中国的新发展与中国共产党的领导

2022年10月16日至22日,中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会在北京举行,来自全国各地的近2300名代表出席了会议。作为里程碑式的事件,此次大会对中国意义重大。作为一名已经在中国连续生活超过12年的外国专家,在我看来:对于外国人而言,他们的观点与看法和普通中国人并无二致。对于过去10年间中国所取得的发展,以及中国共产党在未来所面临的挑战,我乐于分享自己的看法。

Chest radiographic and computed tomographic manifestations in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

AIM: To investigate the chest radiographic and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) chest manifestations in glucocorticoid-na?ve allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) patients. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study and includes 60 consecutive glucocorticoid-na?ve patients with ABPA who underwent chest radiography and HRCT of the chest (1.25 mm every 10 mm) in the routine diagnostic workup for ABPA. RESULTS: Chest radiographs were normal in 50% of cases. Of the remainder, most patients demonstrated permanent findings in the form of parallel line and ring shadows suggesting bronchiectasis. Consolidation was detected in 17 cases but in the majority, the corresponding HRCT chest scan showed mucus-filled bronchiectatic cavities. Chest HRCT was normal in 22 patients, while central bronchiectasis (CB) was demonstrated in the remaining 38 patients. Bronchiectasis extended to the periphery in 33%-43% depending on the criteria used for defining CB. The other findings observed on HRCT were mucoid impaction, centrilobular nodules and high-attenuation mucus in decreasing order of frequency. CONCLUSION: Patients with ABPA can present with normal HRCT chest scans. Central bronchiectasis cannot be considered a characteristic feature of ABPA as peripheral bronchiectasis is commonly observed. Consolidation is an uncommon finding in ABPA.

Assessment of Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision (CLES) among Nursing Students, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan

Background: In nursing education for better teaching and essential professional skills, the clinical practice plays a substantial role. Practice at clinical settings permits students to convert theoretic knowledge into the knowledge of the skills mandatory for the care of the patient. Clinical learning environment (CLE) is an important part in education of nursing and has a sizable influence on the students’ learning. Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine perception and satisfaction of nursing students with their CLEs in Hyderabad, Pakistan. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at three nursing institutes of Hyderabad from December 2018 to January 2019 among 342 nursing students. Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher (CLES + T) assessment tool was used as the instrument to identify the students’ perception about the learning environment in clinical setting. Results: The mean age of the participants was 25.6 ± 4.93 with majority of them male (70.7%). Three domains, pedagogical atmosphere, supervisory relationship and nurse teacher role in clinical practice showed good reliability of more than 70%. Highest domains vise mean score was obtained for nursing premises on the ward (3.315) whereas lowest for nurse teacher role in clinical practice (NT) (3.062). Analysis of variance revealed that three domains supervisory relationship, leadership style of the ward manager and premises of nursing showed significant mean score difference among supervisor title. Conclusion: It was found that students valued positive supervision, ward manager leadership style premises of nursing on the ward as positive CLE. Learning environment varies between gender, clinical settings and supervision. Medicine ward appeared to deliver the finest learning situations for the nursing program.

EA-RDSP: Energy Aware Rapidly Deployable Wireless Ad hoc System for Post Disaster Management

In post disaster scenarios such as war zones floods and earthquakes,the cellular communication infrastructure can be lost or severely damaged.In such emergency situations,remaining in contact with other rescue response teams in order to provide inputs for both headquarters and disaster survivors becomes very necessary.Therefore,in this research work,a design,implementation and evaluation of energy aware rapidly deployable system named EA-RDSP is proposed.The proposed research work assists the early rescue workers and victims to transmit their location information towards the remotely located servers.In EA-RDSP,two algorithms are proposed i.e.,Hop count Assignment(HCA)algorithm and Maximum Neighbor Selection(MNS)algorithm.The EA-RDSP contains three types of nodes;the client node sends information about casualty in the disaster area to the server,the relay nodes transmit this information from client node to server nodes via multi-hop transmission,the server node receives messages sent by client node to alert rescue teams.The EAM-RDSP contains three types of nodes;the client node sends information about casualty in the disaster area to the server,the relay nodes transmit this information from client node to server nodes via multi-hop transmission,the server node receives messages sent by client node to alert rescue teams.The proposed EA-RDSP scheme is simulated using NS2 simulator and its performance is compared with existing scheme in terms of end-to-end delay,message delivery ratio,network overhead and energy consumption.

