自然空化尾空泡内超声速射流流场特性数值研究仿真

为揭示自然空化尾空泡内超声速流场的演化规律与空泡内部的流场结构,文中基于限体积法流体体积多相流模型,对自然空化尾空泡内超声速射流流场展开仿真研究,对比了不同空化数和来流攻角下的空泡内部流场参数分布,得出如下结论:自然空化尾空泡在超声速射流入射后,空泡形态较稳定,其演化主要集中在空泡尾部闭合处;空泡内超声速射流流场发展主要受回射流影响,无来流攻角时受回射流冲击,射流轴向发展受抑,轴向射流出现“回缩”现象,有来流攻角时,回射流位置发生偏移,其剪切卷吸作用占主导,射流轴向发展迅速;航行器姿态的稳定性主要受来流冲击和表面高压区分布的影响,空化数较小时,增大来流攻角可大幅度增加航行器俯仰力矩。

风路结构对自扇冷永磁地铁牵引电机冷却散热的影响分析

为了解典型外风路结构对永磁牵引电机的散热及噪声的影响规律,本论文采取数值计算和实验测试的方法,对某型号190 kW地铁永磁牵引电机在不同外风路结构下的流动、散热以及气动噪声展开了分析讨论,在保持通风孔径向高度15 mm不变的前提下,随着通风孔从48增加至60和72时,平均流速增加,流量减小,其中72孔比原始孔数48孔,流量减少了6.1%,流速增加了8%;在保持通风孔数60不变的前提下,取通风孔高度分别为15 mm、16 mm、17 mm时,随着孔高度增加,流量增加,流速减小。孔高17 mm比孔高15 mm方案流量增加了3.6%,平均流速减小了6.7%。风扇外径由280 mm增加至320 mm时,气动噪声仅增加2 dB(A)左右,但绕组最高温度、铁芯最高温度均下降5 K以上。因此,建议对于定子通风孔在满足要求设计及安全要求前提下尽量选取孔数大、高度低的参数组合;风扇外径在280~320 mm范围内时,风扇尽量选取更大一点,综合性能更优。

摇摆条件下离心泵汽蚀特性分析

为准确描述摇摆等工况对海洋平台离心泵汽蚀特性及热力特性影响目标,采用动网格方法,综合考虑泵运行时绕中心轴自转以及绕摇摆中心公转运动,构建海洋条件下离心泵汽蚀仿真模型。研究针对不同摇摆幅值及频率下的离心泵汽蚀特性开展仿真计算。结果表明,在摇摆过程中离心泵的导轮叶片位置将出现局部空化,不同摇摆位置处的影响范围体现出了较大的差异。单个周期内,空化影响范围呈现出了先增大后减小的趋势,在约3/4周期时刻空化影响范围达到了最大,并以此提出了衡量海洋条件对离心泵特性影响极限波动系数,为海洋条件下离心泵抗汽蚀设计及海洋核动力平台动力系统安全稳定运行提供技术支撑。

对称结构DBD等离子体激励器改善气膜冷却效率的数值模拟研究

基于等离子体简化唯象模型,采用大涡模拟方法研究了激励强度和电极间距对于对称结构DBD等离子体激励器气膜冷却效率的影响。结果表明:由于等离子体激励的下拉诱导作用和展向动量注入效应,发卡涡的上抛过程受到抑制,壁面附近的展向速度增大,并且诱导产生的反肾形涡对削弱了肾形涡对的强度和尺寸,阻碍了高温主流向冷却射流底部的流动,冷却射流的附壁性和展向扩张能力均增强,气膜冷却效率提高。此外,气膜冷却效率随激励强度的增大而增大,随电极间距的增大而减小。

缝隙扩压叶栅近壁流场与流动损失实验

为了探索缝隙射流对高负荷扩压叶栅气动性能与近壁流场结构的影响机制,实验研究了设计冲角下有/无缝隙结构的高负荷弯曲扩压叶栅近壁流场结构与出口气动损失分布规律,获得了叶片近壁压力场数据、流动图谱以及叶栅出口流动损失参数。结果表明,缝隙两端压差导致的从叶片压力面到吸力面的射流能够增加附面层高熵流体的能量,缝隙射流将局部积聚的低能流体及时引向主流,减小高熵流体在叶展中部或端区掺混撞击,抑制了栅后尾迹高熵流体的过度聚集,从而有效提高高负荷压气机叶栅气动性能。

