biology of these tumors and low suspicion of CRC in young symptomatic individuals, may be possible explanations. Currently there is no evidence that supports that screening of average risk individuals less than 50 years of age will translate into early detection or increased survival. However, increasing understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of young-onset CRC could help us tailor specific screening and management strategies. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current knowledge about young-onset CRC, its clinicopathologic features, and the newly recognized molecular alterations involved in tumor progression.
文摘Despite the general decrease in overall incidence of colorectal cancer since the early 1990s,the incidence of colorectal cancer in patients less than 50 years old has nearly doubled.A systematic review was performed using the PubMed database(2011-2020)and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(2011-2021)to identify studies(published in English)evaluating epidemiologic,clinical,hereditary,and molecular features;as well as evaluation,management,and prognosis of youngonset colorectal cancer patients.Our search yielded a total of 3401 articles,after applying our inclusion criteria.We fully reviewed 94 full-length studies.This systematic review demonstrates the increasing incidence of young-onset colorectal cancer and highlights the importance of being hypervigilant for the differential diagnosis colorectal cancer when evaluating a young adult who presents with gastrointestinal symptoms.
基金Supported by the Oregon Health&Sciences(OHSU)Institutional Review Board,No.STUDY00026428.
文摘BACKGROUND The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer(EO-CRC)is rising in the United States,and is often diagnosed at advanced stages.Low serum ferritin is often incidentally discovered in young adults,however,the indication for endoscopy in EO-CRC is unclear.AIM To compare serum ferritin between patients with EO-CRC and healthy controls(HCs),and examine the association of serum ferritin in EO-CRC with patient-and disease-specific characteristics.METHODS A retrospective study of patients<50 years with newly-diagnosed EO-CRC was conducted from 1/2013-12/2023.Patients were included if serum ferritin was measured within 2 years prior to 1 year following CRC histologic diagnosis.To supplement the analysis,a cohort of HCs meeting similar inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified for comparison.A sensitivity analysis including only patients with serum ferritin obtained at or before diagnosis was separately performed to minimize risk of confounding.RESULTS Among 85 patients identified with EO-CRC(48 females),the median serum ferritin level was 26 ng/mL(range<1-2759 ng/mL).Compared to HCs(n=80211),there were a higher proportion of individuals with EO-CRC with serum ferritin<20 ng/mL(female 65%,male 40%)versus HCs(female 32.1%,male 7.2%)age 29-39 years(P=0.002 and P<0.00001,respectively).Stage IV disease was associated with significantly higher serum ferritin compared to less advanced stages(P<0.001).Serum ferritin obtained before or at the time of diagnosis was lower than levels obtained after diagnosis.Similar findings were confirmed in the sensitivity analysis.CONCLUSION Severe iron deficiency may indicate an increased risk of EO-CRC,particularly at earlier stages.Further studies defining the optimal serum ferritin threshold and routine incorporation of serum ferritin in screening algorithms is essential to develop more effective screening strategies for EO-CRC.
