开片状况对上部烟叶烘烤过程中失水特性的影响

【目的】探究烘烤过程中不同开片度上部烟叶的失水干燥特性,为烘烤工艺优化提供参考。【方法】以烤烟K326不同开片度(0.35,0.31和0.25)上部叶为试验材料,分析鲜烟叶的组织结构以及烘烤过程中烟叶水分和形态的变化。【结果】(1)鲜烟叶栅栏组织细胞密度、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度、紧密度随着烟叶开片度的减小而显著增大,海绵组织厚度、疏松度随着烟叶开片度的减小而显著降低。鲜烟叶中叶片水分质量所占比例随着烟叶开片度的减小而显著降低,主脉水分质量所占比例随着烟叶开片度的减小而显著增大。(2)烘烤过程中温度为42~48℃时,烟叶全叶、叶片、主脉含水率随着烟叶开片度的减小呈增大趋势;在38~42℃,叶片的失水比率随着烟叶开片度的减小而增大,45~48℃叶片失水比率随着烟叶开片度的减小而降低;烘烤过程中,叶片的束缚水/自由水随着开片度的减小而增大,叶片横向收缩率、主脉周长收缩率随烟叶开片度减小而降低。【结论】随着K326上部叶开片度的减小,烟叶失水干燥特性变差。

重庆烟区K326上部烟叶烘烤工艺研究

为了提高K326上部叶烤后烟质量及内部化学成分协调性,试验通过利用K326同一成熟度的上部叶,设定内动力排湿烘烤工艺、外动力排湿烘烤工艺、三段式烘烤工艺3个处理进行研究。结果表明:内动力排湿烘烤工艺表现最好,最利于重庆烟区K326上部烟叶的烘烤,烤后烟叶的总糖、还原糖含量最为接近适宜值,烟碱含量稍高,且总氮含量、糖碱比值处于适宜范围内,淀粉含量最低;其烤后烟在经济上表现佳,中上等烟比例达68.5%,均价达13元/kg。

Effects of Tobacco Curing on Accumulation of Chemical Components and Aroma Components in Tobaccos

[Objective]The aim was to explore effects of curing technique parameters on chemical components and aromatic material accumulation to formulate a suitable curing technique and for and to achieve tobacco scalding, drying and giving aromat- ic flavor. [Method] With tobacco variety KRK 26 as test materials, the test involved parameters of three curing-techniques in down, middle and upper parts of flue-cured tobaccos in an oven to measure chemical components and aromatic substances in tobaccos. [Result] The effects of curing techniques on total sugar and reducing sug- ar differed upon temperature and humidity. The contents of chemical components, such as total alkaloid, total N and the ratio of sugar/ alkali by moderate temperature and high humidity technique were of significant differences with those by moderate temperature and moderate humidity technique and with low temperature and low hu- midity technique; the chemical components by moderate temperature and moderate humidity were of insignificant differences with the treatment by low temperature and low humidity technique. Total amount of aroma components by different curing tech- niques from high to low was the treatment by low temperature and low humidity technique （461.72 μg/g）, the treatment by moderate temperature and moderate hu- midity technique （450.06μg/g） and the treatment by moderate temperature and high humidity technique （385.12μg/g）, suggesting the content of aromatic substances is high at low temperature and low humidity. [Conclusion] Moderate temperature and high humidity curing technique has significant effects on total alkaloid, total N and the ratio of sugar/ alkali of tobaccos and different curing techniques also affect the total amount of aromatic substances of flue-cured tobaccos.

Effects of Curing Techniques on Starch Contents of Leaves in Different Tobacco Parts with Varying Maturity Degrees

[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of different curing techniques on starch contents of tobaccos from different growth parts and with varying maturity degrees in order to reduce starch content of Yunnan tobacco. [Method] Compar- isons were conducted on tobaccos from upper, middle and down parts （immature, premature, mature and excessive mature） by low temperature and low humidity cur- ing technique, moderate temperature and moderate humidity curing technique, mod- erate temperature and high humidity curing technique to measure starch contents before and after curing. [Result] The results showed starch content of tobacco was increasing upon growth part. Low temperature and low humidity curing technique has poor effects on reduction of starch content; moderate temperature and moderate humidity curing technique improves starch content; moderate temperature and high humidity curing technique dramatically reduces starch content of tobaccos. [Conclu- sion] With consideration of tobacco appearance, inner quality and characters, moder- ate temperature and moderate humidity curing technique is recommended for tobac- co production.

