Comparison of the seven large meanders of the Kuroshio

In this paper, a comparison among the seven large meanders of the Kuroshio is made in order to probe into their similarity and differences. The major results are described as follows.1. Although the three phases for the seven large meanders such as their formations, maturity, as well as decline are very similar to one another, each meander has its own trivial difference in detail.2.The paths of the first six large meanders in the mature phase may be classified into ten types: U1, V1, U2, V2, U1', V1', U2', V2',φ and W.3.The seven large meanders may be grouped into two patterns, i. e. , pattern Ⅰ and pattern Ⅱ. Pattern Ⅰ includes the first and the fourth large meanders, and pattern Ⅱ includes the rest of the above meanders.4. Four standards for identifying the large meanders of the Kuroshio are put forward.

The Dependence of Water Exchanges between the Kuroshio Water and Its Surroundings on the Characteristics of the Kuroshio's Meanders

Observation of fluid parcel pathways in the Kuroshio Stream revealed a striking cross stream pattern associated with the Kuroshio’s meanders. In order to understand the observed pattern, a two dimensional kinematic model of a meandering jet was developed which could be used to examine the relationship between streamfunction patterns and fluid parcel trajectories. The experiments designed to investigate the dependence of the water exchanges between the Kuroshio water and its surroundings on the characteristics of the Kuroshio’s meanders involved the downstream speed, phase speed and the amplitude of other propagating waves. The results suggested that fluid parcels could cross the meandering jet to and fro; and that the water exchanges between the Kuroshio and its surroundings increased with a) increasing meander amplitude, b) decreasing downstream speed, and c) increasing wave phase speed. The results also showed that when the meandering jet was disturbed by other propagating waves, more effective water exchanges could be induced.

FORMATION MECHANISM OF MEANDERS WITH HYPERCONCENTRATION

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTIONMeanders are a common river channel pattern. It is generally accepted that comparatively low sediment concentration, especially when bed material load is considered, is one of the fundamental conditions for the formation of meanders. With an increased sediment concentration, the river channel pattern will be transformed from a meandering one to a braided one. However, in our opinion, this holds true only for rivers whose sediment concentration is within the normal range. In studying alluvial rivers in wide valleys on the

可转换债券中一类两期双边障碍巴黎期权的定价

本文研究可转换债券中嵌入的一类路径相关期权定价问题.尽管偏微分方程数值解方法可以获得这类期权的价格,然而数值算法的收敛速度很慢.为了获得快速而有效的定价方法,本文将可转换债券中的期权简化为两期双边障碍巴黎期权,并给出了这类两期双边障碍巴黎期权的风险中性价格关于到期时刻的Laplace变换.基于Euler数值逆算法求解了数值例子,数值结果表明该数值算法快速、稳定和有效.

Classification of River Reaches on the Little Disturbed East Alligator River, Northern Australia

The East Alligator River drains a 7000 km2 catchment in northern Australia comprised largely of Aboriginal land and has a very low average population density of about 0.15 persons per km2. River reaches were classified according to geomorphic features on both the East Alligator River and its major tributary, Magela Creek, next to which is located the Ranger uranium mine. Sixteen reaches were described for the 241.4 km of the East Alligator River and ten reaches were described for the 118.8 km of Magela Creek. The dominant river types on the East Alligator River were various types of anabranching rivers, sandstone gorges and cuspate tidal meanders. On Magela Creek the dominant river types were wetlands and channel billabongs, island anabranching and sandstone gorges. It is unusual for anabranching rivers and gorges to be so dominant. Current river classification schemes could not accommodate all the various river types and need to be modified so that tidal channels are covered in more detail and so that the classification of anabranching rivers recognises that sand-bed varieties occur in partly confined valley settings.

