自然与环境资源价值评估的误区

资源环境价值计量近年来成为资源与环境经济学的研究热点,但却因为在许多最基本的问题上迷失了方向,产生了不少似是而非的问题。被混淆的问题包括:①实物意义上的稀缺与经济学上的稀缺;②使用价值与交换价值;③边际价值与全部价值;④成本与价值;⑤个人消费者价值与社会价值。论文主要目的是通过澄清这些问题来指出如何对自然与环境资源估价。

A Case Study Evaluation Protocol to Assess Processes, Effectiveness and Impact of a Nurse Practitioner-Led Memory Clinic

The prevalence of dementia is predicted to increase significantly as the population ages and with no foreseeable cure options the burden of dementia will continue to grow. Early diagnosis provides many benefits, including timely access to appropriate support services and provision of tailored therapeutic interventions for people with dementia and their carers. Memory clinics are a key response to the need for specialist assessment and diagnosis of dementia. Multidisciplinary team memory clinics are considered the “gold standard”;however, such resource intensive clinics are likely unsustainable. The nurse-led memory clinic format may provide a primary care focused, diagnostic service for dementia that does not have the cost implications of multidisciplinary memory clinics but there is limited research using nurse practitioners. This study is exploring the potential of a nurse-led memory clinic as a primary health care approach to health promotion (brain health awareness), disease prevention (risk factor reduction) and early intervention (diagnosis and management of dementia). A realistic evaluation of a nurse practitioner-led memory clinic is described. Realistic evaluation is concerned not only with the outcomes of an intervention but also with the context and mechanisms of the intervention. We are using a mixed methods case study design to describe and evaluate the impact of the nurse practitioner-led memory clinic. The nurse practitioner in this study is an advanced practice aged care nurse who focuses on mental health, and dementia diagnosis, management and risk factor reduction. This study seeks to inform the development of an expanded scope role for nurse practitioners in assessment and referrals for dementia diagnosis. The heterogeneity of clients attending the nurse-led memory clinic will allow us to evaluate what works in the memory clinic, for whom, and under what circumstances, in what respects, and to what extent.

1996～2000年澳大利亚辅助生殖技术相关妊娠中早产及低体重儿的研究

Objective: To describe patterns of preterm birth and low birth weight (LBW) for infants born after assisted reproductive technology (ART) and determine whether these were associated with maternal or treatment characteristics. Design: Retrospective cohort study of national population data of infants conceived through ART. Setting: Australian birth records from 1996 to 2000. Patient(s): Eighteen thousand, four hundred twenty- nine liveborn and stillborn infants conceived through ART. Intervention(s): In vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and gamete intrafallopian transfer. Main Outcome Measure(s): Preterm birth and LBW. Result(s): Preterm birth and LBW were more common among singletons and twins conceived with IVF and born to nulliparous mothers. Preterm birth and LBW were, respectively, 1.3 times and 1.5 times more likely to occur among singletons conceived by transfer of fresh embryos, compared with transfer of frozen embryos. Preterm birth and LBW was more common among couples who had female- factor infertility compared with male- factor infertility. Conclusion(s): The transfer of fresh embryos and female- factor infertility were independently associated with preterm birth and LBW for both singletons and twins after ART.

妊娠期母体血管反应性的无创超声评估:一项纵向研究

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the pattern of maternal vascular reactivity in normal a nd high-risk pregnancies using postocclusion brachial artery diameter. METHODS: Prospective, longitudinal study of 44 low-risk singleton pregnancies and 28 hi gh-risk pregnancies, defined as pregestational diabetes (n = 7), chronic hypert ension (n = 4), twin gestation (n = 6), and a previous history of preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, or vascular disease (n = 11). During each trimester, t he brachial artery was ultrasonographically imaged above the antecubital crease. Brachial artery diameter was measured and then occluded for 5 minutes using an inflated blood pressure cuff. Changes in brachial artery diameter at 1 minute af ter occlusion were expressed as percent change from baseline and were compared a cross trimesters for both low-risk and high-risk groups, adjusting for potenti al confounders. RESULTS: Brachial artery diameters were increased after occlusio n in every trimester for all groups. For low-risk women, the degree of postoccl usion brachial artery dilatation was similar in the first and second trimesters, but was lower in the third trimester. In the first trimester, low-risk women h ad significantly greater brachial artery diameter increases at 1 minute compared with high-risk singleton pregnancies (19%compared with 12%; P < .001). Compa red with low-risk women, pregnancies complicated by pregestational diabetes or chronic hypertension had significantly smaller 1-minute brachial artery diamete r changes in the first trimester (7.0 ±0.5%, P < .001), whereas twin gestation s had greater brachial artery responses (22.9 ±6.0%, P < .001). Women with pre vious preeclampsia or vascular disease had responses similar to low-risk women. CONCLUSION: Maternal vascular reactivity as assessed by postocclusion brachial artery dilatation decreases in the third trimester in both low-risk and high-r isk women. In addition, singleton pregnancies at high risk for preeclampsia disp lay decreased brachial artery reactivity compared with low-risk women.

