Differentiation of Fungal Destructive Behaviour of Wood by the White-Rot Fungus Fomes fomentarius by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

There are many methods to identify and recognize the molecular and behavioural differences between organisms.One of the methods for the detection and identification of unknown organisms as well as intermolecular and intramolecular structural differences is MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.Therefore,differentiation of Fomes fomentarius decay capabilities on the chemical properties of the wood cell wall of the tree species Quercus castaneifolia,Juglans regia,and Carpinus betulus were used to determine and characterize the destructive behaviour of F.fomentarius decay by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.The results showed that the fungus had more significant destructive behaviour on J.regia than the other species.For this evidence,completely removal of xylan hemicellulose fragment+Na+at peak 1227 Da and severe digestion of fragment of glucomannan hemicellulose at peak 1477–1480 Da that it seems that signs of soft-rot patterns were obtained from the decayed sample of J.regia,while these were incremental and unchanged for C.betulus and Q.castaneifolia,respectively.However,C.betulus had different peaks of atomic mass than J.regia and Q.castaneifolia wood,respectively.These results showed that this technique could be useful for separating and identifying unknown compounds of the wood cell wall attacked by fungi relying on their biological behaviour.

Biological activities of chamomile(Matricaria chamomile) flowers' extract against the survival and egg laying of the cattle fever tick(Acari Ixodidae)

In the present work, the potential of acaricidal activity of chamomile flowers＇ extract was studied against engorged Rhipicephalus annulatus tick under laboratory condition. For this purpose, the engorged females ofRhipicephalus annulatus were exposed to two-fold serial dilutions of chamomile flowers＇ extract （0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0% and 8.0%） using ＂dipping method＂ in vitro. The engorged ticks were immersed in different plant dilutions （five ticks for each dilution） for l rain and they were immediately incubated in separate Petri dishes for each replicate at 26℃ and 80% relative humidity. Mortality rate for each treatment was recorded 5 d after incubation. The mortality rate caused by different dilutions of chamomile flowers＇ extract ranged from 6.67% to 26.7%, whereas no mortality was recorded for non-treated control group. The mass of produced eggs varied from 0.23 g （in 8.0% solution） to 0.58 g （in control）, with no statistical differences between the treatments and control （/＇〉0.05）. Also the chamomile flowers＇ extract in highest concentration used （8.0%） caused 46.67% failure in egg laying in engorged females while no failure was observed for non-treated control group. Macroscopic observations indicated that in effective concentrations of plant （4.0% and 8.0%）, patchy hemorrhagic swelling appeared on the skin of treated ticks. The results presented for the first time in this study imply that chamomile may be considered as a promising plant for biocontrol of cattle fever tick disease in the field condition.

Diversity of Filamentous Fungi of Area from Brazilian Caatinga and High-Level Tannase Production Using Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>L.) and Surinam Cherry (<i>Eugenia uniflora</i>L.) Leaves under SSF

Tannase is a biotechnologically important enzyme that can be produced during fungal fermentation of organic matter. The Caatinga is an exclusive Brazilian ecosystem that has been largely unexplored by science, particularly its filamentous fungal diversity. This study evaluated the diversity of filamentous fungi in the Caatinga soils of Pernambuco, Brazil, and their potential for tannase production by solid-state fermentation (SSF) of mango (Mangifera indica L.) and Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) leaves. A total of 4711 isolates were obtained, 2090 during the rainy seasonand 2621 during the dry season. The isolates belonged to 18 genera and 66 species, with Aspergillus and Penicillium having the highest species richness. The dry season had a higher diversity index. Aspergillus was the dominant genus, and A. flavus, A. sclerotiorum, and A. ochraceus the most abundant species. A representative of each species was tested for tannase production using dried mango and Surinam cherry leaves as substrates;the leaves contained 14.28 and 7.0 g/L tannin, respectively. Most fungal species produced tannase, but the highest yields were obtained when mango leaves were used as substrate for Penicillium restrictum (accession URM 6044), Aspergillus flavofurcatus (URM 6142), and A. stromatoides (URM 6609), which produced 104.16, 87.51, and 81.83 U/mL tannase, respectively. These yields exceeded previously published reports. Filamentous fungi from Caatinga soils have great potential for producing tannase by SSF, and low-cost mango leaves make excellent substrate.