端壁组合射流对高速扩压叶栅损失特性的影响

提出了一种端壁组合射流技术以控制进口马赫数0.67的高速扩压叶栅端区流动。通过前缘射流旋涡可以增强端壁附面层与主流间的流体交换,阻碍横向二次流动,减小角区低能流体堆积;而采用角区射流注入能量能够进一步减弱吸力面侧流动分离。以上组合控制方法可较单独采用前缘或角区射流更有效减小栅内损失,提高其气动性能。当角区射流位于近吸力面侧的分离起始位置附近时,其改善栅内流动的效果最佳;远离吸力面的端壁射流则可抑制端区低能流体横向迁移及其与分离区流体间的相互作用,但其减小损失的效果弱于近吸力面侧的射流。随着射流总压比的增加,组合射流减小损失的效果先增加后减小;过大的总压比会加剧射流与来流间的掺混损失,使得叶栅气动性能恶化。当射流总压比为1.2时,损失减小最大可达12.6%,而射流流量仅相当于叶栅进口流量的0.64%。

锯齿电极等离子体激励器对气膜冷却效率影响的数值研究

为获得锯齿电极等离子体激励器提高气膜冷却效率的机理,对有/无锯齿电极等离子体激励器作用下的平板气膜冷却流场进行了数值研究,并采用唯象模型模拟锯齿电极等离子体激励器对流场所施加的电场力。结果表明,冷却射流在锯齿电极等离子体激励器的下拉诱导作用下对主流的穿透率降低,射流中心轨迹高度的下降幅度沿流向发展逐渐增大;锯齿电极等离子体激励器气动激励作用下气膜孔下游的肾形涡的强度与尺度均减小,同时肾形涡的两侧产生与其旋转方向相反的小尺度的反肾形涡,进一步抑制了肾形涡的发展;锯齿电极等离子体激励器产生的展向扩散效应提高了冷却射流的展向扩张能力,从而提高了气膜冷却效率,与无等离子体气动激励相比,锯齿电极等离子体激励器作用下平板中心线与展向平均气膜冷却效率分别提高了50%与200%。

高负荷扩压叶栅中附面层吸除技术实验研究

通过分析某高负荷压气机叶栅内部的流动状况,确定了端壁开槽吸气以及端壁与吸力面同时开槽吸气两种附面层吸除方案,并在低亚声速条件下进行了风洞吹风实验。结果表明,附面层吸除是一种提高高负荷压气机叶栅气动性能的有效措施,通过吸走附面层流体可以改善壁面附近流动状况,角区分离减弱,流道内高损失区范围减小。随着吸气量的增加,改善压气机叶栅性能的效果越显著。吸气方案不同,其作用机理也不一样。

排气角度对航行体表面等压气膜演化机制及流动特性影响研究（英文）

等压排气是一种可有效改善航行体绕流流场特性、抑制纵向偏转的流动控制技术。文章数值模拟了带等压排气的航行体水下垂直运动过程,给出了不同排气角度时的排气流量及速度、气膜长度等参数变化规律,分析了排气角度对等压气膜非定常发展过程及航行体绕流流场特性的影响,建立了排气孔附近及其下游流场、气膜尾部回射流场的拓扑结构,探讨了等压气膜的形态特征、演化规律及其降低航行体表面压力的机制,研究结果有助于深入理解等压排气技术改善航行体流体动力学特性的物理本质。

安装间距和堵塞比对扰流片推力矢量特性影响数值研究

为了获得扰流片参数对推力矢量特性的影响,研究了圆弧凸形扰流片对发动机喷管性能的影响,采用数值方法探讨了扰流片与喷管出口截面之间安装间距、面积堵塞比对推力矢量特性及发动机喷管流场的影响。结果表明:扰流片安装间距增大将导致泄漏流体增多,降低了发动机喷管的推力、总侧向力;在扰流片面积增加的过程中,初期面积堵塞比的增加将导致喷管推力下降,总侧向力得到提升,当继续增加面积堵塞比,喷管推力和总侧向力骤降。此外,增加安装间距对喷管扩张段的马赫数基本没有影响,而增加面积阻塞比使得马赫数的下降位置提前,甚至促使斜激波发展为弓形激波。