Characterisation of colonic dysplasia-like epithelial atypia in murine colitis

AIM To determine if exacerbation of pre-existing chronic colitis in Winnie(Muc2 mutant) mice induces colonic dysplasia.METHODS Winnie mice and C57BL6 as a genotype control, were administered 1% w/v dextran sulphate sodium(DSS) orally, followed by drinking water alone in weeklong cycles for a total of three cycles. After the third cycle, mice were killed and colonic tissue collected for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Inflammation and severity of dysplasia in the colonic mucosa were assessed in H&E sections of the colon. Epithelial cell proliferation was assessed using Ki67 and aberrant β-catenin signalling assessed with enzyme-based immunohistochemistry. Extracted RNA from colonic segments was used for the analysis of gene expression using real-time quantitative PCR. Finally, the distribution of Cxcl5 was visualised using immunohistochemistry.RESULTS Compared to controls, Winnie mice exposed to three cycles of DSS displayed inflammation mostly confined to the distal-mid colon with extensive mucosal hyperplasia and regenerative atypia resembling epithelial dysplasia. Dysplasia-like changes were observed in 100% of Winnie mice exposed to DSS, with 55% of these animals displaying changes similar to high-grade dysplasia, whereas high-grade changes were absent in wild-type mice. Occasional penetration of the muscularis mucosae by atypical crypts was observed in 27% of Winnie mice after DSS. Atypical crypts however displayed no evidence of oncogenic nuclear β-catenin accumulation, regardless of histological severity. Expression of Cav1, Trp53 was differentially regulated in the distal colon of Winnie relative to wild-type mice. Expression of Myc and Ccl5 was increased by DSS treatment in Winnie only. Furthermore, increased Ccl5 expression correlated with increased complexity in abnormal crypts. While no overall difference in Cxcl5 mucosal expression was observed between treatment groups, epithelial Cxcl5 protein appeared to be diminished in the atypical epithelium. CONCLUSION Alterations to the expression of Cav1, Ccl5, Myc and Trp53 in the chronically inflamed Winnie colon may influence the transition to dysplasia.

The Implications of the Timing of Diagnosis of Dementia on the Dementia Caregiver

This is a consumer-reference feedback and feasibility testing of a protocol to obtain qualitative responses of co-residing caregivers to questions regarding the timing of dementia diagnosis and their experience of the disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia. Data collection involved focus group discussions and individual phone interviews of a convenience sample (N = 5) of an Alzheimer’s Australia state based Consumer Advisory Committee. Thematic analysis utilised the Leximancer software. Consumer feedback suggested a reordering of the interview questions and reversing the data collection sequence to reduce the emotional impact on participants. Suggestions were offered to limit the number of participants in the focus group to shorten the duration of the focus group session to prevent fatigue and to provide a support person to improve participant focus group comfort. Responses to the interview questions indicated caregivers retrospectively considered a timely diagnosis would have provided useful dementia-focused planning, reduced the difficulties of living with uncertainty and would have provided more time to obtain information and support. There were strong expectations for medical practitioners to be sensitive to the possibility of dementia and to be cognisant of the diagnostic concerns of caregivers. The diagnosis of dementia and its timing is important to the dementia caregiver in providing an explanation of the problems experienced and allowing earlier organisation of care, future planning and caregiver education to reduce the difficulties of living with undiagnosed and unrecognised dementia.