Solid-State Cultivation of Edible Oyster Mushrooms, <i>Pleurotus</i>spp. under Laboratory Conditions

Oyster mushrooms of genus Pleurotus are well known as valuable edible mushrooms which are broadly cultivated in the world as well as wildly propagated in forests of the temperate climate zones including Russia. Indoor cultivation conditions adapted for a laboratory with non-specialized facilities were suggested for effective solid-state cultivation and fruit bodies’ production of Pleurotus species. Seven of 9 Pleurotus species of different origin produced fruit bodies successfully. The best fructification was shown for species P. sajor-caju, P. ostreatus, and P. pulmonarius with fruit body yields of 74%, 72%, and 61% by dry substrate weight in the first flushing cycle. Fruit bodies appeared in five to 10-day flushes. “Spawn run” stage was completed within 17 to 24 days, the longest colonization stage (26 days) being for the pink oyster, P. djamor. The cultivation parameters proposed in this study can be employed with ease for laboratory and “home” cultivation of oyster mushrooms. The species and strains’ identification was confirmed by restriction analysis of ITS region of rRNA gene cluster. Molecular barcodes based on restriction enzyme (AluI, and BsuRI) profiles of ITS sequences were shown to be applicable for molecular genotyping of Pleurotus species of different origin.

Expression Variability of Carbohydrates at the Cell Wall Surface of Aspergillus Species and in Vitro Susceptibility to Amphotericin B, Voriconazole and Itraconazole

This study evaluated the expression of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, L-fucose, D-galactose and glucose/mannose on the cell wall surface of Aspergillus species using lectins and the in vitro antifungal activity of AMB （amphotericin B）, VOR （voriconazole） and ITC （itraconazole）. Con A （Concanavalin A）, WGA （wheat germ agglutinin）, UEA-I （Ulex europeus agglutinin I） and PNA （peanut agglutinin）, all conjugated with horseradish peroxidase, were used. For the susceptibility tests, sterilized fiat-bottomed 96-well microtitre plates were used and the procedures were followed of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. The inoculum was added to the wells with the tested drugs and the plates were incubated at 25 ℃ for 48 h before reading the results to determine the MIC （minimal inhibitory concentration） of AMB, VOR and ITC. All Aspergillus strains showed low MIC for AMB （0.031-1 μg/mL） and ITC （0.031-0.25μg/mL）. However, the isolates were less susceptible to VOR, for which the MIC ranged from 4 to 16 μg/mL. The results of this study indicate that the expression of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and glucose/mannose on the cell wall surface of the Aspergillus species evaluated showed greater stability of expression in the fungal growth both in vitro and in parasitism.

Capacity Development of National Reference Centers (NRC) to Face the Challenges of Emerging Infections in Côte d’Ivoire

Background: Some national and international strategies for the detection and prevention of emerging infectious diseases have been established across sectors. The capacity to carry out these tasks varies from country to country, and that remains largely undervalued. The Pasteur Institute of C?te d’Ivoire has created and implemented the capacity of national reference centers to fight against emerging and other infectious diseases. Objective: Show on the one hand the strategies used to develop the National Reference Centers and the IPCI and on the other hand the results obtained by performing these strategies. Method: Datas collection by documentary analysis (published scientific articles and grey literature) was done on Google Scholar, PUBMED and institutional reference documents. The documentary research was carried out to have a better understanding of strategies used to create and develop the NRCs in microbiology of communicable diseases. Results: Seven integrated strategies were launched: 1-training and workforce development;2-investigation of epidemics or public health events;3-strengthening laboratory epidemiological research;4-strengthening surveillance systems;5-improving communication with partners and stakeholders;6-building national and international collaborations;and 7-strengthening technical and technological platforms. In two decades, the number of researchers has risen from 10 in 2004 to ninety (90) in 2021, with 12 senior researchers and 32 junior researchers. A number of health service staff had attended a qualifying training course, 27 investigations into outbreaks and other public health events had been carried out, 18 short-term research projects had been launched, major surveillance programs and epidemiological research efforts on vector-borne, food-borne and nosocomial infections had begun, and several scientific manuscripts had been published or were edited in the writting press. Conclusion: The Ivorian experience shows that, with concerted effort, considerable progress can be made in the development and implementation of an infectious disease control program.