文摘目的报道1例中国人葡萄糖激酶(glucokinase,GCK)新发基因突变导致青少年起病的成人型糖尿病2型(maturity-onset diabetes of the young,type 2,MODY2)家系,分析其遗传学特征及临床特点。方法对1例MODY2家系行基因测序、临床资料采集及分析。结果调查此家系成员共18人,其中先证者及其弟、父亲、叔父、堂弟等父系成员11人罹患糖尿病;先证者及其弟、父亲、叔父均存在GCK基因杂合同义突变(exon1:c.45G>A:p.K15K),生物信息学功能预测提示该突变可能影响mRNA剪接而致GCK功能受损,国内研究人群尚未见此突变报道;先证者及其弟糖化血红蛋白分别为6.49%、6.72%,空腹血糖分别为6.80、7.01 mmol/L,糖尿病自身抗体谱均为阴性,6~18个月随访示血糖水平保持稳定。结论此MODY2家系中GCK基因杂合同义突变(exon1:c.45G>A:p.K15K)为中国人新发突变位点,其临床表现为轻度、持续稳定的空腹高血糖及糖化血红蛋白升高,不应低估GCK基因同义突变的致病性。
文摘目的分析低龄幼儿早发性高度近视(eoHM)的临床特点,为临床诊疗提供指导。方法纳入首次采用睫状肌麻痹检影验光确诊为eoHM的患儿[任意一眼等效球镜(SE)≤-6.00 D],统计分析眼位、裂隙灯、彩色眼底照相、眼部生物测量等检查结果。结果共收集10例eoHM患儿的临床资料,其中男7例,女3例;首诊月龄35~60个月,平均(47.70±8.53)个月。10例(20眼)患儿中,SE≤-6.00 D 12眼。单眼近视4例,双眼对称性近视4例,双眼不对称性近视2例。屈光参差8例,其中6例为重度屈光参差。SE≤-6.00 D 12眼,首诊时裸眼视力及最佳矫正视力均为视力低下。7例(14眼)完成眼部生物学测量,其中高度近视9眼,平均SE(-8.19±2.99)D,平均眼轴(AL)(25.28±0.92)mm,平均角膜曲率(Km)(44.38±1.03)D,平均AL/角膜曲率半径(CR)(3.32±0.17)。SE与AL及AL/CR均呈明显负相关(P<0.05),与Km无明显相关性(P=0.132)。2例单眼高度近视合并视网膜有髓神经纤维;1例单眼高度近视合并白内障及玻璃体混浊;1例双眼合并视网膜色素变性;1例双眼合并牵牛花综合征、眼球震颤;3例合并斜视。结论eoHM多表现为轴性近视及屈光参差,对视力影响明显,易合并视网膜病变等先天异常,重视eoHM患儿早期筛查和诊治,有利于提高视功能和有效防治弱视。
文摘Positive diagnosis of diabetes is currently easy, but typing diagnosis of diabetes still remains a challenge for every clinician. It is currently accepted that types of diabetes apart from T1D and T2D can expand and include several forms of diabetes mellitus;From gestational diabetes, to all forms of secondary diabetes mellitus due to medications, intercurrent disease but also infections, and finally monogenic diabetes, whose diagnosis is not always easy to establish. The aim is to reveal the difficulties that clinicians may face in the process of etiological diagnosis regarding the suspicion of this type of monogenic diabetes, through the study of 2 cases, in which MODY type diabetes was suspected. Today we recognize 17 different genetic mutations that can all lead to MODY diabetes, the most common mutation of which is GCK coding for the glucokinase, the real sensor of pancreatic Beta-cell. The truly stable glycemic profile, with an A1C ranging between 7% and 7.5%, confirmed with a TIR always above 70% and a good MAGE, but also the rarity of degenerative complications and pharmacological therapeutic abstention which can last for years, these would be the most striking clinical characteristics of a GCK MODY.
文摘报告1例青少年起病的成人型糖尿病(maturity-onset diabetes of the young,MODY)3型(MODY3)合并5型(MODY5)患者的临床特征、诊断及治疗,并复习相关文献。利用MODY(1~14型)基因外显子二代测序和Sanger测序验证MODY患者及其母亲,结合临床表型及基因检测结果,该患者诊断为MODY3合并MODY5,给予胰岛素及利格列汀治疗,观察血糖变化。临床医师应提高对MODY临床表型的认识,对于合并先天性胰腺和肾脏发育不全、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高,无自发酮症、胰岛素分泌缺陷,胰岛自身抗体阴性,无明显胰岛素抵抗,非肥胖的青少年糖尿病患者应行基因检测以筛查MODY,精准诊断并予以个体化治疗将有助于血糖水平达标及改善生活质量,并指导优化生育。
文摘目的·筛查青少年的成人起病型糖尿病(maturity-onset diabetes of the young,MODY)家系中NEUROD1基因突变,分析突变与中国人MODY6发病的相关性及其潜在的致病机制。方法·采用PCR-直接测序法对96例GCK/MODY2、HNF1A/MODY3、HNF1B/MODY5突变阴性的中国MODY先证者进行NEUROD1突变筛查,同时比较96例MODY先证者与100例非糖尿病对照者NEUROD1基因变异的基因型频率。采用从头建模法构建NEUROD1蛋白野生型和突变体的3D结构,采用双荧光素酶报告基因系统检测野生型和突变体蛋白对胰岛素基因转录活性的影响。结果·在一个MODY家系中发现NEUROD1基因杂合错义突变Glu59Gln (NM_002500.5,c.175G>C)。3D结构分析发现,该突变将野生型中带负电荷的Glu59转化为突变中不带电荷的Gln59,导致两个盐桥键Glu59-Arg54和Glu59-Lys88缺失,并形成一个新的氢键Gln59-Arg54。与野生型相比,Glu59Gln突变体的胰岛素基因转录活性下降36.3%(P<0.05)。与非糖尿病对照相比,96例MODY先证者中Ala45Thr (G-A)变异的AA+GA基因型频率显著升高(P=0.002)。结论·Glu59Gln突变改变了NEUROD1蛋白N端的分子构象,导致其胰岛素基因转录活性显著下降,是该家系突变携带者胰岛素分泌缺陷的原因。Ala45Thr变异与MODY6先证者糖尿病发病年龄的提前有关。