Meandering of Tributaries of the Tigris River Due to Mass Movements within Iraq

Tigris and Euphrates are the main rivers in Iraq. The former has 5 main tributaries while the latter has no tributaries within Iraq. All these rivers exhibit meandering and/or shifting of their courses due to many reasons;such as mass movements and alluvial fan's development. The meandering and shifting of river courses due to mass movements is dealt with in this study. Many examples are given from different parts of Iraq within different rivers and streams. In each case, the geology of the involved area is described;the reasons of the shifting and/or meandering of the river course are given. GIS technique was used to determine the coverage of the involved area. Landsat, Google Earth and DEM images were used to indicate the suffered areas from shifting and meandering of the rivers and streams. When possible, age of the shifting and/or meandering of the river and stream courses was estimated;using exposure age determination;mainly depending on the presence of river terraces, erosional forms, vegetation cover and the maturity of the involved area. Some of the given examples of shifting of river courses were found to be still active;others are inactive. In many cases, indications for very large mass movement phenomena were seen. Moreover, some of the large involved areas are highly populated, others includes few houses and/ or farms. The majority of the meanders are developed due to mass movement phenomena;others are caused by alluvial fans and/or tectonic features, lime plunging of anticlines.

Application of the Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation Method to the Predictability Study of the Kuroshio Large Meander

A reduced-gravity barotropic shallow-water model was used to simulate the Kuroshio path variations. The results show that the model was able to capture the essential features of these path variations. We used one simulation of the model as the reference state and investigated the effects of errors in model parameters on the prediction of the transition to the Kuroshio large meander （KLM） state using the conditional nonlinear optimal parameter perturbation （CNOP-P） method. Because of their relatively large uncertainties, three model parameters were considered： the interracial friction coefficient, the wind-stress amplitude, and the lateral friction coefficient. We determined the CNOP-Ps optimized for each of these three parameters independently, and we optimized all three parameters simultaneously using the Spectral Projected Gradient 2 （SPG2） algorithm. Similarly, the impacts caused by errors in initial conditions were examined using the conditional nonlinear optimal initial perturbation （CNOP-I） method. Both the CNOP-I and CNOP-Ps can result in significant prediction errors of the KLM over a lead time of 240 days. But the prediction error caused by CNOP-I is greater than that caused by CNOP-P. The results of this study indicate not only that initial condition errors have greater effects on the prediction of the KLM than errors in model parameters but also that the latter cannot be ignored. Hence, to enhance the forecast skill of the KLM in this model, the initial conditions should first be improved, the model parameters should use the best possible estimates.

Optimal Initial Error Growth in the Prediction of the Kuroshio Large Meander Based on a High-resolution Regional Ocean Model

Based on the high-resolution Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS) and the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation(CNOP) method, this study explored the effects of optimal initial errors on the prediction of the Kuroshio large meander(LM) path, and the growth mechanism of optimal initial errors was revealed. For each LM event, two types of initial error(denoted as CNOP1 and CNOP2) were obtained. Their large amplitudes were found located mainly in the upper 2500 m in the upstream region of the LM, i.e., southeast of Kyushu. Furthermore, we analyzed the patterns and nonlinear evolution of the two types of CNOP. We found CNOP1 tends to strengthen the LM path through southwestward extension. Conversely,CNOP2 has almost the opposite pattern to CNOP1, and it tends to weaken the LM path through northeastward contraction.The growth mechanism of optimal initial errors was clarified through eddy-energetics analysis. The results indicated that energy from the background field is transferred to the error field because of barotropic and baroclinic instabilities. Thus, it is inferred that both barotropic and baroclinic processes play important roles in the growth of CNOP-type optimal initial errors.

Influence of meandering river sandstone architecture on waterflooding mechanisms: a case study of the M-I layer in the Kumkol Oilfield, Kazakhstan

In order to explore the influence of sandstone architecture on waterflooding mechanisms using the architecture method,and taking as an example the M-I layer of the Kumkol oilfield in the South Turgay Basin,Kazakhstan,we portrayed the architecture features of different types of sandstones and quantitatively characterized heterogeneities in a single sand body in meandering river facies.Based on the waterflooding characteristics of point bar sand and overbank sand according to waterflooded interpretation results in 367 wells and numerical simulation results of well groups,we finally analyzed the remaining oil potential of the meandering river sandstone and pointed out its development directions at the high water cut stage.The result shows that because lateral accretion shale beds are developed inside single sand bodies,the point bar sand is a semi-connected body.The overbank sand is thin sandstone with poor connectivity,small area and fast lateral changes.The heterogeneity of the overbank sand is stronger than the point bar sand.The sandstone architectures control the waterflooding characteristics.In meandering river sandstones,the bottom of the point bar sand is strongly waterflooded,while the top of the point bar sand and most of the overbank sand are only weakly waterflooded or unflooded.The thickness percentage of unflooded zone and weakly waterflooded zone in point bar sand is 40％,and the remaining oil in its top part is the main direction for future development.

Design of a Compact Monopole Antenna for UWB Applications

In this paper,a low cost,highly efficient and low profile monopole antenna for ultra-wideband(UWB)applications is presented.A new inverted triangular-shape structure possessing meander lines is designed to achieve a wideband response and high efficiency.To design the proposed structure,three steps are utilized to achieve an UWB response.The bandwidth of the proposed antenna is improved with changing meander lines parameters,miniaturization of the ground width and optimization of the feeding line.The measured and simulated frequency band ranges from 3.2 to 12 GHz,while the radiation patterns are measured at 4,5.3,6 and 8 GHz frequency bands.The overall volume of the proposed antenna is 26×25×1.6 mm^(3);whereas the FR4 material is used as a substrate with a relative permittivity and loss tangent of 4.3 and 0.025,correspondingly.The peak gain of 4 dB is achieved with a radiation efficiency of 80 to 98%for the entire wideband.Design modelling of proposed antenna is performed in ANSYS HFSS 13 software.A decent consistency between the simulated and measured results is accomplished which shows that the proposed antenna is a potential candidate for the UWB applications.

The Kuroshio Transport East of Taiwan and the Sea Surface Height Anomaly from the Interior Ocean

The relationship between the Kuroshio transport to the east of Taiwan and the SSHA (Sea Surface Height Anomaly) field is studied based on the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) PCM-1 moored current meter array observation, the satellite altimeter data from the MSLA (Map of Sea Level Anomaly) products merged with the ERS and TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) data sets, and the WOCE satellite-tracked drifting buoy data. It is confirmed that the Kuroshio transport across PCM-1 array highly correlates with the SSHA upstream (22°-24°N, 121.75°-124°E). The SSHA is not locally generated by the developed Kuroshio meandering but is from the interior ocean and is propagating westward or northwestward. During the period from October 1992 to January 1998, two events of the northwestward propagating negative SSHA occurred, during which the SSHA merged into the Kuroshio and caused the remarkable low transport events in contrast to the normal westward propagating negative SSHA. It is also shown that the lower Kuroshio transport event would be generated in different ways. The negative anomaly in the upstream of PCM-1 array can reduce the Kuroshio transport by either offshore or onshore Kuroshio meandering. The positive anomaly, which is strong enough to detour the Kuroshio, can cause an offshore meandering and a low transport event at the PCM-1 array.

Research on 3D Distribution of Meandering River Sand Body Using Sedimentary Facies Method and 3D Geological Modeling

Sedimentary facies study is an important method in describing the property and distribution of reservoir. 3D geological modeling is a powerful tool in 3D characterization of geological bodies. By combining the sedimentary facies study with 3D geological modeling to generate 3D sedimentary facies model, the 3D geometry and distribution feature of sand bodies can be more accurately characterized, particularly in 3D view. In Liuchu oilfield of Jizhong depression, the Ed2IV formation was recognized as meandering river deposition facies and five sedimentary facies were identified, which include point bar sand, levee, channel margin, abandoned channel and floodplain. All the 24 sand body facies in Ed2IV were mapped and the 3D sedimentary facies model established based on 2D facies maps. The result shows that the 3D sedimentary facies model is well matched for the research result of sedimentary facies. Being an extension of traditional sedimentary study, the 3D sedimentary facies model can be used to describe the 3D geometry and distribution orders of a single sand body more reliably and more accurately.