Tinea faciei in a newborn due toTrichophyton tonsurans

We report here the first case of neonatal tinea faciei caused by Trichophyton tonsurans in China's Mainland. The mother of the infant had tinea corpris and tinea capitis while the father had tinea incongnito. The infections in the parents were mycologically confirmed to be due to Trichophyton tonsurans. Ttinea faciei in the infant was cured after two-week topical use of amorolfine cream. The mother ceased breastfeeding and took oral terbinafine for 4 weeks. No recurrence was observed in the infant during 12 months of follow-up.

Plant Diseases in Globally Changing Russian Climate

Across all Russia global climate change is observed. Consequences of climatic changes, undoubtedly, will be reflected in distribution of harmful organisms, their injuriousness and will demand development of new approaches in plant protection. Over the last 10 years, the spread of cereal crop diseases in the Northwest Russia has been monitored. The purpose of researches is to find new diseases in the Northwest region of Russia. Disease progression was mainly monitored 3 or 4 times during the growing season, from germination to crop maturity. As a result in this region the new diseases were found. In 2005-2007 the causal agent of yellow leaf spot Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was found on wheat. Fusarium graminearum historically has two areas in Russia： the North Caucasus and the Far East. However, since 2003 F. graminearum appeared on the territory of the North-West of Russia. Septoria tritici became the main pathogen of wheat in the North-Western Region.. In 2013 Ramularia collo-cygni was found in Arkhangelsk region. These observations suggest that global warming of climate leads to an expansion south species pathogen to the north regions of Russia.

Ulcerated labial lesion

CASE SUMMARY The patient,a 53 year old man,bom in the Province of Misiones(Argentina) where was rural worker and live in Buenos Aires outskirts from 30 years ago. This patient came from semi-tropical areas of Argentina where the rain fall annual average is 1800 mm/ year,the relative humidity 90%and the annual tem-

New Hypoxylon species from Martinique and new evidence on the molecular phylogeny of Hypoxylon based on ITS rDNA and β-tubulin data

Three new species of Hypoxylon(Xylariaceae)collected from Martinique in the French Caribbean are recognised by new combinations of morphological characters.Their status as undescribed taxa was supported by secondary metabolite profiling based on High performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection(HPLC/DAD-MS)as well as by comparison of ITS and partialß-tubulin DNA sequences with related taxa.In the course of this study,the teleomorph of Nodulisporium griseobrunneum was found,and this species could be transferred to Hypoxylon.Moreover,several names in Hypoxylon are epitypified by selecting recently collected specimens from the same geographic areas as the holotypes came from.Despite the fact that our study used the hitherto most extensive taxon sampling,the phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS andß-tubulin sequences remain contradictory to each other,and neither genealogy was found fully in agreement with phenotype-derived traits.We conclude that the right gene(or multi-gene genealogies)to reflect the phylogeny and evolution of Hypoxylon still remains to be found.For the time being,we recommend that the application of polyphasic taxonomic concepts should be continued in taxonomic studies of Hypoxylon.

New species and new records of Meliolaceae from Panama

Three new species of Meliolaceae,Appendiculella monsterae on Monstera deliciosa(Araceae),Asteridiella nitidae on Buddleja nitida(Scrophulariaceae),and Irenopsis chrysophylli on Chrysophyllum sp.(Sapotaceae),are described based on material collected in Panama.Eighteen species of Meliolaceae are reported for the first time for Panama,which include four first records for the Americas,viz.Ast.formosensis,Meliola indica,and M.pisoniae,previously known only from Asia,and M.dissotidis hitherto known only from Africa.Six species of plants are cited as hosts for meliolaceous fungi for the first time.In a phylogenetic hypothesis based on 28S nrDNA sequences,the position of Meliolales,including Appendiculella,Asteridiella,Endomeliola,Irenopsis,and Meliola,is found to be basal to Sordariomycetidae,Hypocreomycetidae,and Xylariomycetidae within Sordariomycetes.The five genera of Meliolaceae form a strongly supported clade.We suggest adopting the concept of the subclass Meliolomycetidae.The monophyly of Asteridiella cannot be confirmed.A hypothetical close relationship between Asteridiella and Appendiculella is not supported,but Endomeliola appears closely related to a species of Asteridiella.Two Meliola species on the same host family are closely related.

