The concept of computer-aided design/computer aided manufacturing(CAD/CAM) was first mentioned decades ago in the field of dentistry.The technology to make dental restorations has found wide application recently and d...The concept of computer-aided design/computer aided manufacturing(CAD/CAM) was first mentioned decades ago in the field of dentistry.The technology to make dental restorations has found wide application recently and developed rapidly in prosthodontics and oral implantology,for it could save patients’ time and manpower,have precision on prostheses’ edging,etc.Until now there are several commercial CAD/CAM systems on market.With the use of CAD/CAM technology in dentistry,it has broken the traditional pattern of making dentures manually.Meanwhile,it brings opportunity for material science.The machinable/milled materials in dentistry should have not only excellent biocompatibility,but also machining and physical properties.Both of them are important.Nowadays,a great number of blocks are made from feldspar ceramics,glass-ceramics,alumina oxide,zirconium oxide,titanium,composite materials,wax and so on.Lots of researchers have had their focus on metal-free materials,because it can make the restorations look more natural and not show the inside metal color.However,strength like feldspar ceramics has its own disadvantages.It has strict indications,otherwise the restoration may fail.The technique called In-Ceram has been used long time ago.It also has long clinical experience and excellent long-term prognosis.People have explored this technique in CAD/CAM restorations.Studies have manifested that it can be utilized this way.At first,alumina was milled with pores;then,glass was infiltrated to the milled material.After zirconia had its success used in orthopedics,it became more and more popular to investigate whether this stuff was suitable in dentistry or not.Luckily,it has been proved adaptable for making single crown in posterior area,fixed partial dentures,in particular,and milling it using CAM equipment,due to the partially sintered block’s hardness like chalk.Several milled polymer materials are made for temporary crowns or bridges.In recent years,because of the phenomenon about microleakage of the direct filling composite resin intraoral,indirect filling method,inlay,by the adhesive agent has bonded the tooth tissue and the material to eliminate the microleakage.It is the chemical bonding.As a result of this,maybe composite material made inlay will be prospective.As the aging phenomenon of the polymers are inevitable,and the resin matrix are polymers,it is not suitable for cosmetic restorations.Metal materials for CAD/CAM have some commercial products.But few scholars do the studies about it.In this article you will find that many investigators abroad do the research about the commercial blocks on their physical and clinical study.On the other hand,domestic scholars pay attention to the basis of the material research.It provides the overview of the materials for CAD/CAM in dentistry.展开更多
The genetic diversity of 110 strains of Ustilaginoidea virens from Liaoning province and Beijing where the types of rice variety constitution were different,was assessed by AFLP.The results showed that the coefficient...The genetic diversity of 110 strains of Ustilaginoidea virens from Liaoning province and Beijing where the types of rice variety constitution were different,was assessed by AFLP.The results showed that the coefficient of strains from Liaoning and Beijing was 0.92 and 0.55 respectively,and the strains from Beijing were divided into two distinct groups.There was no specific DNA pattern for the isolates from the same rice varieties,and there was no correlation between the clusters based on genetic similarity coefficient and variety origin of isolates.展开更多
文摘The concept of computer-aided design/computer aided manufacturing(CAD/CAM) was first mentioned decades ago in the field of dentistry.The technology to make dental restorations has found wide application recently and developed rapidly in prosthodontics and oral implantology,for it could save patients’ time and manpower,have precision on prostheses’ edging,etc.Until now there are several commercial CAD/CAM systems on market.With the use of CAD/CAM technology in dentistry,it has broken the traditional pattern of making dentures manually.Meanwhile,it brings opportunity for material science.The machinable/milled materials in dentistry should have not only excellent biocompatibility,but also machining and physical properties.Both of them are important.Nowadays,a great number of blocks are made from feldspar ceramics,glass-ceramics,alumina oxide,zirconium oxide,titanium,composite materials,wax and so on.Lots of researchers have had their focus on metal-free materials,because it can make the restorations look more natural and not show the inside metal color.However,strength like feldspar ceramics has its own disadvantages.It has strict indications,otherwise the restoration may fail.The technique called In-Ceram has been used long time ago.It also has long clinical experience and excellent long-term prognosis.People have explored this technique in CAD/CAM restorations.Studies have manifested that it can be utilized this way.At first,alumina was milled with pores;then,glass was infiltrated to the milled material.After zirconia had its success used in orthopedics,it became more and more popular to investigate whether this stuff was suitable in dentistry or not.Luckily,it has been proved adaptable for making single crown in posterior area,fixed partial dentures,in particular,and milling it using CAM equipment,due to the partially sintered block’s hardness like chalk.Several milled polymer materials are made for temporary crowns or bridges.In recent years,because of the phenomenon about microleakage of the direct filling composite resin intraoral,indirect filling method,inlay,by the adhesive agent has bonded the tooth tissue and the material to eliminate the microleakage.It is the chemical bonding.As a result of this,maybe composite material made inlay will be prospective.As the aging phenomenon of the polymers are inevitable,and the resin matrix are polymers,it is not suitable for cosmetic restorations.Metal materials for CAD/CAM have some commercial products.But few scholars do the studies about it.In this article you will find that many investigators abroad do the research about the commercial blocks on their physical and clinical study.On the other hand,domestic scholars pay attention to the basis of the material research.It provides the overview of the materials for CAD/CAM in dentistry.
文摘The genetic diversity of 110 strains of Ustilaginoidea virens from Liaoning province and Beijing where the types of rice variety constitution were different,was assessed by AFLP.The results showed that the coefficient of strains from Liaoning and Beijing was 0.92 and 0.55 respectively,and the strains from Beijing were divided into two distinct groups.There was no specific DNA pattern for the isolates from the same rice varieties,and there was no correlation between the clusters based on genetic similarity coefficient and variety origin of isolates.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51172144,51372153)Science Technology Foundation of Shanghai(12410710300)+1 种基金Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(J51503)the Program for Professor of Special Appointment(Eastern Scholar)at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51172144)Science Technology Foundation of shanghai(12410710300)+1 种基金Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(J51503)the Program for Professor ofSpecial Appointment(Eastern Scholar)at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning
