Soot emissions (PM 2.5) from land-based sources pose a substantial health risk, and now are subject to new and tougher EPA regulations. Flaring produces significant amount of particulate matter in the form of soot, al...Soot emissions (PM 2.5) from land-based sources pose a substantial health risk, and now are subject to new and tougher EPA regulations. Flaring produces significant amount of particulate matter in the form of soot, along with other harmful gas emissions. A few experimental studies have previously been done on flames burning in a controlled condition. In these lab-experiments, great effort is needed to collect, sample, and analyze the soot so that the emission rate can be calculated. Soot prediction in flares is tricky due to variable conditions such as radiation and surrounding air available for combustion. Work presented in this paper simulates some lab-scale flares in which soot yield for methane flame mixture was measured under different conditions. The focus of this paper is on soot modeling with various flair operating conditions. The computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS Fluent 13 is used. Different soot models were explored along with other chemistry mechanisms. The effect of radiation models, quantity of air supplied, different fuel mixture and its effect over soot formations were also studied.展开更多
Industrial Flares are important safety devices to bum off the unwanted gas during process startup, shutdown, or upset. However, flaring, especially the associated smoke, is a symbol of emissions from refineries, oil g...Industrial Flares are important safety devices to bum off the unwanted gas during process startup, shutdown, or upset. However, flaring, especially the associated smoke, is a symbol of emissions from refineries, oil gas fields, and chemical processing plants. How to simultaneously achieve high combustion efficiency （CE） and low soot emission is an important issue. Soot emissions are influenced by many factors. Flare operators tend to over-steam or over-air to suppress smoke, which results in low CE. How to achieve optimal flare performance remains a question to the industry and the regulatory agencies. In this paper, regulations in the US regarding flaring were reviewed. In order to determine the optimal operating window for the flare, different combus- tion mechanisms related to soot emissions were summar- ized. A new combustion mechanism （Vsoot） for predicting soot emissions was developed and validated against experimental data. Computational fluid dynamic （CFD） models combined with Vsoot combustion mechanism were developed to simulate the flaring events. It was observed that simulation results agree well with experimental data.展开更多
文摘Soot emissions (PM 2.5) from land-based sources pose a substantial health risk, and now are subject to new and tougher EPA regulations. Flaring produces significant amount of particulate matter in the form of soot, along with other harmful gas emissions. A few experimental studies have previously been done on flames burning in a controlled condition. In these lab-experiments, great effort is needed to collect, sample, and analyze the soot so that the emission rate can be calculated. Soot prediction in flares is tricky due to variable conditions such as radiation and surrounding air available for combustion. Work presented in this paper simulates some lab-scale flares in which soot yield for methane flame mixture was measured under different conditions. The focus of this paper is on soot modeling with various flair operating conditions. The computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS Fluent 13 is used. Different soot models were explored along with other chemistry mechanisms. The effect of radiation models, quantity of air supplied, different fuel mixture and its effect over soot formations were also studied.
文摘Industrial Flares are important safety devices to bum off the unwanted gas during process startup, shutdown, or upset. However, flaring, especially the associated smoke, is a symbol of emissions from refineries, oil gas fields, and chemical processing plants. How to simultaneously achieve high combustion efficiency （CE） and low soot emission is an important issue. Soot emissions are influenced by many factors. Flare operators tend to over-steam or over-air to suppress smoke, which results in low CE. How to achieve optimal flare performance remains a question to the industry and the regulatory agencies. In this paper, regulations in the US regarding flaring were reviewed. In order to determine the optimal operating window for the flare, different combus- tion mechanisms related to soot emissions were summar- ized. A new combustion mechanism （Vsoot） for predicting soot emissions was developed and validated against experimental data. Computational fluid dynamic （CFD） models combined with Vsoot combustion mechanism were developed to simulate the flaring events. It was observed that simulation results agree well with experimental data.