Effects of Three Major Tobacco Curing Techniques on Raw Tobaccos

[Objective] The aim was to compare effects of three curing techniques （Chinese tobacco curing-method for improving tobacco quality and fragrance, Chi-nese （three-phase） tobacco curing technique, and Zimbabwe tobacco curing tech-nique） on quality of tobacco and to select optimal curing method. [Method] In Peng-shui county in Chongqing, tobacco variety K326 was chosen as test materials to conduct tobacco curing tests as per three techniques to analyze key components of raw tobacco, grade quality and evaluation quality. [Result] The content of starch in tobacco was reduced by Chinese tobacco curing-method for improving tobacco quality and fragrance, and the ratio of middle and high quality grade tobaccos improved by 1.8%-7.95%; average price increased by 1.64-3.21 yuan/kg; evaluation grade grew by 1.5-4.4. The technique is proved in enhancing tobacco fragrance quality and quantity as wel as improving and adjusting fragrance, taste and flavor. [Conclusion] Chinese （three-phase） tobacco curing technique improves tobacco quality and provides references for production demonstration areas of tobacco curing.

三段六步式烘烤工艺研究及应用初报

为解决我国烟叶烘烤过程中普遍存在的烤黄烤不香的问题,特介绍了三段六步式烘烤工艺的原理及关键参数,并对比分析了三段式工艺和三段六步式工艺的烘烤效果.结果表明,三段六步式烘烤工艺烟叶较对照的化学成分含量及比例更加适宜,提高了香气量、改善了香气量,评吸质量也较三段式烟叶得到了大幅提高.随着配套设置和工艺的不断完善,它必将在烟叶烘烤上得到广泛应用,为烟叶发展提供有力的技术保障.

Effect of Different Flue-curing Techniques on the Taste and Aroma Substances of Tobacco Leaves

[Objective]This study aimed to optimize the conditions for curing tobacco leaf, so as to improve its flavor and quality. [Method] Leaves of Yuanyan 87 were col ected and cured by three different techniques （moderate-intensity conditions throughout the curing course; high-intensity conditions at leaf yel owing and wilting stages, moderate-intensity conditions at leaf drying and vein drying stages; high-in-tensity conditions throughout the curing course）, and then the contents of 48 aroma substances and taste indices of the finished tobacco leaves were measured. [Result] The contents of 28 aroma substances in the tobacco leaves cured under high-inten-sity conditions throughout the course were higher and the taste indices of these to-bacco leaves were better, compared with those flue-cured by the other two tech-niques. The contents of the other 20 aroma substances were not significantly af-fected by the curing techniques. The second best technique was high-intensity con-ditions at leaf yel owing and wilting stages and moderate-intensity conditions at leaf drying and vein drying stages. Curing tobacco leaves at moderate-intensity condi-tions throughout the course was the worst one. [Conclusion] Compared with the oth-er two methods, the contents of aroma substances and taste indices of the tobacco leaves cured under high-intensive conditions throughout the course were the best.

Effects of Different Baking Processes on Carotenoid Content in Upper Leaves of Fluecured Tobacco

[Objective] We aimed to improve the quality of flue-cured tobacco with K326 upper leaves and explore the optimal tobacco baking process in Chongqing tobacco-producing region. [Method] Four different baking processes （endogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique, exogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique, three-stage flue-curing process, three-stage and six-step flue- curing process） were adopted in this research to investigate the effects of different baking processes on carotenoid content of same-maturity degree upper leaves of the flue-cured tobacco K326. [Result] The results showed at the yellowing and color fixing stages, the carotenoids were most fully decomposed in endogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique. The decomposed carotenoid content was lowest in exogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique, for which the carotenoid content was highest （50.53 mg/g）. [Conclusion] At the yellowing and color fixing stages, exogenetic force moisture-removing flue-curing technique was most conducive to the carotenoid accumulation in tobacco baking process.

Effects of Different Curing Techniques on Material and Aroma of Flue-cured Tobacco

[Objective] The aim was to compare the effects of three-phase technique, quality and aromatic-flavor improvement technique and Zimbabwe technique on to-bacco quality to select a suitable technique in tobacco production. [Method] Tobacco leaves in down, middle and upper parts of a tobacco variety KRK26 were col ected to analyze raw tobacco quality characters. [Result] With quality and aromatic-flavor improvement technique, the proportions of high-quality and middle/high quality tobac-cos improved by 4.68% and 1.97% and average price enhanced by 1.15 yuan/kg, increasing by 10.33%, 9.07% and 3.12 yuan/kg, compared with three-phase tech-nique. It is proved that the technique would better improve tobacco fragrance and quality and coordinate tobacco fragrance, taste and throat-irritation. [Conclusion] Quality and aromatic-flavor improvement technique provides references for tobacco production.

