欧洲植物药市场的发展概况

在西欧国家,草药和植物医学的应用与正统医学有着相对紧密的结合。欧盟国家的草药通常作为有合法执照的非处方药或处方药在药房里销售。根据欧盟的指令,所有的植物药均作为药品对待,但需要进行以质量、安全性及疗效为基础的注册。荷兰和英国不在此例,这两个国家目前仍把植物产品作为食品补充剂销售。

《黄帝内经》神机 气立的术语英译研究

目的 探究《黄帝内经》中“神机”“气立”的术语内涵,对比分析不同英译本,对该组术语在实际语境中的翻译方法进行研究并提出相关建议,为今后译者翻译中医药文化负载词提供参考思路。方法 通过文献分析,综述“神机”“气立”的实际内涵,并基于此对比分析李照国,文树德,与吴连胜、吴奇父子三者的《黄帝内经》英译本,结合各家所长,提出相关翻译建议与术语所在语境的参考译本。结果 神机气立学说与新陈代谢理论相仿,但“气立”侧重于描述生物存在的外在条件和外在表现,而“神机”侧重描述生物存在的内在条件和内在本质。基于对术语内涵的探究,可以发现有的译本存在误译,但不同译本也各有所长。结论 中医药文化术语翻译在实际应用当中不仅要表达出术语自身的含义,还应结合实际语境进行灵活调整。

“一带一路”背景下国际针灸教学改革实践——以音译法提升国际针灸培训班教学效果为例

中医药是中国文化"走出去"的有效载体,"一带一路"倡议为中医药国际发展提供了更大的机遇。国际针灸培训班是国内中医药对外教育的一类教学模式,培训班从教学管理、教学方法、国际学生服务等多个环节入手,切实提高教学质量。上海中医药大学国际针灸班开展全英语教学以来,不断改善课程设计,提升全英语师资力量。实践证明,在中医术语教学中合理引入音译法,能有效提高教学质量,弥补传统中文授课配英文译员的不足,同时提升国际学生的学习效果和学习兴趣。

Clinical Observation on Treatment of Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy with Combined Electroacupuncture Tuina and Traction

Objective： To observe the clinical effect of combined electroacupuncture, tuina. and traction treating cervical spondylotic radiculopathy. Method： Depending on the orders of the patient＇s first visit, 120 cases were randomized into a treatment group （60 cases）, receiving electroacupuncture, tuina and traction treatment, and a control group （60 cases）, receiving electroacupuncture and tuina treatment. The treatment was done once a day, and 5 times constitute one course of treatment. A 2-day interval is set between the courses. The therapeutic effect was evaluated after 6 courses of treatment. Result： The total effective rate and recovery rate in the treatment group were 93.3% and 61.7%, respectively, whereas that of the control group were 78.3% and 31.7%, respectively, showing a significant statistical difference. Conclusion： Combined acupuncture, tuina and traction worked well for cervical spondylotic radiculopathy.

Clinical effect observation on acupuncture for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective： To observe the clinical effect of acupuncture on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）, and the improvements of patients＇ pulmonary ventilation function and 6-minute walk test （6-MWT） distance. Methods： A total of 80 COPD patients [grade 3-4 in Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease （GOLD）, qi deficiency of the lung and kidney in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） pattern] were randomly allocated into a treatment group （n=40） and a control group （n=40）. Salmeterol Xinafoate and Fluticasone Propionate powder （Seretide, 50 μg/250 μg） for inhalation was used for basic treatment in both groups （once in the morning and once in the evening）. Patients in the treatment group received acupuncture at Feishu （BL 13）, Shenshu （BL 23）, O.ihai （CV 6）, Guanyuan （CV 4）, Dingchuan （EX-B 1）, Danzhong （CV 17） and Zusanli （ST 36] twice a week for 3 months. After 3 months of treatment, clinical effects, lung ventilation functions and 6-MWT distance were observed and compared in the two groups. Results： After 3 months of treatment, the total effective rate was 95.0% in the treatment group, versus 80.0% in the control group, showing a statistical difference （P〈O.05）; the phlegm expectoration, dyspnea and shortness of breath were more significantly improved in the treatment group than those in the control group （P〈0.01, P〈0.05）; and the 6-MWT distance and forced expiratory volume in 1 second percentage of predicted value （FEV1%） were more significantly improved in the treatment group than those in the control group （P〈0.05, P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Seretide inhaler combined with acupuncture can improve signs and symptoms in COPD patients, increase the 6-MWT distance, imorove FEV1% and obtain better results than Seretide alone.

Clinical Efficacy Evaluation on Electroacupuncture for Osteoarthritis and Observation on Biomechanical Indexes

Objective： To observe the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture for knee osteoarthritis （KOA）. Method： Forty KOA cases were randomized into an electroacupuncture and a tuina group （20 cases in each group） by their visit order. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by the WOMAC osteoarthritis index obtained prior to the treatment, and 2 or 4 weeks afterwards. In addition, the gait prior to the treatment and afterwards were tested by a gait analyzer. Results： The WOMAC scale revealed that after 4 weeks of treatment, cases in both groups got significant improvement （P〈0.01 in both electroacupuncture and tuina group） in pain relief, stiffness improvement and management of daily activities; cases in the electroacupuncture group showed a better result after 2 weeks of treatment, coupled with a better result than tuina group in managing daily activities and pain relief after 4-week treatment, however, there was no significant difference between the two groups in stiffness improvement. Cases in the electroacupuncture group also showed a significant improvement （P 〈0.05） in step length, stride length, step speed and walking cycles after the treatment, but no significant difference in the Q angle. Conclusion： Electroacupuncture has better effect for knee osteoarthritis than tuina, and it can also improve the gait performance of the patients.

Effect of breathing and Daoyin exercises on the quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective： To observe the effect of breathing and Daoyin exercises on the quality of life in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease（COPD） due to deficiency of the lung and kidney（grade II-III）.Methods： A total of 60 eligible cases were randomly allocated into a treatment group（n=30） and a control group（n=30） by random number table. Cases in the control group received routine Western medical treatment, whereas cases in the treatment group conducted breathing and Daoyin exercises in addition to routine Western medical treatment. Patients in both groups were treated for a total of 3 months. Then the observation was made on changes in pulmonary ventilation function, major clinical symptoms, modified Medical Research Council scale（m MRC）, distance in 6-minute walk test（6-MWT）, COPD assessment test（CAT） and efficacy satisfaction questionnaire for COPD（ESQ-COPD） before and after treatment. Results： After treatment, the total effective rate was 80.0% in the treatment group, versus 66.7% in the control group, showing a statistical difference（P〈0.05）. Patients in the treatment group obtained more significant improvement in coughing, sputum production, dyspnea and shortness of breath than those in the control group（P〈0.05）. Patients in the treatment group obtained more significant elevation in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second percentage of predicted value（FEV1%） and peak expiratory flow rate（PEF%） than those in the control group（P〈0.05）. Patients in the treatment group obtained lower m MRC score than those in the control group（P〈0.05）. Patients in the treatment group obtained longer 6-MWT distance than those in the control group（P〈0.05）. Patients in the treatment group obtained lower CAT score（P〈0.01） and higher ESQ-COPD score（P〈0.05） than those in the control group. Conclusion： Breathing and Daoyin exercises combined with routine Western medical treatment are effective for stable COPD（grade II-III） due to deficiency of the lung and kidney and can improve the patients＇ quality of life.

Clinical Study on Time-effect Relation of Acupuncture for Pain due to Dysmenorrhea

Objective： To observe the time-effect relationship of needling a single point or multiple points for pain relief in patients with severe primary dysmenorrhea. Methods： A total of 20 cases with severe primary dysmenorrhea were randomly allocated into a group of single point. In each treatment, the needles retained for 30 min and 15 person times were observed in each group. The VAS （Visual Analogue Scale） values were recorded immediately before needling, 5 min, 20 min and 30 min upon insertion, and 30 min, 60 min and 120 min upon withdrawal for statistical analysis. Results： Immediate pain relief occurred following acupuncture and the pain-alleviating effect was incremented within the 30 min of needle retaining. At 20 min upon needle insertion, the pain relief from needling multiple points appeared substantially stronger than needling a single point （P〈0.05） and this effect remained until 2 h after withdraw of the needles. Conclusion： Needling a single point or multiple points can both produce remarkably immediate pain relief for patients with severe primary dysmenorrhea and share similar time-effect relationship. However, needling multiple points showed substantially better effects than needling a single point in a number of time points.

