SiC_(f)/SiC陶瓷基复合材料高温环境损伤原位监测研究进展

连续SiC纤维增强SiC(SiC_(f)/SiC)复合材料具有高比强度、高比模量、耐高温、耐辐照等优点,在先进航空发动机热端部件和核反应堆包壳等领域具有广阔的应用前景。SiC_(f)/SiC复合材料具有纤维、界面、基体等复杂的多尺度结构,其服役环境苛刻、损伤失效过程复杂,深刻理解与准确分析其在近服役环境下损伤失效模式对于材料和构件的可靠服役具有重要意义。传统的“事后分析”方法无法获取材料在复杂服役环境下的损伤失效过程数据,因此迫切需要发展面向高温服役环境的复合材料原位表征测试技术。本文介绍了基于扫描电子显微镜、数字图像相关、显微计算机断层扫描、声发射、电阻等原位监测方法的基本原理、优势与局限性,重点讨论了以上各种原位监测方法及多种原位监测方法联用在SiC_(f)/SiC复合材料高温环境力学表征中的最新研究进展。最后,总结了SiC_(f)/SiC复合材料高温环境原位监测技术存在的挑战,并对多种原位技术联用、太赫兹辐射等新型检测技术、复杂构件的损伤原位监测方法等未来发展方向进行了初步展望。

SiC_(f)/SiC陶瓷基复合材料增韧机理及界面相微区性能测试方法研究进展

作为一种典型的陶瓷基复合材料(ceramic matrix composites,CMC),SiC_(f)/SiC复合材料具有高比强度、耐高温、抗氧化和抗热震等优点,在航空航天领域应用前景广阔。纤维和基体中间的界面相具有保护纤维、传递载荷、偏转裂纹等作用,赋予SiC_(f)/SiC复合材料伪塑性断裂特征。界面相的设计方案会显著影响其微区性能,进而影响SiC_(f)/SiC复合材料宏观力学性能和损伤失效模式。近年来发展的基于聚焦离子束(focused ion beam,FIB)的微纳加工技术和基于纳米压痕的微观力学测试技术是表征SiC_(f)/SiC复合材料界面相微区性能的有效手段。本文综述了SiC_(f)/SiC界面相现有设计方案及界面相微区性能对增韧效果的影响机制,重点总结了单纤维顶出/顶入、微柱压缩等小尺寸力学测试(small-scale mechanical testing,SSMT)技术的应用现状及各方法的适用条件和优缺点。最后,对CMC界面相微区性能研究的发展趋势做了初步展望,并指出测试方法的标准化、测试环境的高温化及测试数据的模型化是未来的主要发展方向。

Microstructures and mechanical properties of extruded 2024 aluminum alloy reinforced by FeNiCrCoAl_3 particles

Different proportions of commercial 2024 aluminum alloy powder and FeNiCrCoA13 high entropy alloy （HEA） powder were ball-milled （BM） for different time. The powder was consolidated by hot extrusion method. The microstructures of the milled powder and bulk alloy were examined by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Mechanical properties of the extruded alloy were examined by mechanical testing machine. The results show that after BM, the particle size and microstructures of the mixed alloy powder change obviously. After 48 h BM, the average size of mixed powder is about 30 nm, and then after hot extrusion, the average size of grains reaches about 70 rim. The compressive strength of the extruded alloy reaches 710 MPa under certain conditions of milling time and composition. As a result of the identification of the nano-/micro-strueture-property relationship of the samples, such high strength is attributed mainly to the nanocrystalline grains of a（Al） and nanoscaled FeNiCrCoAl3 particles, and the fine secondary phase of Al2Cu and Fe-rich phases.

Effect of mechanical alloying and sintering process on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Ni-Y-Co-La alloy

Al86Ni7Y4.5Co1La1.5 （mole fraction, %） alloy powder was produced by argon gas atomization process. After high-energy ball milling, the powder was consolidated by vacuum hot press sintering and spark plasma sintering （SPS） under different process conditions. The microstructure and morphology of the powder and consolidated bulk sample were examined by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. It is shown that amorphous phase appears when ball milling time is more than 100 h, and the bulk sample consolidated by SPS can maintain amorphous/ nanocrystalline microstructure but has lower relative density. A compressive strength of 650 MPa of Al86Ni7Y4.5Co1La1.5 nanostructured samples is achieved by vacuum hot extrusion （VHE）.