不同烘烤工艺对初烤烟叶多酚及有机酸含量的影响

[目的]探索改善烤烟品种K326中部叶质量的最佳烘烤调制工艺,实现K326中部叶在烘烤过程中的提质增香。[方法]采用4种不同的烘烤工艺对重庆市烟区K326品种中部烟叶进行烘烤调制,并对各烘烤工艺下的初烤烟叶多酚和有机酸的含量进行了比较研究。[结果]研究表明,中部初烤烟叶总绿原酸含量和多酚类物质总含量均表现为:重庆市三段六步式烘烤工艺初烤烟叶最高,外动力排湿烘烤工艺次之,三段式烘烤工艺最低;4个处理的中部初烤烟叶高级脂肪酸含量差异不明显,但外动力排湿烘烤工艺能明显降低中部初烤烟叶中柠檬酸和草酸的含量,其他非挥发性有机酸的含量与其他3个处理相比差异不明显。[结论]重庆市三段六步式烘烤工艺和外动力排湿烘烤工艺的中部初烤烟叶香气质和香气量优于其他2个处理,且外动力排湿烘烤工艺处理的中部烟叶原料有利于其卷烟制品燃吸时烟气的酸碱平衡。

浅谈“三段六步式”烘烤工艺效果评价

比较了三段六步式和三段式烘烤工艺烘烤烟叶的经济指标、外观质量、化学成分、评吸品质的差异,结果表明:无论是外观质量,还是烤后烟叶的经济价值,三段六步式均优于传统的三段式烘烤工艺,因而更加适用于重庆烟区特色烟叶的烘烤。

密集烤房装烟室不同层距对烘烤性能及烟叶评吸质量的影响

[目的]筛选研制密集烘烤适度加密装烟技术，实现烟叶在烘烤过程中提质增香．[方法]以现行密集烤房为试验设备，设计3种装烟室不同层距：47．0、533、80．0cm（CK），分析不同层距对烘烤性能及烟叶评吸质量的影响。[结果]结果表明，装烟室层距47．0、53．3cm，分别比CK增加装烟容量14．70％、30.46％，装烟室层距47．0cm烤房．点火32h垂直温差、平面温差大于CK；点火120h，垂直温差最大20．0℃，平面温差最大11．5℃，不能满足烘烤工艺要求，装烟室层距53．3cm烤房，垂直温差最大8．0℃，平面温差最大4．5℃，高于CK1．0～1．5℃，能满足烘烤工艺要求。装烟室层距53．3cm烤房，初烤烟叶香气特征、烟气特性、感官特性超过CK、装烟室层距47．0cm烤房，初烤烟叶评吸质量明显低于CK。烟叶烘烤过程不同循环风机功率叶间风速没有明显变化。[结论]烤烟生产优选装烟室层距53．3cm的密集烤房烘烤。

基于HSV颜色空间的烟叶烘烤阶段判别模型研究

【目的】烟叶烘烤的阶段判别对提升烘烤效率和品质具有重要意义,亟须实现烟叶烘烤阶段自动判别,减少人为影响,提高判别准确率。【方法】首先,使用图像处理技术将图像均衡化,再裁剪并剔除含背景信息多的图块,筛选出有效信息最多的图块;其次,提取烤烟图块的颜色特征,提取每一个图块的HSV三通道值,得到i项通道值;最后,使用基于阈值筛选的方法作为特征处理器,根据不同h、s、v值分类出烟叶烘烤的阶段,并将判断结果与实际情况进行对比验证。【结果】使用图像均衡化处理技术结合基于HSV颜色空间的特征提取算法,进行烟叶烘烤阶段判别,最终整体准确率达到90.64%,并且阶段3和阶段4的准确率达到了100%,效果非常理想。【结论】使用图像处理技术结合图像本身的颜色特征,能有效地判别烤烟的烘烤阶段,对判断烘烤进程、指导烘烤参数调节、提高烘烤品质、减少物料浪费和烘烤成本具有实际意义,有着广阔的应用前景。本研究为后续绕过深度学习等大算力算法但能提高实际应用效果方面的研究提供了方向。

捂黄工艺在烤烟烘烤中的应用

捂黄烘烤工艺是利用烟叶自身的呼吸放热,促使烟叶完成变黄凋萎,然后在烤房内按常规烘烤工艺进行烘烤。与常规工艺相比,捂黄烘烤具有缩短烘烤周期、增加装烟密度、提高烤房周转率等优点,但其相关配套技术还不完善,需要进一步深化研究。