Biofilm Alterations on the Stepwise Acquisition of Fluconazole-resistant Candida Albicans Isolates

Objectives:By assessing and comparing the phenotypic changes on the stepwise acquisition of fluconazole resistant Candida albicans isolates,we could find and describe the relationship between drug resistance and biofilm formation ability in a series of clonal strains.Methods:We performed antifungal susceptibility of five drugs(fluconazole,itraconazole,voriconazole,caspofungin and amphotericin B)to further verify the antifungal activity of the six isolates in vitro.Then we combined hyphal formation assay,cell surface hydrophobicity test positively related to adherence ability,and biofilm assays in vitro to observe and compare the phenotypic characteristics of our six clonal strains.Results:Biofilm capability is enhanced for four drug-intermediate strains,whereas the initial susceptible strain and the final resistant strain are both poor in adherence,hyphal growth and biofilm formation.Conclusions:It was suggested that the biofilm formation ability were not absolutely related to the degree of fluconazole resistance.

Profile of Bionectriaceae,Calcarisporiaceae,Hypocreaceae,Nectriaceae,Tilachlidiaceae,Ijuhyaceae fam.nov.,Stromatonectriaceae fam.nov.and Xanthonectriaceae fam.nov

This paper provides outlines for Bionectriaceae,Calcarisporiaceae,Hypocreaceae,Nectriaceae,Tilachlidiaceae,Ijuhy-aceae,Stromatonectriaceae and Xanthonectriaceae with taxonomic treatments.We provide up-to-date DNA sequence-based phylogenies including combined gene analysis of ITS,LSU,rpb2,tef1 and tub2 for Hypocreales and accept 17 families.Three new families and 12 new species are introduced with descriptions and illustrations,while 13 new records and one new species combination are provided.Here we mainly detail the taxonomy of Bionectriaceae,Hypocreaceae,Nectriaceae and Tilachlidiaceae,Ijuhyaceae fam.nov.,Stromatonectriaceae fam.nov.and Xanthonectriaceae fam.nov.are introduced in this study based on phenotypic and molecular analyses.For each family we provide a list of accepted genera,the taxo-nomic history,morphological descriptions,taxonomic placement based on DNA sequence data and illustrate the type genus.Representatives of each family are illustrated based on the type herbarium material or fresh specimens where available,or provide relevant references.Notes on ecological and economic importance of the families are also given.

Dual function of fungi-derived cytokines in inflammatory bowel diseases:protection or inflammation

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition involving both the innate and adaptive immune systems.Recently,the role of intestinal fungal flora and their downstream immune pathways has been highlighted in the pathogenesis of IBD.Cytokines as primary immune mediators require a delicate balance for maintaining intestinal homeostasis.Although most cytokines have a predictable role in either amplifying or attenuating inflammation in IBD,a few cytokines have shown a dual function in the inflammatory state of the intestine.Some of these dual-faced cytokines are also involved in mucosal anti-microbial defense pathways,particularly against intestinal fungal residents.Here,we reviewed the role of these cytokines in IBD pathogenesis to achieve a better understanding of the fungal interactions in the development of IBD.

