欧盟是我国植物源农产品出口的重要目标市场,也是全球食品安全管理最严苛的地区之一。近年来,欧盟连续撤销多种农药的登记授权,并将相关农药残留限量(MRLs)降低至定量限(LOQ)水平,对农产品的国际贸易产生了重要影响。世界贸易组织(WTO)...欧盟是我国植物源农产品出口的重要目标市场,也是全球食品安全管理最严苛的地区之一。近年来,欧盟连续撤销多种农药的登记授权,并将相关农药残留限量(MRLs)降低至定量限(LOQ)水平,对农产品的国际贸易产生了重要影响。世界贸易组织(WTO)成员对欧盟农药残留管控措施的关注度也越来越高。本文收集整理了1995年至2022年间WTO成员提出的与欧盟农药残留管控相关的“卫生与植物卫生措施特别贸易关注(specific trade concerns on sanitary and phytosanitary measures,SPS STCs)”议题,系统梳理了WTO成员对欧盟农药残留管控措施的关注情况,包括关注议题数量、提出关注议题的成员、涉及的管控措施类型、产品种类及解决情况,总结分析了WTO成员对欧盟农药残留管控措施的主要关注点,并尝试提出了相应的应对思考建议。展开更多
In our previous reports, wehave verified the involvement of G protein, Ca2+ channel in plasma memband CDPK in extracellular calmodulin(CaM) signal transduction chain for theinitiatory effects of extracellular CaM onpo...In our previous reports, wehave verified the involvement of G protein, Ca2+ channel in plasma memband CDPK in extracellular calmodulin(CaM) signal transduction chain for theinitiatory effects of extracellular CaM onpollen germination and pollen tubegrowth . In this paper, both normal andexogenous CaM-enhanced pollen germination and tube growth were completelyinhibited by the phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122 (Fig. 1 ). The enhancement of pollen germination and tubegrowth by the G protein agonist choleratoxin were also completely inhibited byU-73122 (Fig. 2), whereas the inhibition of pollen germination and tubegrowth by the G protein antagonist pertussis toxin was reversed by IP3 (Fig. 2).Heparin, an antagonist Of IP3 receptor,inhibited pollen germination and tubegrowth (Fig. 3 ), while thapsigargin increased cytosolic Ca2+ by inhibiting theIP3-specific Ca2+ pump in endoplasmicreticulum, and thereby increased pollengermination and tube growth (Fig. 4).The above results suggest that phosphoinositide signaling pathway might be involved in the extracellular CaM signaltransduction chain in the initiatory effectsof extracellular CaM on pollen germination and tube growth.展开更多
文摘欧盟是我国植物源农产品出口的重要目标市场,也是全球食品安全管理最严苛的地区之一。近年来,欧盟连续撤销多种农药的登记授权,并将相关农药残留限量(MRLs)降低至定量限(LOQ)水平,对农产品的国际贸易产生了重要影响。世界贸易组织(WTO)成员对欧盟农药残留管控措施的关注度也越来越高。本文收集整理了1995年至2022年间WTO成员提出的与欧盟农药残留管控相关的“卫生与植物卫生措施特别贸易关注(specific trade concerns on sanitary and phytosanitary measures,SPS STCs)”议题,系统梳理了WTO成员对欧盟农药残留管控措施的关注情况,包括关注议题数量、提出关注议题的成员、涉及的管控措施类型、产品种类及解决情况,总结分析了WTO成员对欧盟农药残留管控措施的主要关注点,并尝试提出了相应的应对思考建议。
文摘In our previous reports, wehave verified the involvement of G protein, Ca2+ channel in plasma memband CDPK in extracellular calmodulin(CaM) signal transduction chain for theinitiatory effects of extracellular CaM onpollen germination and pollen tubegrowth . In this paper, both normal andexogenous CaM-enhanced pollen germination and tube growth were completelyinhibited by the phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122 (Fig. 1 ). The enhancement of pollen germination and tubegrowth by the G protein agonist choleratoxin were also completely inhibited byU-73122 (Fig. 2), whereas the inhibition of pollen germination and tubegrowth by the G protein antagonist pertussis toxin was reversed by IP3 (Fig. 2).Heparin, an antagonist Of IP3 receptor,inhibited pollen germination and tubegrowth (Fig. 3 ), while thapsigargin increased cytosolic Ca2+ by inhibiting theIP3-specific Ca2+ pump in endoplasmicreticulum, and thereby increased pollengermination and tube growth (Fig. 4).The above results suggest that phosphoinositide signaling pathway might be involved in the extracellular CaM signaltransduction chain in the initiatory effectsof extracellular CaM on pollen germination and tube growth.