Effect of mechanical alloying time and rotation speed on evolution of CNTs/Al-2024 composite powders

Carbon nanotubes （CNTs） reinforced aluminum matrix composites were fabricated by mechanical milling followed by hot extrusion. The commercial Al-2024 alloy with 1% CNTs was milled under various ball milling conditions. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the milled powder and consolidated bulk materials were examined by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM） and mechanical test. The effect of CNTs concentration and milling time on the microstructure of the CNTs/Al-2024 composites was studied. Based on the structural observation, the formation behavior of nanostructure in ball milled powder was discussed. The results show that the increment in the milling time and ration speed, for a fixed amount of CNTs, causes a reduction of the particle size of powders resulting from MM. The finest particle size was obtained after 15 h of milling. Moreover, the composite had an increase in tensile strength due to the small amount of CNTs addition.

基于数字图像相关方法的SiCf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料力学行为表征

SiCf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料具有低密度、耐高温、高比强度等优异特性,是新一代先进航空发动机热端部件的理想材料。为实现SiCf/SiC复合材料在服役环境下的可靠应用,亟须开展复合材料力学行为表征研究。与引伸计、应变片等其他测试方法相比,数字图像相关方法(digital image correlation,DIC)具有非接触式、全场测量和可操作性强等优点,能够实现对复杂耦合环境下复合材料损伤断裂等力学行为的原位表征,因而受到广泛关注。本文系统梳理和总结DIC在SiCf/SiC复合材料室温拉伸、弯曲、爆破等力学测试中的应用进展,介绍DIC在SiCf/SiC复合材料力学加载过程的高温测量,最后对应用于SiCf/SiC复合材料的DIC表征技术进行了总结及展望。

多重纳米结构轻质高强铝基复合材料的制备和组织性能

为了研究多重纳米结构对块体材料强化和变形能力的影响机制,采用粉末冶金法制备了多重纳米结构的B4C颗粒增强铝基复合材料,并对复合材料的强化和形变破坏机制进行了定量和定性的讨论。由100%球磨复合粉末制备的块体复合材料的室温压缩强度为670MPa;当加入10vol%气雾化态的Al2024粉末后,复合材料的室温压缩强度升高到1.115GPa;之后随着气雾化态Al2024粉末含量的增加,复合材料的强度逐渐下降,但是没有产生明显的塑性变形;当气雾化态Al2024粉末的含量增加到50vol%时,复合材料的压缩强度下降到580MPa,断裂前变形率达到了10%。扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)的分析结果显示,亚微米级的B4C颗粒、位错以及纳米晶基体分别通过Orowan强化、位错强化和细晶强化机制对复合材料进行强化;粗晶Al2024区域与复合结构区域的比例显著影响复合材料的形变及破坏机制。

浅谈如何提升高校辅导员的谈话艺术

辅导员是大学生思想政治教育工作的骨干队伍,是大学生日常思想政治教育和管理工作的组织者、实施者和指导者。谈话是辅导员日常工作的重要方法,是辅导员深入了解学生的思想、生活和学习状态的最直接、最有效的途径之一。新形势下,全面提高大学生辅导员的谈话艺术,在深入贯彻中央16号文件精神,大力推进高校思想政治工作的今天显得尤为必要。

原位SiC纳米线增韧SiC陶瓷的抗热震性能

SiC陶瓷的本征脆性及其在高低温交变环境中抗热震能力的不足已成为制约其广泛应用的关键问题之一。本文以聚碳硅烷为前驱体、二茂铁为催化剂,通过前驱体转化法在制备低密度SiC陶瓷的同时在陶瓷中原位合成SiC纳米线,并采用前驱体浸渍裂解工艺将低密度陶瓷进一步致密化制备原位SiC纳米线增韧SiC陶瓷。实验结果表明,引入原位SiC纳米线后,SiC陶瓷的抗热震性能显著提升,经历30次“室温?1 500℃”的热震循环氧化后其氧化增重率仅为2.53%,相较于纳米线改性前的SiC陶瓷氧化增重率下降了59%。相应的微结构分析表明,合成的SiC纳米线为β-SiC晶型,其中包含部分堆垛层错。纳米线沿<111>方向择优生长,其生长遵循典型的“气-液-固”生长机制。SiC纳米线主要通过纳米线桥连和拔出增韧机制缓解陶瓷制备及高低温交变过程中产生的应力集中,减少裂纹数量和尺寸,进而提升陶瓷断裂韧性和抗热震性能。引入SiC纳米线后,SiC陶瓷内部平均裂纹长度由27.7μm下降至18.2μm,断裂韧性由3.76 MPa·m增加至7.83 MPa·m。