Phylogeny and taxonomy of Rhytisma‑like species worldwide

Rhytisma Fr.is the type genus of Rhytismataceae(Rhytismatales,Leotiomycetes,Ascomycota).Rhytisma-like species include members of Cryptomyces,Rhytisma and Vladracula.They are parasites on leaves of broadleaf trees and cause tar spot diseases.In this study,a phylogeny based on the large subunit of the ribosomal rRNA gene(nrLSU)and the mitochondrial small subunit(mtSSU)is presented,including sequences of 39 newly collected specimens from East Asia,Europe,and temperate as well as tropical America.Based on analyses of morphology,phylogeny as well as host-specificity and diversification time estimates,the family Rhytismataceae sensu stricto is proposed,and eight genera are accepted in this narrow family,including four novel genera(Densorhytisma,Fanglania,Johnstoniella and Shiqia),the type genus Rhytisma,and the reinstated genera Lophodermina,Placuntium and Xyloma.Lophodermina clusters within the main Rhytisma clade in our analyses,but is divergent in morphological terms,not having large compound stromata.Thirty species are recognized,including seven novel species(Fanglania hubeiensis,F.parasitica,Johnstoniella yunnanensis,Rhytisma japonicum,Rh.taiwanense,Xyloma globosum,and X.shennongjiaense),fifteen new combinations(Densorhytisma anhuiense,D.huangshanense,F.concova,F.himalensis,F.ilicis-integrae,F.ilicis-latifoliae,F.ilicis-pedunculosae,J.lonicerae,Rh.annuliforme,Shiqia menziesii,S.yuexiensis,X.filamentosum,X.maximum,X.muelleri,and X.polare),one new name(J.xylostei),seven known species(Lophodermina melaleuca,Placuntium andromedae,Rhytisma acerinum,Rh.americanum,Rh.punctatum,X.salicinum,and X.umbonatum).In addition,seven immature specimens were studied but not assigned to existing species,herein referred to as Fanglania sp.1,Johnstoniella sp.1,Johnstoniella sp.2,Placuntium sp.1,Placuntium sp.2,Rhytisma sp.1,and Xyloma sp.1.The systematic positions of Cryptomyces maximus,Cr.muelleri and Vladracula annuliformis are re-assigned based on phylogenetic analysis.One Rhytisma-like species from tropical America was segregated from Rhytismataceae s.str.,thus a novel genus Neorhytisma was established to accommodate this species,with the one new combinations Neorhytisma panamense.The results of the molecular phylogenetic analysis indicate that Rhytisma-like species are host-specific at genus level.Apparently,Rhytisma-like species coevolved with their hosts,and Rhytisma-like species on Ericaceae seem to be in the process of host jumping.Morphological characteristics of ascomata are important for the delimitation of species and genera of Rhytisma-like species.This study provides a key to genera and species of recognized Rhytisma-like species worldwide.

Naming and outline of Dothideomycetes-2014 including proposals for the protection or suppression of generic names

Article 59.1,of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae,Fungi,and Plants(ICN;Melbourne Code),which addresses the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi,became effective from 30 July 2011.Since that date,each fungal species can have one nomenclaturally correct name in a particular classification.All other previously used names for this species will be considered as synonyms.The older generic epithet takes priority over the younger name.Any widely used younger names proposed for use,must comply with Art.57.2 and their usage should be approved by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi(NCF).In this paper,we list all genera currently accepted by us in Dothideomycetes(belonging to 23 orders and 110 families),including pleomorphic and nonpleomorphic genera.In the case of pleomorphic genera,we follow the rulings of the current ICN and propose single generic names for future usage.The taxonomic placements of 1261 genera are listed as an outline.Protected names and suppressed names for 34 pleomorphic genera are listed separately.Notes and justifications are provided for possible proposed names after the list of genera.Notes are also provided on recent advances in our understanding of asexual and sexual morph linkages in Dothideomycetes.A phylogenetic tree based on four gene analyses supported 23 orders and 75 families,while 35 families still lack molecular data.

Itraconazole Promotes Macrophage M1 Polarization and Phagocytic Capacity of Macrophage to Candida Albicans