多级火箭级间热分离数值模拟及参数不确定性研究

热分离作为火箭级间分离的主要方式,在提高分离过程的可靠性时,存在着级间区域喷流与外界来流耦合以及环境参数不确定性影响等问题。以某型两级火箭级间热分离过程为研究对象,针对上述2个方面问题,结合计算流体力学、统计学等研究手段,通过求解RANS方程与刚体运动方程,开展对火箭级间热分离过程的仿真模拟工作,讨论了分离载荷变化3个阶段的产生原因。并考察不同飞行速度、飞行高度和飞行攻角3个环境输入参数的不确定性,基于混沌多项式展开法(PCE)构建分离过程的不确定性分析模型,结合Sobol敏感性分析法量化了各个输入参数的影响程度。结果显示:3个环境参数分别主要通过影响作用于二子级的气动力、改变流场物性和抑制马赫盘发展影响分离过程;PCE法获得的一、二子级轴向速度的不确定带呈现不同的变化模式,其峰值分别达到50.1%和29.2%,表明二子级抗干扰的能力强。轴、径向运动参数对飞行速度的敏感性最强,敏感性指标分别达到0.36和0.30。研究获得的不确定性量化特征指标,为热分离过程姿态的预测、探索分离关键影响因素以及进一步优化设计提供了良好手段。

环形CW型原表面回热器通道流动换热及熵产特性分析

着眼于提升临近空间可重复使用航天器的能源利用效率,文章探究环形CW型原表面回热器通道流动换热与熵产特性。以其换热单元体为研究对象,采用k-ε湍流模型和周期性边界条件,通过分析回热器流道出口截面的速度和温度参数分布,讨论了冷热侧进口参数(雷诺数、温度)对回热器流动特性与换热性能的影响。结果表明,增大雷诺数会使冷热侧出口截面温度降低、速度提升,形成中心涡,使流道侧壁摩擦阻力及压力损失增大,导致回热器换热性能下降。熵产分析验证了此结论:随雷诺数增大,换热单元总熵产率增大。雷诺数不变时,改变冷热侧进口温度,结合面优度系数和总熵产率的综合变化,得到回热器的最佳工作温度为燃气进口温度874.8 K、空气进口温度485.6 K。

Investigation of the DBD Plasma Effect on Flat Plate Flow

Particle image velocimetry experiments and simulations were conducted in this study to clarify the influence of the DBD plasma actuator on the flow over a flat plate. The result shows that the actuator not only effectively leads to a local rise in near-wall velocity, but also efficiently causes a decrease in the displacement thickness of the boundary layer. Actuator-induced vorticity is generated to intensify the energy exchange between the main flow and the boundary layer, and dynamic energy is thus added directly to the low-energy fluid by the actuator. Although the increase in fluid velocity also brings a rise in dynamic energy loss, the energy added by the actuator can cover this to provide growth in the energy of the boundary layer. The plasma actuator presents a better performance when the free-stream velocity is lower.

Numerical Study of Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer Induced by Plasma Discharges

A numerical investigation is conducted to explore the evolution of a plasma discharge and its interaction with the fluid flow based on a self-consistent fluid model which couples the discharge dynamics with the fluid dynamics.The effects of the applied voltage on the distribution of velocity and temperature in initially static air are parainetrically studied.Furthermore,the spatial structure of plasma discharge and the resulting force contours in streamwise and normal directions are discussed in detail.The result shows that the plasma actuator produces a net force that should always be directed away from the exposed electrode,which results in an ionic wind pushing particles into a jet downstream of the actuator.When the energy added by the plasma is taken into account,the ambient air temperature is increased slightly around the electrode,but the velocity is almost not affected.Therefore it is unlikely that the induced flow is buoyancy driven.For the operating voltages considered in this paper,the maximum induced velocity is found to follow a power law,i.e.,it is proportional to the applied voltage to the 3.5 power.This promises an efficient application in the flow control with plasma actuators.

Investigation of the Flow Structure on a Flat Plate Induced by Unsteady Plasma Actuation with DNS Methods

An investigation into the flow characteristic on a flat plate induced by an unsteady plasma was conducted with the methods of direct numerical simulations（DNS）.A simplified model of dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） plasma was applied and its parameters were calibrated with the experimental results.In the simulations,effects of the actuation frequency on the flow were examined.The instantaneous flow parameters were also drawn to serve as a detailed study on the behavior when the plasma actuator was applied to the flow.The result shows that induced by the unsteady actuation,a series of vortex pairs which showed dipole formation and periodicity distribution were formed in the boundary layer.The production of these vortex pairs indicated a strong energy exchange between the main flow and the boundary layer.They moved downstream under the action of the free stream and decayed under the influence of the fluid viscosity.The distance of the neighboring vortices was found to be determined by the actuation frequency.Interaction of the neighboring vortices would be ignored when the actuation frequency was too small to make a difference.