密集烤房装烟室不同层距对烟叶烘烤成本及烘烤质量的影响

[目的]为筛选研制适度加密装烟技术,实现烟叶在烘烤过程中提质增香。[方法]以现行气流下降式密集型烤房为试验设备,设计密集烤房装烟室3种不同层距(47.0、53.3、57.0 cm),分析不同层距对烟叶烘烤成本及烘烤质量的影响。[结果]结果表明,密集型烤房的3种层距都可以不同程度地增加装烟容量。层距57.0 cm的密集型烤房,烘烤成本较低,烤后烟叶质量较好;层距53.3 cm的密集型烤房,烘烤成本较低,但烤后烟叶质量有所下降;层距47.0 cm的密集烤房烟叶烘烤成本增加,烤后烟叶质量差。[结论]优选装烟室层距57.0 cm的密集烤房烘烤烟叶。

密集烘烤关键温度点稳温时间对烤后烟叶质量的影响

针对近年来密集烤房应用中存在的干物质降解不充分和香气物质不足的问题,2009年以云烟87为试材,在重庆市武隆县进行了密集烤房关键温度点不同稳温时间对烤后烟叶化学成分、外观质量、能耗、经济性状和评吸质量的影响研究。结果表明,在干球温度42℃和54℃分别稳温12 h,烤后烟叶的综合质量较好,能耗较低,投入与产出比较高。在42℃稳温时间过短,烟叶变黄和凋萎不充分,烤青烟比例增加;稳温时间过长,导致干物质降解过度,烟叶在定色期失活早,酶促棕色化反应加重,影响烤后烟叶外观质量。烟叶在54℃保持相对长的时间可改善烟叶的颜色和色度,有利于香气物质的形成。

基于图像处理的烟叶烘烤阶段判别模型优选

【背景和目的】烟叶烘烤阶段的自动判别是建立智能化烟叶烘烤系统的重要环节。为实现烘烤阶段的精确识别和操控,提升烟叶烘烤的精准度。【方法】提取烘烤过程中整夹烟叶图像的11种颜色特征和8种纹理特征,分别对颜色特征和纹理特征进行变量聚类分析,以10为距离,将提取的颜色特征和纹理特征各分为2类。利用相关性分析筛选出每类特征中与烘烤阶段相关性最强的1个特征组成特征子集(R/G、l*、灰度平均和惯性),作为模型输入,分别利用基于遗传算法的支持向量机(GA-SVM)、基于粒子群算法的反向传播(PSO-BP)神经网络和极限学习机(ELM)进行烟叶烘烤阶段的分类识别研究。【结果】以优选后4个图像特征作为模型输入时,所建立的GA-SVM模型的测试集判别准确率为93.27%,PSO-BP神经网络模型的测试集判别准确率为89.35%,ELM模型的测试集判别准确率为85.05%。【结论】基于遗传算法的SVM模型烘烤阶段识别效果优于基于粒子群算法的BP神经网络模型,基于粒子群算法的BP神经网络模型识别效果优于ELM模型。

不同烘烤工艺对初烤烟叶挥发性香气物质的影响

[目的]探索改善烤烟品种K326上部叶香气质量的最佳烘烤工艺,实现K326上部叶在烘烤过程中的提质增香。[方法]在重庆烟区,采用气流下降式密集烤房,研究不同烘烤工艺对K326上部叶挥发性香气物质含量的影响。[结果]试验表明,在研究的47种烟草挥发性香气物质中,除了少数几种物质外,中温中湿处理的烟叶挥发性物质含量最高。其中,总量最高的是外动力排湿中温中湿的处理,为352.03μg/g;最低的为低温低湿的处理,为310.61μg/g。[结论]中温中湿烘烤工艺有利于K326品种上部叶挥发性香气物质的提高,同时有利于改善其烟气香气质量。

重庆烟区海拔高度对烤烟品质的影响

为了探讨重庆植烟区海拔高度对烟叶品质的影响,以烤烟品种云烟87为试验材料,分析了重庆不同海拔烟区烤后烟叶的化学成分及化学成分协调性,并对其进行了感官评吸。结果表明,烟叶总糖和还原糖含量以海拔800～1 300m的最高,而烟碱、总氮含量与海拔高度呈负相关关系,钾含量则与海拔高度呈正相关关系;烟叶化学成分协调性呈现出随海拔升高而增加的趋势;感官评吸结果显示,海拔800～1 300m的烟叶评吸质量最高。因此,重庆烟区的烟叶品质以海拔800～1 300m最优。

烟草专业化烘烤的影响因素分析

烟农是专业化烘烤的主体,他们的行为和意愿对专业化烘烤的可持续发展产生重要影响。就烟农对专业化烘烤的态度和认知等问题进行了调查,从烟农角度出发,确定了影响专业化烘烤可持续发展的主要因素,并提出了合理建议。