优化氮肥施用和秸秆还田技术为途径的农业管理措施被认为是提升农业可持续性的有效手段,然而当前关于氮肥和秸秆还田对小麦产量和N_(2)O排放影响的研究仍十分有限。为此,本研究基于2000—2022年发表的关于长江中下游流域氮肥和秸秆投入...优化氮肥施用和秸秆还田技术为途径的农业管理措施被认为是提升农业可持续性的有效手段,然而当前关于氮肥和秸秆还田对小麦产量和N_(2)O排放影响的研究仍十分有限。为此,本研究基于2000—2022年发表的关于长江中下游流域氮肥和秸秆投入下小麦产量和N_(2)O排放变化的文献,运用随机森林建模,定量分析氮肥和秸秆还田对小麦产量和N_(2)O排放的影响,并结合情景设置进行了特定地点的小麦产量和N_(2)O排放模拟,同时评估了碳排放强度(CEE)和净生态系统经济效益(NEEB)。结果表明,建立的区域尺度小麦产量与N_(2)O排放对氮秸互作响应的随机森林模型,验证结果R^(2)分别为0.66和0.65,RMSE分别为0.70和1.11。结果表明施氮量和土壤有机质是影响小麦产量和N_(2)O排放的重要因素。综合来看,达到最大产量所需的氮肥量为208~212 kg hm^(-2),达到最小CEE所需的氮肥量为113~130 kg hm^(-2),达到最高的NEEB所需的氮肥量为202~205 kg hm^(-2),其中在6.75 t hm^(-2)的秸秆投入下施用202 kg hm^(-2)的氮肥可以获得最高的生态收益1.37万元。优化氮肥和秸秆投入具备减少作物碳排放强度并获得最大净生态环境效益的潜力。展开更多
秸秆还田与氮肥施用是农田生态系统中碳氮元素的两大主要补给途径,其在调控稻田甲烷(CH_(4))和氧化亚氮(N_(2)O)排放以及水稻产量方面具有重要作用。以往的研究主要关注秸秆还田或氮肥施用单因素对稻田温室气体排放的影响,而双因素互作...秸秆还田与氮肥施用是农田生态系统中碳氮元素的两大主要补给途径,其在调控稻田甲烷(CH_(4))和氧化亚氮(N_(2)O)排放以及水稻产量方面具有重要作用。以往的研究主要关注秸秆还田或氮肥施用单因素对稻田温室气体排放的影响,而双因素互作对甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响尚未明确。同时,在秸秆还田条件下如何进行合理的氮肥施用鲜有深入研究。本研究基于3个氮肥处理(0、180、360 kg N/hm^(2))和3个秸秆还田处理(0、2.25、3.75 t/hm^(2))进行多年水稻田间定位试验,研究结果表明:CH_(4)季节累积排放随秸秆还田量增加而增加,与施氮量无显著正相关关系;N_(2)O季节累积排放随施氮量增加而增加,与秸秆还田量无显著正相关关系;秸秆还田对于产量的影响具有不确定性,两年均在秸秆不还田+不施氮处理(S0N0)出现最低产量,2021与2022年最低产量分别为5740.64和4903.75 kg/hm^(2)。2021与2022年最高产量分别在秸秆不还田+高氮(S0N_(2))和高量秸秆还田+高氮(S2N_(2))出现,分别为10938.48和10384.83 kg/hm^(2)。同时,本研究发现在低量秸秆还田条件下,在碳足迹(CF, Carbon Footprint)方面,施氮量为251 kg N/hm^(2)时碳足迹达到最低点,为1.01 kg C/kg;而在生态经济净收益(NEEB, Net Ecosystem Economic Benefits)方面,施氮量为294 kg N/hm^(2)时生态经济净收益达到最高点,为11778.15元/hm^(2)。为协同生态经济净收益与碳排放,在低量秸秆还田(S1)下,配合251—294 kg N/hm^(2)的施氮量为最优施肥方案。研究结果为指导稻田温室气体减排、实现稻田碳中和以及农田管理提供了理论支撑,为实现水稻的高产稳产与低碳生产科学依据。展开更多
The levels of endogenous plant hormones regulate floret development and degeneration, and thus grain set in flower crops. This study was undertaken to characterize the changes of endogenous hormone levels during flor...The levels of endogenous plant hormones regulate floret development and degeneration, and thus grain set in flower crops. This study was undertaken to characterize the changes of endogenous hormone levels during floret development in three wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes: “97J1' with the highest grain set and fertile florets per spike, “H8679' with the lowest grain set and fertile florets per spike, and a medium, “YM158'. The results showed that the peak level of ABA appeared between stamen and pistil differentiation and antherlobe formation of floret development, and the timing delayed with the size of spike (earliest in “H8679” and latest in “97J1”). From antherlobe formation