Anger Expression Style among Nurses Working in General Hospitals of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

Background: Nowadays, the medical environment has become more competitive in terms of fulfilling various desires of client and to deliver improved service. Repetitive and continued stress may lead anger. Anger is defined as a natural emotion that triggers self-protection mechanism in oneself in a stressful condition. Extreme stress or if duration and intensity of anger are uncontrollable then it could have a negative impact on physical health which can further cause difficulties such as inadequate life, interpersonal issues and depression. Objectives: To find out anger expression style among nurses who work in the hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan, and to assess the association between interpersonal problems and levels of anger expression. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Dow University Hospital and Civil Hospital Karachi from July to August 2017. The data were collected through a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was based on two parts: the first part was related to demographic form and it was comprised of 10 questions. The second part has two forms, which includes the Stat Trait anger inventory (STAIX) and Korean Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex Scales (KIIP-SC). Results: Data were gathered from 196 participants working in shifts. More than half of the study participants were young (26 - 35-year-old). To the extent that interpersonal problems were regarded, nurses were negatively associated with state anger and trait anger where positive associations were found with anger control, anger in and anger out. This research exhibited consistent moderate correlation for cold vindictive among anger control, anger in and anger out. This study exhibited that the groups that had the most difficulty with interpersonal problems are the anger-in and out groups. Conclusion: It is concluded that anger expression types trait-anger, stat-anger, anger in, anger control and anger out were not at higher side and showed weaker characteristics of respective subgroups. Similarly, interpersonal problems were also at the lower side and exhibiting lighter characteristics of respective subgroups.

A novel variant of GALC in a familial case of Krabbe disease:Insights from structural bioinformatics and molecular dynamics simulation

Krabbe disease or globoid cell leukodystrophy(GLD;MIM#245200)is a rare and fatal lysosomal storage disease with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance that results from the deficiency of galactocerebrosidase(GALC;E.C.3.2.1.46),a lysosomal enzyme encoded by the GALC gene.1 GALC breaks down galactosylceramide,a cerebroside located mainly in the myelin sheath.Defects in GALC cause the accumulation of a cytotoxic metabolite,galactosylsphingosine or psychosine,which can be toxic to oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells.2 The failure to digest galactosylceramide triggers the formation of multi-nucleated globoid cells,causing severe demyelination,axonopathy,and neuronal death.3 The reported frequency of Krabbe disease is 1 in 100,000 live births with symptoms including irritability,loss of motor ability,spasticity,ataxia,visual dysfunction,seizures,andcognitive impairment.

Bioassay-guided isolation of novel and selective urease inhibitors from Diospyros lotus

Two new dimeric naphthoquinones, 5′,8′-dihydroxy-6,6′-dimethyl-7,3′-binaphthyl-1,4,1′,4′-tetraone(1; Di-naphthodiospyrol D) and 5′,8′-dihydroxy-5,8-dimethoxy-6,6′-dimethyl-7,3′-binaphthyl-1,4,1′,4′-tetraone(2; Di-naphthodiospyrol E), along with known naphthoquinones diospyrin(3) and 8-hydroxy diospyrin(4) were isolated from the chloroform fraction of extract of Diospyros lotus roots. Their structures were elucidated by advanced spectroscopic analyses, including HSQC, HMBC, NOESY, and J-resolved NMR experiments. The fractions and compounds 1-4 were evaluated for urease activity and phosphodiesterase-Ⅰ, carbonic anhydrase-Ⅱ and α-chymotrypsin enzyme inhibitory activities. Compounds 1 and 2 and their corresponding fractions showed significant and selective inhibitory effects on urease activities. The IC_(50) values of 1 and 2 were 260.4 ± 6.37 and 381.4 ± 4.80 μmol·L-1, respectively, using thiourea(IC_(50) = 21 ± 0.11 μmol·L^(-1)) as the standard inhibitor. This was the first report demonstrating that the naphthoquinones class showed urease inhibition.

New antiglycation and enzyme inhibitors from Parmotrema cooperi

Lichens are unique individuals which have been widely used in traditional medicines. This study was focused on the bioassayguided phytochemical investigation, and bioactivity evaluation on a lichens species, Parmotrema cooperi. This first bioassaydirected chemical study on P. cooperi has led to the isolation of ethyl heamatomate （1）, atraric acid （2）, ethyl orsellinate （3）, orsellinic acid （4）, lecanoric acid （5）, gyrophoric acid （6）, and licanorin （7）. The structures of 1-7 were mainly elucidated from spectroscopic methods including 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. These compounds were evaluated for their antiglycation, urease, a-chymotrypsin, and β-glucoronidase inhibitory activities. Few of the phenolic compounds showed significant, while most of them showed good inhibition of protein glycation, and urease activities.

