供求分析是经济学分析中的基本工具。理论上,市场均衡价格不仅受到市场结构和企业竞争行为的影响,还会受到市场交易制度尤其是定价制度的影响,而这种影响在以往的理论教学中是被忽视的。实际生活中,例如劳动力市场中劳动力的雇佣或商场...供求分析是经济学分析中的基本工具。理论上,市场均衡价格不仅受到市场结构和企业竞争行为的影响,还会受到市场交易制度尤其是定价制度的影响,而这种影响在以往的理论教学中是被忽视的。实际生活中,例如劳动力市场中劳动力的雇佣或商场(或超市)中商品的定价时,涉及的价格往往是明码标价的。Davis et al.(1993)等的研究表明:市场交易制度对价格的形成和市场绩效存在较大的影响。本文运用实验经济学的方法,在相同的市场条件下,比较和分析现实中应用较为广泛的双向口头拍卖、买方明码标价、卖方明码标价等三种不同的市场交易定价制度下商品的均衡价格形成。展开更多
Crystal structure, which is generally determined by the composition, ionic radius and valence state of constituent elements, plays a significant role in the material’s fundamental properties such as optical, electron...Crystal structure, which is generally determined by the composition, ionic radius and valence state of constituent elements, plays a significant role in the material’s fundamental properties such as optical, electronic, and mechanical characters. The manipulation of the crystal structure through compositional engineering, and understanding the relationship between crystal structure and properties are essential for the development of materials.展开更多
Narrow-bandgap tin-lead(Sn-Pb)mixed perovskite solar cells(PSCs)play a key role in constructing perovskite tandem solar cells that are potential to overpass Shockley-Queisser limit.A robust,chemically stable and lowte...Narrow-bandgap tin-lead(Sn-Pb)mixed perovskite solar cells(PSCs)play a key role in constructing perovskite tandem solar cells that are potential to overpass Shockley-Queisser limit.A robust,chemically stable and lowtemperature-processed hole transporting layer(HTL)is essential for building high-efficiency Sn-Pb solar cells and perovskite tandem solar cells.Here,we explore a roomtemperature-processed NiOx(L-NiOx)HTL based on nanocrystals(NCs)for Sn-Pb PSCs.In comparison with hightemperature-annealed NiOx(H-NiOx)film,the L-NiOx film shows deeper valence band and lower trap density,which increases the built-in potential and reduces carrier recombination,leading to a power conversion efficiency of 18.77%,the record for NiOx-based narrow-bandgap PSCs.Furthermore,the device maintains about 96%of its original efficiency after 50 days.This work provides a robust and room-temperatureprocessed HTL for highly efficient and stable narrow-bandgap PSCs.展开更多
文摘供求分析是经济学分析中的基本工具。理论上,市场均衡价格不仅受到市场结构和企业竞争行为的影响,还会受到市场交易制度尤其是定价制度的影响,而这种影响在以往的理论教学中是被忽视的。实际生活中,例如劳动力市场中劳动力的雇佣或商场(或超市)中商品的定价时,涉及的价格往往是明码标价的。Davis et al.(1993)等的研究表明:市场交易制度对价格的形成和市场绩效存在较大的影响。本文运用实验经济学的方法,在相同的市场条件下,比较和分析现实中应用较为广泛的双向口头拍卖、买方明码标价、卖方明码标价等三种不同的市场交易定价制度下商品的均衡价格形成。
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61935016,92056119,and 22175118)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA0715502)+8 种基金the Double First-Class Initiative Fund of Shanghai Tech University,and Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(20XD1402500,and 20JC1415800)Canada’s Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council(RGPIN-2020-04239)the German Research Foundation(DFG)for funding(SPP2196,431314977/GRK 2642)Project Proper Photo Mile supported under the umbrella of SOLARERA.NET Cofund 2 by The Spanish Ministry of Science and Educationthe AEI under the project PCI2020-112185 and CDTI project number IDI-20210171the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy on the basis of a decision by the German Bundestag(FKZ 03EE1070B and FKZ 03EE1070A)the Israel Ministry of Energy(220-11-031)SOLARERA.NET is supported by the European Commission within the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020(Cofund ERA-NET Action,No.786483)the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)Overseas Research Fellow program for their financial support。
文摘Crystal structure, which is generally determined by the composition, ionic radius and valence state of constituent elements, plays a significant role in the material’s fundamental properties such as optical, electronic, and mechanical characters. The manipulation of the crystal structure through compositional engineering, and understanding the relationship between crystal structure and properties are essential for the development of materials.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0204000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61935016,U1632118 and 21571129)+3 种基金start-up funding from ShanghaiTech Universitythe Center for High-resolution Electron Microscopy(C?EM)at ShanghaiTech University(EM02161943)Young 1000 Talents ProgramScience Fund for Creative Research Groups(21421004)。
文摘Narrow-bandgap tin-lead(Sn-Pb)mixed perovskite solar cells(PSCs)play a key role in constructing perovskite tandem solar cells that are potential to overpass Shockley-Queisser limit.A robust,chemically stable and lowtemperature-processed hole transporting layer(HTL)is essential for building high-efficiency Sn-Pb solar cells and perovskite tandem solar cells.Here,we explore a roomtemperature-processed NiOx(L-NiOx)HTL based on nanocrystals(NCs)for Sn-Pb PSCs.In comparison with hightemperature-annealed NiOx(H-NiOx)film,the L-NiOx film shows deeper valence band and lower trap density,which increases the built-in potential and reduces carrier recombination,leading to a power conversion efficiency of 18.77%,the record for NiOx-based narrow-bandgap PSCs.Furthermore,the device maintains about 96%of its original efficiency after 50 days.This work provides a robust and room-temperatureprocessed HTL for highly efficient and stable narrow-bandgap PSCs.