to meiosis, the levels of ABA and GA 1+3 decreased sharply in the ears of “97J1”, while in the ears of “H8679” there was only a slight decrease in ABA, and even an increase in GA 1+3 . The ratio of isopentenyladenosine (iPA)/ABA and IAA/ABA in the ears of “97J1” increased sharply from antherlobe formation to meiosis, but changed only slightly in the ears of “H8679”. At antherlobe formation, IAA and GA 1+3 levels were higher in the ears of “97J1”, but lower in the ears of “H8679” than in the leaves. At meiosis, ABA, GA 1+3 and IAA levels in the “97J1” ears were much lower than in the leaves, but similar in “H8679”. These results indicated that the sharp decreases of ABA and GA 1+3 in ears from antherlobe formation to meiosis and the lowest maintenance at meiosis may be favorable for development of fertile florets and enhancement of grain set in wheat.展开更多
为了处理工业废水中重金属,在实验室条件下,对自制壳聚糖吸附重金属离子的规律进行了研究,提出了壳聚糖吸附模拟废水中的Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+的最佳条件。结果表明,在脱乙酰度为90%,粘度为100 cP.s的壳聚糖吸附Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+过程中,吸...为了处理工业废水中重金属,在实验室条件下,对自制壳聚糖吸附重金属离子的规律进行了研究,提出了壳聚糖吸附模拟废水中的Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+的最佳条件。结果表明,在脱乙酰度为90%,粘度为100 cP.s的壳聚糖吸附Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+过程中,吸附效果与壳聚糖的用量、吸附时间、溶液pH值有关,这3种因素对壳聚糖吸附重金属的吸附率影响显著。提出实验室条件下自制壳聚糖对Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+的最佳吸附条件,即壳聚糖吸附Cd2+的最佳条件:用量为10 g/L,吸附时间1 m in,溶液pH=8;吸附Pb2+用量为10g/L,吸附时间60 m in,溶液pH=6;吸附Cu2+用量10 g/L,吸附时间1 m in,溶液pH=5,为含有Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+重金属离子的工业废水的处理提供了小试基础,同时使得壳聚糖作为吸附剂新材料的应用有了进一步的发展。展开更多
文摘优化氮肥施用和秸秆还田技术为途径的农业管理措施被认为是提升农业可持续性的有效手段,然而当前关于氮肥和秸秆还田对小麦产量和N_(2)O排放影响的研究仍十分有限。为此,本研究基于2000—2022年发表的关于长江中下游流域氮肥和秸秆投入下小麦产量和N_(2)O排放变化的文献,运用随机森林建模,定量分析氮肥和秸秆还田对小麦产量和N_(2)O排放的影响,并结合情景设置进行了特定地点的小麦产量和N_(2)O排放模拟,同时评估了碳排放强度(CEE)和净生态系统经济效益(NEEB)。结果表明,建立的区域尺度小麦产量与N_(2)O排放对氮秸互作响应的随机森林模型,验证结果R^(2)分别为0.66和0.65,RMSE分别为0.70和1.11。结果表明施氮量和土壤有机质是影响小麦产量和N_(2)O排放的重要因素。综合来看,达到最大产量所需的氮肥量为208~212 kg hm^(-2),达到最小CEE所需的氮肥量为113~130 kg hm^(-2),达到最高的NEEB所需的氮肥量为202~205 kg hm^(-2),其中在6.75 t hm^(-2)的秸秆投入下施用202 kg hm^(-2)的氮肥可以获得最高的生态收益1.37万元。优化氮肥和秸秆投入具备减少作物碳排放强度并获得最大净生态环境效益的潜力。
文摘秸秆还田与氮肥施用是农田生态系统中碳氮元素的两大主要补给途径,其在调控稻田甲烷(CH_(4))和氧化亚氮(N_(2)O)排放以及水稻产量方面具有重要作用。以往的研究主要关注秸秆还田或氮肥施用单因素对稻田温室气体排放的影响,而双因素互作对甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响尚未明确。同时,在秸秆还田条件下如何进行合理的氮肥施用鲜有深入研究。本研究基于3个氮肥处理(0、180、360 kg N/hm^(2))和3个秸秆还田处理(0、2.25、3.75 t/hm^(2))进行多年水稻田间定位试验,研究结果表明:CH_(4)季节累积排放随秸秆还田量增加而增加,与施氮量无显著正相关关系;N_(2)O季节累积排放随施氮量增加而增加,与秸秆还田量无显著正相关关系;秸秆还田对于产量的影响具有不确定性,两年均在秸秆不还田+不施氮处理(S0N0)出现最低产量,2021与2022年最低产量分别为5740.64和4903.75 kg/hm^(2)。