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate whether and how itraconazole affects the macrophage polarization and its reactivity to Candida albicans. Methods: Cell toxicity of itraconazole was measured using cell counting kit-8 assay in RAW264.7 cells. The cell models were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin (IL)-4, or Candida albicans. Levels of cytokines secreted by RAW246.7 treated with itraconazole were detected by Luminex or Cytometric Bead Array compared to the controls without itraconazole treatment, and the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and arginase (Arg) were determined by Western blot. Phagocytosis ability was measured by both flow cytometry and fluorescence microscope. The Student's t test and one-way analysis of variance were used to calculate the differences between groups. Results: In comparison to the control, itraconazole inhibited the growth of the cells in both a time- and a dosedependent manner. Increased secretion of IL-6 (0.25μmol/L ITZ [538.03±60.23pg/mL, P<0.05], 0.5μmol/L [550.32 ±47.87 pg/mL, P<0.05] and 1 μmol/L [626.95±75.24pg/mL, P<0.01] vs. control [370.43±33.98pg/mL]) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (1μmol/L ITZ vs. control: 2521.51±444.06pg/mL vs. 1617.85±94.57 pg/mL, P<0.05) were detected in the LPS-induced cell model with itraconazole treatment. In the cells induced by IL-4, itraconazole increased the secretion of IL-6 (1μmol/L ITZ vs. control: 528.33±11.60pg/mL vs. 466.99±28.32 pg/mL, P<0.05), TNF-α (1μmol/L ITZ vs. control: 4.85±0.32pg/mL vs. 4.30±0.19 pg/mL, P<0.05), and IL-1β (0.25μmol/L [325.95±13.97pg/mL, P<0.05], 0.5μmol/L [332.38±11.97pg/mL, P<0.05] and 1μmol/L [334.35±16.23 pg/mL, P<0.05] vs. control [291.62±17.03pg/mL]), and reduced the secretion of IL-10 (1μmol/L ITZ vs. control: 7.21±0.68 pg/mL vs. 9.11±0.14pg/mL, P<0.05). The secretion of IL-6 (1μmol/L ITZ vs. control: 38.34±1.36pg/mL vs. 32.32± 0.84pg/mL, P<0.05) and TNF-α (1μmol/L ITZ vs. control: 1060.17±80.16pg/mL vs. 890.84±52.82 pg/mL, P<0.01) was improved in Candida albicans-stimulated RAW264.7 cells under the treatment of itraconazole, while the secretion of IL-4 (0.5μmol/L [2.86±0.20 pg/mL, P<0.05] and 1μmol/L [2.24±0.33 pg/mL, P<0.001] vs. control [3.91±0.23 pg/mL]) and IL-10 (1μmol/L ITZ vs. control: 19.46±2.05pg/mL vs. 25.67±1.95pg/mL, P<0.05) decreased. In all three activated patterns, itraconazole enhanced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (P<0.01) and slightly inhibited the Arg-1 expression (P<0.05). Phagocytosis ability of RAW264.7 cells at 1μmol/L ITZ treatment was increased by 7.53%±2.21% (P<0.01) and 9.73%±2.03% (P<0.01) at the ratio of cells: yeast of 1:4 and 1:8, respectively, in comparison to the control group.Itraconazole improved M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells and enhanced the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 to Candida albicans, indicating a significant immunological enhancement. The study improves the understanding of undergoing mechanisms related to the anti-tumor and anti-infection effects of itraconazole.

Fungal diversity notes 929-1035:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungi

This article is the ninth in the series of Fungal Diversity Notes,where 107 taxa distributed in three phyla,nine classes,31 orders and 57 families are described and illustrated.Taxa described in the present study include 12 new genera,74 new species,three new combinations,two reference specimens,a re-circumscription of the epitype,and 15 records of sexualasexual morph connections,new hosts and new geographical distributions.Twelve new genera comprise Brunneofusispora,Brunneomurispora,Liua,Lonicericola,Neoeutypella,Paratrimmatostroma,Parazalerion,Proliferophorum,Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis,Septomelanconiella,Velebitea and Vicosamyces.Seventy-four new species are Agaricus memnonius,A.langensis,Aleurodiscus patagonicus,Amanita flavoalba,A.subtropicana,Amphisphaeria mangrovei,Baorangia major,Bartalinia kunmingensis,Brunneofusispora sinensis,Brunneomurispora lonicerae,Capronia camelliaeyunnanensis,Clavulina thindii,Coniochaeta simbalensis,Conlarium thailandense,Coprinus trigonosporus,Liua muriformis,Cyphellophora filicis,Cytospora ulmicola,Dacrymyces invisibilis,Dictyocheirospora metroxylonis,Distoseptispora thysanolaenae,Emericellopsis koreana,Galiicola baoshanensis,Hygrocybe lucida,Hypoxylon teeravasati,Hyweljonesia indica,Keissleriella caraganae,Lactarius olivaceopallidus,Lactifluus midnapurensis,Lembosia brigadeirensis,Leptosphaeria urticae,Lonicericola hyaloseptispora,Lophiotrema mucilaginosis,Marasmiellus bicoloripes,Marasmius indojasminodorus,Micropeltis phetchaburiensis,Mucor orantomantidis,Murilentithecium lonicerae,Neobambusicola brunnea,Neoeutypella baoshanensis,Neoroussoella heveae,Neosetophoma lonicerae,Ophiobolus malleolus,Parabambusicola thysanolaenae,Paratrimmatostroma kunmingensis,Parazalerion indica,Penicillium dokdoense,Peroneutypa mangrovei,Phaeosphaeria cycadis,Phanerochaete australosanguinea,Plectosphaerella kunmingensis,Plenodomus artemisiae,P.lijiangensis,Proliferophorum thailandicum,Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis kaveriana,Pseudohelicomyces menglunicus,Pseudoplagiostoma mangiferae,Robillarda mangiferae,Roussoella elaeicola,Russula choptae,R.uttarakhandia,Septomelanconiella thailandica,Spencermartinsia acericola,Sphaerellopsis isthmospora,Thozetella lithocarpi,Trechispora echinospora,Tremellochaete atlantica,Trichoderma koreanum,T.pinicola,T.rugulosum,Velebitea chrysotexta,Vicosamyces venturisporus,Wojnowiciella kunmingensis and Zopfiella indica.Three new combinations are Baorangia rufomaculata,Lanmaoa pallidorosea and Wojnowiciella rosicola.The reference specimens of Canalisporium kenyense and Tamsiniella labiosa are designated.The epitype of Sarcopeziza sicula is re-circumscribed based on cyto-and histochemical analyses.The sexual-asexual morph connection of Plenodomus sinensis is reported from ferns and Cirsium for the first time.In addition,the new host records and country records are Amanita altipes,A.melleialba,Amarenomyces dactylidis,Chaetosphaeria panamensis,Coniella vitis,Coprinopsis kubickae,Dothiorella sarmentorum,Leptobacillium leptobactrum var.calidus,Muyocopron lithocarpi,Neoroussoella solani,Periconia cortaderiae,Phragmocamarosporium hederae,Sphaerellopsis paraphysata and Sphaeropsis eucalypticola.