一种炼钢测温用的新型热电偶

我厂铸钢车间三台5t电弧炼钢炉,多年来一直采用铂铑热电偶测温。由于铂铑合金价格较贵,我厂炼钢的测温次数又比较多,所以测温成本较高。近年来,冶金系统在大力推广钨铼热电偶代替铂铑热电偶用于炼钢测温。钨铼合金价格比较便宜,国家已有定点厂家生产,为了进一步降低测温成本,又要稳定炼钢过程的温度控制,我们没有盲目采用钨铼热电偶代替铂铑热电偶,而是制定了一套测试计划,进行系统的对比试验,通过对测试数据的分析得出初步结论。本文就钨铼热电偶代替铂铑热电偶的试验情况作一简单介绍。

Numerical study of the flow structures in flat plate and the wall-mounted hump induced by the unsteady DBD plasma

In this work,the dielectric-barrier-discharge plasma actuator was employed to study the flow structures induced by the plasma actuator over a flat plate and a wall-mounted hump.A phenomenological dielectric-barrier-discharge plasma model which regarded the plasma effect as the body force was implemented into the Navier–Stokes equations solved by the method of large eddy simulations.The results show that a series of vortex pairs,which indicated dipole formation and periodicity distribution were generated in the boundary layer when the plasma was applied to the flow over a flat plane.They would enhance the energy exchanged between the near wall region and the free stream.Besides,their spatial trajectories are deeply affected by the actuation strength.When the actuator was engaged in the flow over a wall-mounted hump,the vortex pairs were also produced,which was able to delay flow separation as well as to promote flow reattachment and reduce the generation of a vortex,achieving the goal of reducing dissipation and decreasing flow resistance.

DBD等离子体非定常激励下的平板流场结构分布研究

文章采用DBD等离子体简化模型,基于大涡模拟方法,对DBD等离子体作用下的流场进行数值模拟研究,探讨等离子体非定常激励作用下平板流动的流场结构特点。结果表明:等离子体作用下,在近壁区形成了一系列的正负涡对结构,涡对的产生促进了近壁区内流体与主流流体的能量交换,时均结果表现为从等离子体作用点形成向下游发展的壁面射流;在等离子体作用点下游0.5b的位置,等离子体最大诱导速度UDBD随激励强度Dc呈指数形式增加。

A saw-tooth plasma actuator for film cooling efficiency enhancement of a shaped hole

This paper reports the large eddy simulations of the effects of a saw-tooth plasma actuator and the laidback fan-shaped hole on the film cooling flow characteristics, and the numerical results are compared with a corresponding standard configuration（cylindrical hole without the sawtooth plasma actuator）. For this numerical research, the saw-tooth plasma actuator is installed just downstream of the cooling hole and a phenomenological plasma model is employed to provide the 3D plasma force vectors. The results show that thanks to the downward force and the momentum injection effect of the saw-tooth plasma actuator, the cold jet comes closer to the wall surface and extends further downstream. The saw-tooth plasma actuator also induces a new pair of vortex which weakens the strength of the counter-rotating vortex pair（CRVP） and entrains the coolant towards the wall, and thus the diffusion of the cold jet in the crossflow is suppressed.Furthermore, the laidback fan-shaped hole reduces the vertical jet velocity causing the disappearance of downstream spiral separation node vortices, this compensates for the deficiency of the saw-tooth plasma actuator. Both effects of the laidback fan-shaped hole and the saw-tooth plasma actuator effectively control the development of the CRVP whose size and strength are smaller than those of the anti-counter rotating vortex pair in the far field, thus the centerline and the spanwise-averaged film cooling efficiency are enhanced. The average film cooling efficiency is the biggest in the Fan-Dc=1 case, which is 80% bigger than that in the Fan-Dc=0 case and 288% bigger than that in the Cyl-Dc=0 case.

不同亚格子模型的对比分析及其运用

本文基于大涡模拟方法,对比讨论了四种不同亚格子模型的计算原理和仿真特性,并对等离子体激励下的凸包流场进行了研究,结果表明:WALE模型和KET模型的仿真结果比较准确;Smagorinsky-Lilly模型耗散偏大且模型系数不具普适性,仿真准确性较差;WMLES模型存在严重的过度耗散,各流动参数的仿真结果误差很大,无法准确捕捉流动转捩的发生;等离子体激励通过向附面层流体注入能量产生等效的壁面射流,可以显著延缓凸包流动分离并促进流动再附、抑制涡的发生,从而起到降低耗散,湍流减阻的作用。