Sedative and antinociceptive activities of two new sesquiterpenes isolated from Ricinus communis

Two new sesquiterpenes, trivially named ricinusoids A(1) and ricinusoids B(2), were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of Ricinus communis. The structures of new compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic techniques, including 1 D-and 2 D-NMR, UV, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The compounds(1-2) were also assessed for in-vivo sedative and analgesic like effects in open field and acetic acid induced writhing tests respectively at 5, 10, and 20 mg·kg^(–1) i.p. Pretreatment of both test compounds caused significant(P ≤ 0.05) reduction in locomotive activity like sedative agents and abdominal constrictions like analgesics. Both compounds(1-2) possessed marked sedative and antinociceptive effects in animal models.

Disparity in soil bacterial community succession along a short time-scale deglaciation chronosequence on the Tibetan Plateau

Global warming leads to deglaciations in high-elevation regions,which exposes deglaciated soils to microbial colonization.Disparity in year-to-year successional patterns of bacterial community and influencing factors in freshly deglaciated soils remain unclear.We explored the abundance of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and community succession in deglaciated soils along a 14-year chronosequence after deglaciation using qPCR and Illumina sequencing on the Tibetan Plateau.The results showed that the abundance of bacterial 16S rRNA gene gradually increased with increasing deglaciation age.Soil bacterial community succession was clustered into three deglaciation stages,which were the early(zero-year old),transitional(1-7 years old)and late(8-14 years old)stages.A significantly abrupt bacterial community succession occurred from the early to the transitional stage(P<0.01),while a mild succession(P=0.078)occurred from the transitional to the late stage.The bacterial community at the early and transitional stages were dominated by Proteobacteria,while the late stage was dominated by Actinobacteria.Less abundant(<10%)Acidobacteria,Gemmatimonadetes,Verrucomicrobia,Chloroflexi,Planctomycetes,unclassified bacteria dominantly occurred in the transition and late stage and Cyanobacteria in the early stage.Total organic carbon(24.7%),post deglaciation age(21%),pH(16.5%)and moisture(10.1%)significantly contributed(P<0.05)to the variation of bacterial community succession.Our findings provided a new insight that short time-scale chronosequence is a good model to study yearly resolution of microbial community succession.

Parmotrema cooperi中的新型抗醣化物质和酶抑制剂

地衣是被广泛用于传统药物中的独特个体.本文对一类地衣,Parmotrema cooperi,进行了生物测定引导的植物化学研究和生物活性评价.对该类地衣的首次生物测定引导的化学研究分离出了化合物ethyl heamatomate(1),atraric acid(2),ethyl orsellinate(3),orsellinic acid(4),lecanoric acid(5),gyrophoric acid(6)以及licanorin(7).化合物1～7的结构主要通过一维、二维核磁共振谱和质谱等谱学方法判定.对这些化合物还进行了抗醣化活性以及尿素酶、α-胰凝乳蛋白酶、β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶抑制活性的评价.这些苯酚化合物没有显示特别好的活性,但其中大部分对蛋白质醣化和尿素酶活性具有较好的抑制作用.

Three new anthraquinone derivatives isolated from Symplocos racemosa and their antibiofilm activity

Three new alkyl substituted anthraquinone derivatives, trivially named as symploquinones A-C(Compounds 1-3) were isolated from Symplocos racemosa. The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses(UV, IR, Mass, ~1 H-and ^(13)C-NMR, and two-dimensional(2D) NMR techniques). The resulting data were also compared with the reported literature. These compounds were then subjected to antibacterial or antibiofilm testing. Compounds 1 and 3 exhibited good antibacterial activity in the concentration range of 160-83 μg·m L^(-1) against Streptococcus mutans, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis. Both compounds were further screened for anti-biofilm activity, which revealed promising activities at sub-MIC concentrations. None of the compounds were found to be active against Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Regio-and enantioselective formation of tetrazole-bearing quaternary stereocenters via palladium-catalyzed allylic amination

Based on palladium-catalyzed allylic amination reaction,the first general example of enantioselective formation of a tetrazole-bearing quaternary stereocenter has been developed.The protocol uses ambivalent tetrazole and vinyl cyclic carbonates as easily available coupling partners.This operationally simple methodology is further characterized by its wide substrate scope,high enantioselectivity and excellent branched to linear regioselectivity,thus unlocking a new platform that permits the synthesis of elusive quaternary N2-allylic tetrazoles,even in the context of late-stage functionalization.

Disparity in soil bacterial community succession along a short time-scale deglaciation chronosequence on the Tibetan Plateau

Erratum to Soil Ecol.Lett.Doi:10.1007/s42832-020-0027-5 The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake.The author Yue Xie should be changed to Ying Xie.The online versin of the original article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/s42832-020-0027-5.