广告创意人才培养与4A广告创意服务

话题创意人才素质及对4A广告创意业务的影响大学广告教育与创意人才培养之我见李丹(Heaven&Hell创始人,原电通集团执行创意总监):所有的广告营销都是结果论,就像现在如果问学生,到底梦想重要还是钱或权力重要,回答一定是钱重要,一定是权力重要,没有人谈梦想,只有小时候才谈梦想。但是马斯克在说,他要把人类送到火星上,我相信他做不到,但至少他在说这件事情,在尝试做这样的事情。我们和阿里有过合作,发现阿里的每一个员工都特别焦虑,他们要跟老板汇报做这个Case能不能完成KPI,有没有爆款。

4A广告创意服务的未来与发展

话题创意业务在4A广告未来服务及公司经营中的地位何平华(主持人):我们第一部分的主题是4A广告的挑战,或者是困境,是围绕创意服务的机制、文化与环境方面的问题进行讨论;第二部分的主题,是一个发展问题,尤其是与创意服务内容密切相关的文案、美工的具体角色,以及创意内容的合法合规这类具体问题;怎样看待4A乃至广告产业变迁对创意服务的传统地位所造成的影响?之所以具体交流探讨文案与美工,因为这是4A创意服务内容的两个核心职务,而且这次“奥迪小满广告”事件正是与文案相关,文案抄袭是事件发生的风暴眼。

Wild dogma： An examination of recent ＂evidence＂ for dingo regulation of invasive mesopredator release in Australia

There is growing interest in the role that apex predators play in shaping terrestrial ecosystems and maintaining tro- phic cascades. In line with the mesopredator release hypothesis, Australian dingoes （Canis lupus dingo and hybrids） are assumed by many to regulate the abundance of invasive mesopredators, such as red foxes Vulpes vulpes and feral cats Fells catus, thereby providing indirect benefits to various threatened vertebrates. Several recent papers have claimed to provide evidence for the bio- diversity benefits of dingoes in this way. Nevertheless, in this paper we highlight several critical weaknesses in the methodologi- cal approaches used in many of these reports, including lack of consideration for seasonal and habitat differences in activity, the complication of simple track-based indices by incorporating difficult-to-meet assumptions, and a reduction in sensitivity for as-sessing populations by using binary measures rather than potentially continuous measures. Of the 20 studies reviewed, 15 of them （75%） contained serious methodological flaws, which may partly explain the inconclusive nature of the literature investigating interactions between invasive Australian predators. We therefore assert that most of the ＂growing body of evidence＂ for meso- predator release is merely an inconclusive growing body of literature only. We encourage those interested in studying the eco- logical roles of dingoes relative to invasive mesopredators and native prey species to account for the factors we identify, and cau- tion the value of studies that have not done so [Current Zoology 57 （5）： 568-583, 2011].

Equivariant analytical mapping of first principles Hamiltonians to accurate and transferable materials models

We propose a scheme to construct predictive models for Hamiltonian matrices in atomic orbital representation from ab initio data as a function of atomic and bond environments.The scheme goes beyond conventional tight binding descriptions as it represents the ab initio model to full order,rather than in two-centre or three-centre approximations.We achieve this by introducing an extension to the atomic cluster expansion(ACE)descriptor that represents Hamiltonian matrix blocks that transform equivariantly with respect to the full rotation group.The approach produces analytical linear models for the Hamiltonian and overlap matrices.Through an application to aluminium,we demonstrate that it is possible to train models from a handful of structures computed with density functional theory,and apply them to produce accurate predictions for the electronic structure.The model generalises well and is able to predict defects accurately from only bulk training data.

Wild dogma II： The role and implications of wild dogma for wild dog management in Australia

The studies of Allen （2011） and Allen et al. （2011） recently examined the methodology underpinning claims that dingoes provide net benefits to biodiversity by suppressing foxes and cats. They found most studies to have design flaws and/or observational methods that preclude valid interpretations from the data, describing most of the current literature as ＇wild dogma＇. In this short supplement, we briefly highlight the roles and implications of wild dogma for wild dog management in Australia. We discuss nomenclature, and the influence that unreliable science can have on policy and practice changes related to apex predator management