Neuroprotective effects of meloxicam on transient brain ischemia in rats:the two faces of anti-inflammatory treatments

The inflammato ry response plays an important role in neuroprotection and regeneration after ischemic insult.The use of non-ste roidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been a matter of debate as to whether they have beneficial or detrimental effects.In this context,the effects of the anti-inflammatory agent meloxicam have been scarcely documented after stro ke,but its ability to inhibit both cyclooxygenase isoforms(1 and 2) could be a promising strategy to modulate postischemic inflammation.This study analyzed the effect of meloxicam in a transient focal cerebral ischemia model in rats,measuring its neuroprotective effect after 48 hours and 7 days of reperfusion and the effects of the treatment on the glial scar and regenerative events such as the generation of new progenitors in the subventricular zone and axonal sprouting at the edge of the damaged area.We show that meloxicam’s neuroprotective effects remained after 7 days of reperfusion even if its administration was restricted to the two first days after ischemia.Moreover,meloxicam treatment modulated glial scar reactivity,which matched with an increase in axonal sprouting.However,this treatment decreased the formation of neuronal progenitor cells.This study discusses the dual role of anti-inflammatory treatments after stro ke and encourages the careful analysis of both the neuroprotective and the regenerative effects in preclinical studies.

PANoptosis:new insights in regulated cell death in ischemia/reperfusion models

See related article,pp 357-363The first study describing the cell death and destruction of tissues,organs,and organ systems as programmed events during the development of multicellular organisms was performed by JW Saunders Jr in 1966.The term apoptosis was introduced by Kerr,Wyllie,and Currie in 1972 to describe a programmed phenomenon opposite to mitosis in the regulation of animal cell populations.Later,a description of ectodermal cell lineages as programmed cell death in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans was publishedby JE Sulston and HR Horvitz in 1976.

Necroptosis in global cerebral ischemia: a role for endoplasmic reticulum stress

Necroptosis has been reported in the last years as a type of regulated cell death that can be ignited by a number of specific death receptors,such as FAS,tumor necrosis factor receptor 1(TNFR1),or pathogen recognition receptors.This cell death subroutine is involved in the response to stress and in homeostatic functions,such as the maintenance of adult T-cell balance(Galluzzi et al.,2018).Dead receptor activation leads to the recruitment of protein complexes that act as nodes of signaling that can elicit different pathways driving to death or survival,depending on the cell conditions.

Neuroprotection by salubrinal treatment in global cerebral ischemia

Most common cerebrovascular accidents （CVAs） result from the occlusion of a blood vessel and are called ischemic stroke. The interruption of the blood flow reduces the oxygen and glucose levels in the neural pareuchyma, which in turn decreases the energy of the cells and compromises their homeostasis. This condition has to be reverted for cell survival. One of the homeostatic processes impaired by cerebral ischemia is protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum （ER） lumen where unfolded proteins are accumulated （Degracia and Monti, 2004）. This situation, known as ER stress, elicits the so called unfolded protein response （UPR）,

Combining anti-inflammatory and unfolding protein responses to fight stroke

This perspective shows an attempt to obtain synergy effects to fight ischemic stroke by combining agents acting on two different homeostatic mechanisms:inflammation and unfolded protein response (Anuncibay-Soto et al.,2018).Different pharmacological approaches have been assayed to alleviate cerebrovascular accident (stroke), which represents one of the most devastating diseases in the elderly.

Using organotypic hippocampal slice cultures to gain insight into mechanisms responsible for the neuroprotective effects of meloxicam: a role for gamma aminobutyric and endoplasmic reticulum stress

This perspective aims to put into context the recent article by Landucci et al.(2018)on mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effects of meloxicam on an organotypic hippocampal slice cultures(OHSCs)model.In vitro cell cultures are the main method for studying large quantities of homogeneous cells in an isolated environment.Thus,the use of primary dissociated neuron,astrocyte,oligodendrocyte,microglia,or endothelial cell cultures has become a standard

A role for lipids as agents to alleviate stroke damage： the neuroprotective effect of 2-hydroxy arachidonic acid

Cerebrovascular accident（CVA）or stroke is one of the world＇s leading causes of death and permanent disability.The high social and medical costs associated with this pathology mean there is an urgent need to find effective therapies.Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery（MCAO）,mainly by clots,is the origin of most CVAs in humans.