Identifying sensitive areas of adaptive observations for prediction of the Kuroshio large meander using a shallow-water model

Sensitive areas for prediction of the Kuroshio large meander using a 1.5-layer,shallowwater ocean model were investigated using the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation(CNOP) and first singular vector(FSV) methods.A series of sensitivity experiments were designed to test the sensitivity of sensitive areas within the numerical model.The following results were obtained:(1) the effect of initial CNOP and FSV patterns in their sensitive areas is greater than that of the same patterns in randomly selected areas,with the effect of the initial CNOP patterns in CNOP sensitive areas being the greatest;(2) both CNOP- and FSV-type initial errors grow more quickly than random errors;(3) the effect of random errors superimposed on the sensitive areas is greater than that of random errors introduced into randomly selected areas,and initial errors in the CNOP sensitive areas have greater effects on final forecasts.These results reveal that the sensitive areas determined using the CNOP are more sensitive than those of FSV and other randomly selected areas.In addition,ideal hindcasting experiments were conducted to examine the validity of the sensitive areas.The results indicate that reduction(or elimination) of CNOP-type errors in CNOP sensitive areas at the initial time has a greater forecast benefit than the reduction(or elimination) of FSVtype errors in FSV sensitive areas.These results suggest that the CNOP method is suitable for determining sensitive areas in the prediction of the Kuroshio large-meander path.

Simple analytical model for depth-averaged velocity in meandering compound channels

A simple but applicable analytical model is presented to predict the lat- eral distribution of the depth-averaged velocity in meandering compound channels. The governing equation with curvilinear coordinates is derived from the momentum equation and the flow continuity equation under the condition of quasi-uniform flow. A series of experiments are conducted in a large-scale meandering compound channel. Based on the experimental data, a magnitude analysis is carried out for the governing equation, and two lower-order shear stress terms are ignored. Four groups of experimental data from different sources are used to verify the predictive capability of this model, and good predictions are obtained. Finally, the determination of the velocity parameter and the limitation of this model are discussed.

Scaling of the bubble/slug length of Taylor flow in a meandering microchannel

In order to reduce or avoid the fluctuations from interface breakup, a meandering microchannel with curved multi-bends(44 turns) is fabricated, and investigations of scaling bubble/slug length in Taylor flow in a rectangular meandering microchannel are systematically conducted. Based on considerable experimental data,quantitative analyses for the influences of two important characteristic times, liquid phase physical properties and aspect ratio are made on the prediction criteria for the bubble/slug length of Taylor flow in a meandering microchannel. A simple principle is suggested to predict the bubble formation period by using the information of Rayleigh time and capillary time for six gas–liquid systems with average deviation of 10.96%. Considering physical properties of the liquid phase and cross-section configuration of the rectangular mcirochannel,revised scaling laws for bubble length are established by introducing Ca, We, Re and W/h whether for the squeezing-driven or shearing-driven of bubble break. In addition, a simple principle in terms of Garstecki-type model and bubble formation period is set-up to predict slug lengths. A total of 107 sets of experimental data are correlated with the meandering microchannel and operating range: 0.001 b CaTPb 0.05, 0.06 b WeTPb 9.0,18 b ReTPb 460 using the bubble/slug length prediction equation from current work. The average deviation between the correlated data and the experimental data for bubble length and slug length is about 9.42% and9.95%, respectively.

Formation Mechanism and Sedimentary Pattern of Abandoned Channels

Accurately identifying and quantitatively describing abandoned channels in meandering rivers are of great significance for improving hydrocarbon recovery. By using modern deposition analogy, field outcrop analysis, a dense well spacing, core observations and a review of the literature, this paper studied the formation process and space–time amalgamation of abandoned channels in meandering river. The results reveal that formation mechanisms of abandoned channels include chute cutoff patterns(shoal-cutting, ditch-scouring and embayment-eroding patterns) and neck cutoff patterns. The chute cutoff pattern forms a gradually abandoned channel, while the neck cutoff pattern forms a suddenly abandoned channel. From upstream to downstream, the sedimentary pattern of the abandoned channel transforms from a chute cutoff pattern to a neck cutoff pattern, where the main controlling factors transition from the grain size and gradient to the flow and vegetation. An abandoned channel formed by a chute cutoff pattern consists mainly of siltstone, fine sandstone and thin gravel layers, which form a lithological-physical barrier. The abandoned channel formed by a neck cutoff pattern consists mainly of mudstone and argillaceous siltstone, forming a lithological barrier. Based on the amalgamation and structure of the reservoir architectural elements, the abandoned channel can be divided into three planar sedimentary patterns(crescent, semilune and horseshoe) for a single channel and five vertical sedimentary patterns for composite channels.