Effect of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation Training on Barthel Index in Early-stage of Stroke Cases

Objective： To study the effect of combined acupuncture and rehabilitation training on early-stage Barthel index of ischemic stroke cases. Method： Fifty ischemic stroke cases were randomized into a treatment group of 24 cases and control group of 26 cases. In addition to routine internal treatment methods, rehabilitation training was applied to cases in the control group, and combined acupuncture and rehabilitation training were applied to cases in the treatment group. Warming and reinforcing manipulations were applied to Jianyu （LI 15）, Quchi （LI 11）, Hegu （LI 4）, Yanglingquan （GB 34）, Yinlingquan （SP 9）, Zusanli （ST 36）, and Sanyinjiao （SP 6）, 20 rain of needle retaining for each point in one treatment. Then the scores of clinical neurological impairment and Barthel index of stroke cases were evaluated before the treatment and 3 weeks after respectively. Results： The significant progress and progress cases in the treatment group were 14 and 12 respectively, whereas that in the control group were 6 and 11 respectively, coupled with 7 cases of no progress. The therapeutic effect in the treatment is substantially better than the control group （P〈0.05）. There was no significant difference （P〉0.05） in neurological impairment and scores of Barthel index of the two groups before the treatment, whereas significant difference （P〈0.05） after the treatment. The scores of neurological impairment in the treatment group were significantly reduced after the treatment （P〈0.05）, and the scores of Barthel index were significantly increased （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Combined acupuncture and rehabilitation training can produce significantly better effect on early neurological impairment and Barthel index of stroke cases than rehabilitation training alone.

Efficacy observation on Governor Vessel-unblocking and mind-calming acupuncture for insomnia

Objective：To observe the effect of Governor Vessel-unblocking and mind-calming acupuncture on insomnia and further develop the academic idea on Gao＇s lineage acupuncture.Methods：A total of 68 insomnia cases were randomly allocated into an acupuncture group（n=34） and a medication group（n=34） according to their sequences of consultation.Patients in the acupuncture group received acupuncture treatment once a day,5 d a week,for 4 weeks.Patients in the medication group took 1 mg of Estazolam before sleep for each dose,one dose a day,for 4 weeks.Before and after treatment,the sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index（PSQI）,and the efficacy was assessed using the PSQI reductive rate.Results：After treatment,the global PSQI score and scores of each component in the acupuncture group were significantly decreased（all P〈0.01）.The global PSQI score in the medication group was significantly decreased（P〈0.01）.Except for sleep disturbance,scores of the rest of components were significantly decreased（P〈0.01 or P〈0.05）.The between-group difference was statistically significant in global PSQI score（P〈0.01）.Except for sleep latency and duration,scores of the sleep quality,efficiency,disturbance and daytime dysfunction in the acupuncture group were significantly lower than those in the medication group（all P〈0.05）.In addition,the recovery and marked effect rate in the acupuncture group was significantly higher than that in the medication group（P〈0.05）.Conclusion：The Governor Vessel-unblocking and mind-calming acupuncture is safe,reliable for insomnia and has better efficacy than Estazolam.

Effect of ginger-partitioned moxibustion on immunocytokines in patients with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis

Objective： To observe the effect of ginger-partitioned moxibustion on immunocytokines in patients with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis （CNP）. Methods： A total of 80 CNP patients were randomly allocated into two groups according to their visiting sequence, 40 cases in each group. Cases in the observation group were treated with oral Tamsulosin Hydrochloride Sustained Release Capsules （Harnal） （0.2 mg for each dose, one dose a day） and ginger-partitioned moxibustion at Qihai （CV 6）, Guanyuan （CV 4）, Zhongji （CV 3） and bilateral Zusanli （ST 36）, Sanyinjiao （SP 6）, Pangguangshu （BL 28）, Shangliao （BL 31）, Ciliao （BL 32）, Zhongliao （BL 33） and Xialiao （BL 34） （once a day）. Cases in the control group were treated with the oral Western medication alone （same administration as those in the observation group）. Cases in both groups were treated for 28 d. Before and after treatment, the CD3＋, CD4＋, CDB＋, CD4＋ CD25＋, CD4＋ CD25＋ Foxp3＋, transforming growth factor （TGF）-β1, immunoglobulin （Ig） A, IgE, IgG and IgM were detected and scored using National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index （NIH-CPSI）. Results： The total effective rate was 90.0% in the observation group, versus 72.5% in the control group, showing a statistical difference （P〈0.05）. After treatment, the CD3＋, CD4＋, CD8＋, CD4＋ CD25＋, CD4＋ CD25＋ Foxp3＋, TGF-131, IgA, IgG and IgM were significantly increased in both groups, showing statistical differences （P〈0.05）. There were between-group statistical differences in CD3＋, CD4＋, CD8＋, CD4＋ CD25＋, CD4＋ CD25＋ Foxp3＋, TGF-131, IgA, IgG, IgE, IgM, total NIH-CPSI score and pain and discomfort score （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Ginger-partitioned moxibustion can improve clinical symptoms of CNP patients by improving their immune function.

《黄帝内经·素问》中“白”的英译探析

颜色词在中医典籍中出现的频率较高。《黄帝内经》中的“白”主要被用作颜色词,以形容事物的颜色状态。但结合具体语境可以发现,“白”的内涵有所差异,不能一概翻译成white。本文将结合其《素问》中的实例对不同语境下“白”的英译进行探析。

Effect of low-frequency electroacupuncture on pancreatic endocrine system in patients with simple obesity

Objective： To observe different efficacies of low-frequency electroacupuncture（EA） on pancreatic endocrine system in male and female patients with simple obesity due to spleen deficiency-related dampness. Methods： A total of 80 simple obesity patients were assigned to a male group（n=37） and a female group（n=43）. Both groups received a 30-minute low-frequency EA at Yinlingquan（SP 9）, Sanyinjiao（SP 6）, Zusanli（ST 36）, Fenglong（ST 40）, Quchi（LI 11）, Tianshu（ST 25）, Zhongwan（CV 12）, Shuifen（CV 9）, Qihai（CV 6） and Guanyuan（CV 4）. The treatment was done once a day, and 10 times made up a course of treatment. Patients in both groups were treated for 2 courses. Then the changes in body mass index（BMI）, serum insulin, insulin antibodies and leptin level in the two groups were observed and analyzed. Results： After treatment, the BMI, serum insulin, insulin antibodies and leptin levels were significantly reduced in both groups（P〈0.01 or P〈0.05）; the BMI and serum insulin concentration were more significantly reduced in the male group than those in the female group（both P〈0.01）; and the leptin level was more significantly reduced in the female group than that in the male group（P〈0.01）. Conclusion： EA can significantly regulate BMI and pancreatic endocrine system in both men and women with simple obesity; however, there is a gender difference： better effect for men in reducing BMI and serum insulin and better effect for women in reducing serum leptin level.

Action of Tuina on Retro-positioning of Skull Spatial Offset in Patients with Cervical Vertigo

Objective： To investigate the onset mechanism of cervical vertigo from the proprioceptive sensation and provide clinical basis for its treatment. Methods： Among the 121 cases that conformed to the diagnostic criteria of cervical vertigo, 70 cases who presented with negative neck-rotation test and cervical vertigo without obvious vascular factors by transcranial Doppler （TCD） were assigned to the observation group, while 51 cases who presented with positive neck-rotation test and cervical vertigo due to spasm of vertebral basal artery or insufficient blood supply by TCD were assigned to the control group. The cases in the two groups were treated once every day, 5 days make up one treatment course and the results were statistically analyzed after one treatment course. Results： The skull triaxial spatial offset of the cases in the two groups were significantly reduced after the treatment （P〈0.01）. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the skull triaxial spatial offset between the two groups （P〉0.05）. It is not conclusive that the therapeutic effect in the two groups was significantly different after one treatment course. Conclusion： Tuina manipulation therapy can improve the skull spatial offset repositioning ability of the patients.

Therapeutic efficacy observation on bloodletting and cupping for cervical radiculopathy

Objective： To observe the efficacy and safety of bloodletting and cupping for cervical radiculopathy. Methods： The randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in five centers. A total of 183 eligible subjects were randomly allocated into a bloodletting group （n=68）, an acupuncture group （n=56） and a combined group （n=59）. Patients in the bloodletting group were treated with bloodletting at Dazhui （GV 14） and Jianjing （GB 21） on the affected side, coupled with 5-10 min of cupping, 5 mL blood for each cup, 2-3 cups for one treatment. Patients in the acupuncture group were treated with needling cervical Jiaji （EX-B 2） points and Jianjing （GB 21） on the affected side. The needles were retained for 30 min. Patients in the combined group were treated with both methods. The treatment in all three groups were done once every three days, twice a week, 4 weeks for a course of treatment, for a total of 1-3 courses. Then the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated using scores of visual analogue scale （VAS）, neck disability index （NDL） and clinical assessment scale （CAS） before treatment and after 1, 2 and 3 courses of treatment. Results： The scores of VAS, NDI and CAS in all three groups were significantly decreased after 1, 2 and 3 courses of treatment （all P〈0.001）, and there were no inter-group statistical significances in comparing scores of VAS, NDI and CAS （all P〉0.05）. Conclusion： Bloodletting and cupping share the similar effect with acupuncture in pain relief and improvement of quality of life in patients with cervical radiculopathy.