2021与2022年最高产量分别在秸秆不还田+高氮(S0N_(2))和高量秸秆还田+高氮(S2N_(2))出现,分别为10938.48和10384.83 kg/hm^(2)。同时,本研究发现在低量秸秆还田条件下,在碳足迹(CF, Carbon Footprint)方面,施氮量为251 kg N/hm^(2)时碳足迹达到最低点,为1.01 kg C/kg;而在生态经济净收益(NEEB, Net Ecosystem Economic Benefits)方面,施氮量为294 kg N/hm^(2)时生态经济净收益达到最高点,为11778.15元/hm^(2)。为协同生态经济净收益与碳排放,在低量秸秆还田(S1)下,配合251—294 kg N/hm^(2)的施氮量为最优施肥方案。研究结果为指导稻田温室气体减排、实现稻田碳中和以及农田管理提供了理论支撑,为实现水稻的高产稳产与低碳生产科学依据。
文摘The levels of endogenous plant hormones regulate floret development and degeneration, and thus grain set in flower crops. This study was undertaken to characterize the changes of endogenous hormone levels during floret development in three wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes: “97J1' with the highest grain set and fertile florets per spike, “H8679' with the lowest grain set and fertile florets per spike, and a medium, “YM158'. The results showed that the peak level of ABA appeared between stamen and pistil differentiation and antherlobe formation of floret development, and the timing delayed with the size of spike (earliest in “H8679” and latest in “97J1”). From antherlobe formation to meiosis, the levels of ABA and GA 1+3 decreased sharply in the ears of “97J1”, while in the ears of “H8679” there was only a slight decrease in ABA, and even an increase in GA 1+3 . The ratio of isopentenyladenosine (iPA)/ABA and IAA/ABA in the ears of “97J1” increased sharply from antherlobe formation to meiosis, but changed only slightly in the ears of “H8679”. At antherlobe formation, IAA and GA 1+3 levels were higher in the ears of “97J1”, but lower in the ears of “H8679” than in the leaves. At meiosis, ABA, GA 1+3 and IAA levels in the “97J1” ears were much lower than in the leaves, but similar in “H8679”. These results indicated that the sharp decreases of ABA and GA 1+3 in ears from antherlobe formation to meiosis and the lowest maintenance at meiosis may be favorable for development of fertile florets and enhancement of grain set in wheat.
文摘为了处理工业废水中重金属,在实验室条件下,对自制壳聚糖吸附重金属离子的规律进行了研究,提出了壳聚糖吸附模拟废水中的Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+的最佳条件。结果表明,在脱乙酰度为90%,粘度为100 cP.s的壳聚糖吸附Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+过程中,吸附效果与壳聚糖的用量、吸附时间、溶液pH值有关,这3种因素对壳聚糖吸附重金属的吸附率影响显著。提出实验室条件下自制壳聚糖对Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+的最佳吸附条件,即壳聚糖吸附Cd2+的最佳条件:用量为10 g/L,吸附时间1 m in,溶液pH=8;吸附Pb2+用量为10g/L,吸附时间60 m in,溶液pH=6;吸附Cu2+用量10 g/L,吸附时间1 m in,溶液pH=5,为含有Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+重金属离子的工业废水的处理提供了小试基础,同时使得壳聚糖作为吸附剂新材料的应用有了进一步的发展。