Sequence architecture and sedimentary characteristics of a Middle Jurassic incised valley,western Sichuan depression,China

The Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation encompasses tens of meters of thick lowstand meandering valley （LMV） strata in the western Sichuan foreland basin. Ancient LMVs newly discovered in this area were further studied based on sequence stratigraphy and seismic sedimentology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the sedimentary characteristics, sequence architecture, and the controls on LMV deposition in this tectonically active basin using field survey data, seismic sections, seismic amplitude imaging, core description, and comprehensive application of drilling data. The results show the following： （1） Three regional sequence boundaries and two flooding surfaces were recognized, and the Shaximiao For- mation was divided into two-third-order sequences and four systems tracts. （2） Three sedimentary facies associations were identified： incised valley-fill, tributary channel, and overbank facies. Incised valleys are 5-17 km wide, 20-60 m deep and traceable for 120 km along their axes. （3） In the downstream segment, the role of tectonism gradually diminishes, and periodic base-level changes control the form and evolution of the incised valleys. Three types of LMVs--AI, A2, and A3--developed with changes in base level （lake level）; of these types, the base level of the A3 LMV was likely the lowest.

Fabrication of Meander and Spiral Type Micro Inductors

To obtain microstructure of magnetic devices, the thin film inductors were fabricated by the process such as thin film manufacturing, photolithography and wet etching. The frequency characteristics of these devices are measured at high frequency range. When the inductor sizes of the spiral and the meander type are same, the inductance and the quality factor of the spiral type inductor are larger than those of the meander type inductor, but the driving frequency of the spiral type inductor is lower than that of the meander type inductor.

Impacts of oceanographic factors on interannual variability of the winter-spring cohort of neon flying squid abundance in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

The neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartramii is an economically important species in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The life cycle of O. bartramii is highly susceptible to climatic and oceanic factors. In this study, we have examined the impacts of climate variability and local biophysical environments on the interannual variability of the abundance of the western winter-spring cohort of O. bartramii over the period of 1995–2011. The results showed that the squid had experienced alternant positive and negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation（PDO） over the past 17 years during which five El Ni？o and eight La Ni？a events occurred. The catch per unit effort（CPUE） was positively correlated with the PDO index（PDOI） at a one-year time lag. An abnormally warm temperature during the La Ni？a years over the positive PDO phase provided favorable oceanographic conditions for the habitats of O.bartramii, whereas a lower temperature on the fishing ground during the El Ni？o years over the negative PDO phase generally corresponded to a low CPUE. The same correlation was also found between CPUE and Chl a concentration anomaly. A possible explanation was proposed that the CPUE was likely related to the climateinduced variability of the large-scale circulation in the Northwest Pacific Ocean： high squid abundance often occurred in a year with a significant northward meander of the Kuroshio Current. The Kuroshio Current advected the warmer and food-rich waters into the fishing ground, and multiple meso-scale eddies arising from current instability enhanced the food retention on the fishing ground, all of which were favorable for the life stage development of the western squid stocks. Our results help better understand the potential process that the climatic and oceanographic factors affect the abundance of the winter-spring cohort of O. bartramii in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.

Temporal-spatial oceanic variation in relation with the three typical Kuroshio paths south of Japan

Empirical orthogonal function(EOF)analysis was applied to a 50-year long time series of monthly mean positions of the Kuroshio path south of Japan from a regional reanalysis.Three leading EOF modes characterize the contributions from three typical paths of the Kuroshio meander:the typical large meander path,the offshore nonlarge meander path,and the nearshore non-large meander path,respectively.Accordingly,the spatial variation characteristics of oceanic anomaly fields can be depicted by their regression fields upon the associated three leading principal components(PCs),which are well-matched with the results of composite analysis corresponding to each period of the three typical Kuroshio paths.A new index for the typical large meander is defined by using the second leading PC,which is highly correlated with the Kushimoto-Uragami index.Spectral analysis of this new index series shows variability of the Kuroshio path south of Japan at time scales of about 7–8 years and 20 years.