Clinical Study on Herbal Cone-partitioned Moxibustion for Irritable Bowel Syndrome due to Spleen-qi Deficiency

Objective：To observe the clinical efficacy of herbal cone-partitioned moxibustion for irritable bowel syndrome（IBS） due to spleen deficiency. Methods：A total of 40 IBS cases due to spleen deficiency were randomly assigned to two groups,20 in each group. Cases in the moxibustion group were treated with herbal cone-partitioned moxibustion on Shenque（CV 8）,while cases in the control group were treated with oral Pinaverium. Results：The spleen deficiency symptoms of patients in both groups were significantly improved during the treatment and follow-up investigation,showing a statistical difference（P〈0.05）; however,herbal cone-partitioned moxibustion showed better results. Conclusion：Oral Pinaverium and herbal cone-partitioned moxibustion could both improve the spleen deficiency symptoms of IBS patients; however,the moxibustion on Shenque（CV 8） showed better results than Pinaverium.

Clinical Observation on Needling Tendon for Cervical Spondylosis Causing Vertebral Artery Insufficiency

Objective： To observe the clinical effect of needling tendon for cervical spondylosis causing vertebral artery insufficiency. Methods： Thirty-eight cases with cervical spondylosis causing vertebral artery insufficiency were treated by needling the cervical tendon for one-course treatment. After treatment, the vertebrobasilar blood flow was observed. Results： The vertebrobasilar blood flow of the patients was substantially improved. The total effective rate and marked effect rate were 100.0% and 68.4% respectively. Conclusion： Needling the cervical tendon can obtain an exact effect for cervical spondylosis causing vertebral artery insufficiency.

Therapeutic Effect Observations on Individualized Treatment of Peripheral Facial Palsy

Objective： To investigate the curative effect of individualized treatment on peripheral facial paralysis. Methods： A treatment group of 121 patients was treated with acupuncture under an individualized plan based on the condition of disease. For a control study, 118 patients were treated with conventional acupuncture. The courses of treatment and the curative effects were compared. Results： The cure and marked efficacy rate was 90.9% in the treatment group and 69.5% in the control group. There was a significant difference （P〈0.01）. There was also a significant difference in the cure and marked efficacy rate in each courses of treatment between the two groups （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Individualized acupuncture treatment is better in the effect and shorter in the courses than conventional acupuncture treatment for peripheral facial paralysis.

Clinical Observation on Treatment of 67 Cases with Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation with Abdomen Acupuncture

Objective： To compare the clinical efficacy of abdomen acupuncture with body acupuncture for treating lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion. Methods： One hundred and thirty three patients were randomly allocated to a treatment group of 67 cases and a control group of 66 cases. The patients in the treatment group received abdomen acupuncture and those in the control group, body acupuncture. The improvements in the symptoms were compared after treatment. Results： The efficacy rate was 95.5% in the treatment group and 86.4% in the control group; there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups （P〈0.05）. The cure rate after one course of treatment was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Abdomen acupuncture has a good effect on lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion with a short course of treatment.

Therapeutic Effect Observation on Combined Tuina with Warm Needling Moxibustion for Adhesive Shoulder Periarthritis

Objective： To observe the clinical effect of combined tuina manipulation and warm needling moxibustion for adhesive shoulder periarthritis （ASP）. Methods： A total of 182 cases with ASP were randomized into an observation group of 93 cases and a control group of 89 cases. The observation group employs combined tuina and warm needling moxibustion, whereas the control group employs warm needling therapy alone. For both groups, the treatment was conducted once every other day; 10 times made up one session. The function and range of motion of the shoulder joint were observed and graded prior to treatment and 1 session after treatment. Results： The recovery rate and the total effective rate in the observation group were 65.6% and 97.9% respectively, versus 11.2% and 85.4% in the control group, indicating a statistical significance （P0.01）. After treatment, the scores of the shoulder joint function and joint range of motion in both groups were significantly increased （P0.01, P0.05）, and the scores in the observation group were higher than that in the control group （P0.01）. Conclusion： Combined tuina and warm needling therapy can obtain better effect than warm needling therapy alone.