Cutaneous Metastasis of Uterine Cervical Carcinoma with a Cellulitis-Like Presentation

Introduction The reported incidence of cutaneousmetastasis from internal carcinoma ranges from 0.7%to 10%,with wide variability across different studies.Although cervical carcinoma is a very common malignant tumor in women,the frequency of cutaneous metastasis from cervical carcinoma is less than 2%.1 Usually,metastasis occurs at a site adjacent to the primary carcinoma,and the most common clinical presentation of the metastasis is a nodule.Cervical carcinomas almost always metastasize to the abdomen wall,vulva,or anterior chestwall.To the best of our knowledge,reports of a facial cellulitis-like metastasis of cervical carcinoma are relatively rare in the published literature.Herein,we report the case of aChinesewoman,whohad a twoyearshistory of cervical carcinoma and a developed facial metastasis presenting as a cellulitis-like lesion.

Revision of genera in Asterinales

The order Asterinales comprises a single family,Asterinaceae.In this study,types or specimens of 41 genera of Asterinaceae are re-examined and re-described and illustrated by micrographs.Seventeen genera,namely Asterina(type genus),Asterinella,Asterotexis,Batistinula,Cirsosia,Echidnodella,Halbania,Lembosia,Meliolaster,Parasterinopsis,Platypeltella,Prillieuxina,Schenckiella(=Allothyrium),Trichasterina,Trichopeltospora,Uleothyrium and Vizellopsis,are maintained within Asterinaceae.Echidnodes,Lembosiella,Lembosina,Morenoina,and Thyriopsi s are transferred to Aulographaceae based on morphological and molecular characteristics.Anariste is transferred to Micropeltidaceae,while Lembosiopsis is transferred to Mycosphaerellaceae.Placoasterella and Placosoma are morphologically close to taxa in Parmulariaceae,where they are transferred.Aulographina is placed in Teratosphaeriaceae,while Asterodothis,Asterinema,Dothidasteromella,Leveillella,Petrakina and Stephanotheca are transferred to Dothideomycetes,genera incertae sedis.Eupelte,Macowaniella,Maheshwaramyces,Parasterinella,and Vishnumyces are treated as doubtful genera,because of lack of morphological and molecular data.Aphanopeltis,Asterolibertia,Neostomella,Placoasterina,and Symphaster are synonyms of Asterina based on morphology,while Trichamelia,Viegasia,and Yamamotoa are synonyms of Lembosia.The characteristics of each family are discussed and a phylogenetic tree is included.