煤矿巷道断层滑移型冲击地压试验系统研制与试验验证

断层滑移型冲击地压是煤矿冲击地压的主要类型,目前对其发生全过程缺乏系统研究,其机理与防控仍是根本难题。为实现断层滑移型冲击地压的试验模拟,研制了煤矿巷道断层滑移型冲击地压试验系统,开发了低强高脆相似模拟材料,制备了包含断层与巷道的大尺寸相似模型,开展了一系列验证试验,实现了巷道冲击破坏模拟与断层剪切滑移模拟。煤矿巷道断层滑移型冲击地压试验系统具备三向六面加载功能,竖向加载能力为20 MPa,模型尺寸为1.50 m×0.75 m×0.75 m;主体框架创新采用键板连接,确保了主体框架的高刚度;发明了蜂窝加载壳结构,实现了密集油缸群加载,能够满足断层滑移型冲击地压试验模拟的要求。开发了适用于断层滑移型冲击地压模拟的相似材料,材料以水玻璃为胶结物、以氟硅酸钠为固化剂、以滑石粉为骨料,单轴抗压强度介于3.44~7.81 MPa,冲击能指数为9.2,弹性能指数为8.83,兼具低强高脆特性。基于试验系统和低强高脆材料实现了静载巷道冲击破坏模拟,验证了低强高脆相似材料模拟巷道冲击破坏的可行性,获得了巷道极限平衡状态的加载条件,巷道帮部连续片落为巷道冲击破坏的显著前兆特征。实现了粗糙锯齿断层的剪切滑移模拟,证实粗糙断层剪切滑移会对巷道形成动载扰动,获得了断层剪切滑移的合理加载方式,采用动区顶部先加载、底部后卸载的方式能够实现断层的瞬间滑移,并能消除对静区应力状态的影响。

近距离煤层下煤层巷道合理布置及分级支护技术研究

为解决近距离煤层下煤层巷道合理布置及支护难题,以高家庄煤矿4201工作面回采巷道为工程背景,综合采用现场调研、理论分析、数值计算和工业性试验的方法,分析了3#煤层开采后底板岩层损伤特征、底板应力演化规律,确定了4#煤层首采工作面巷道采用内错布置方式,水平错距6 m。根据层间距变化,提出了2.8 m层间距以下采用“全锚杆+架棚”、2.8~3.3 m采用“帮锚杆+顶板短锚索+架棚”、层间距3.3 m以上采用“帮锚杆+顶板长/短锚索”等分级支护方案。矿压监测结果表明:巷道最大变形为顶板下沉,无论哪种层间距条件下均不超过100 mm,围岩控制效果好,保证了近距离煤层采空区下巷道的稳定性。

高水材料充填沿空留巷应力控制与围岩强化机理及应用

高水材料被广泛应用于不同条件下的薄及中厚煤层沿空留巷、部分条件较好的厚煤层沿空留巷,形成了丰富的高水材料充填沿空留巷围岩控制实践。基于高水材料充填沿空留巷理论研究和现场实践,以应力控制与围岩强化为主线,分析了充填留巷围岩在巷道掘进、工作面超前采动影响、留巷围岩调整稳定和邻近工作面复用4个阶段的应力与变形特征,提出了“基本顶二次破断”的覆岩顶板运动特征。以青龙同昌煤矿15102工作面沿空留巷为背景,数值模拟研究了留巷过程中围岩应力和塑性区分布特征,揭示了充填留巷覆岩基本顶的旋转下沉是留巷巷道所受外力的主要来源;在此基础上,提出了充填留巷围岩控制的关键区域,根据高水材料固结体的较强塑性变形特性,提出了高水材料充填沿空留巷围岩分时分区强化机理,确定了合理的高水材料充填体支护阻力计算式、留巷顶板离层计算式和实体煤帮的支护强度计算式,给出了高水材料充填沿空留巷围岩控制关键参数设计方法,关键参数包括充填体支护阻力(充填体宽度和强度)、顶板支护强度(巷内支护和临时支护)、实体煤帮支护强度。介绍了山西高平青龙同昌煤业15号煤层和赵庄煤业9号煤层高水充填沿空留巷围岩控制2个应用实例,留巷围岩变形控制效果良好。最后,提出了高水充填沿空留巷围岩控制技术的发展方向。

残留煤柱工作面巷道布置及卸压控制研究

针对历史遗留保护煤柱和边角煤等遗煤资源复采时,应力环境复杂、围岩条件恶劣,回采巷道受地压影响显著、布置困难、安全性差等难题,以山西潞安王庄煤矿52采区残留煤柱工作面回收为研究背景,基于残采工作面周围采空区分布形态差异,将残采工作面边界分为规则采空区边界、混合采空区组合边界和不规则采空区边界等3类。采用数值模拟方法揭示了残采工作面应力分布特征:(1)对于规则采空区边界,应力呈对称马鞍形分布;(2)对于混合采空区组合边界,区段煤柱边缘应力卸载,应力向混合采空区组合边界中部转移,导致该区域应力集中程度高,影响范围扩大;(3)对于不规则采空区边界,采空区拐角区域叠加应力使得煤体破坏,集中应力向拐角深部区域转移,该区域垂直于残采工作面走向方向上,应力集中系数2.2,平行于残采工作面走向方向上,拐角两侧均存在应力集中区,应力集中系数均为2.0。在此基础上,提出了残采工作面巷道布置原则:巷道必须避开采空区边界的应力叠加区和采空区拐角的拉剪破坏区,确定了残采工作面巷道布置方式,得到了5个典型的煤柱宽度:d_(1)=5 m,d_(2)=20 m,d_(3)=30 m,d_(4)=20 m和d_(5)=5 m;据此,将残采工作面巷道分成3个区段:原岩应力掘巷、沿空掘巷和高应力掘巷,建立了残采工作面巷道"3-5-3"分区控制体系,并重点针对高应力掘巷开发了钻孔卸压技术,设计了巷道围岩分区控制参数,开展了工业性试验。监测数据表明回采巷道能够满足残采工作面回收要求。

我国沿空留巷围岩控制技术研究进展与展望

我国煤矿沿空留巷技术研究与应用已超过60 a,形成了充填式沿空留巷和切顶式沿空留巷两大技术类型,但是由于不同矿区煤层生产地质条件复杂多样、留巷巷道所处矿压显现强烈等诸多困难,导致沿空留巷技术推广应用呈现起伏。首先梳理了近年来我国沿空留巷主要技术类型、围岩稳定原理、巷内支护技术、巷旁支护技术、适应性评价与围岩稳定性监测方面取得的成效和关键技术进展,分析了现阶段不同技术的应用适用性。然后,总结了目前沿空留巷技术面临的难题与挑战:对强矿压工作面沿空留巷仍未能形成系统理论;充填沿空留巷围岩与支护体相互机制的理论认识仍然存在缺陷;巷旁支护体充填材料力学及变形特性尚不能适应深部、强矿压工作面沿空留巷;沿空留巷底臌机理及控制技术尚不完善;强动载或冲击地压沿空留巷充填体稳定控制研究尚处于空白。最后,针对现阶段我国沿空留巷技术应用面临的难题和挑战,提出了几项储备型技术:厚煤层综放/一次采全高沿空留巷有控切顶–充填围岩协同控制技术、面向强矿压工作面含外加剂改性高水材料沿空留巷技术;针对沿空留巷数值模拟岩石力学参数智能反演问题,建立了一套沿空留巷数值模拟岩石力学参数智能反演工作流,提出了沿空留巷支护参数智能优选设计方法。

基于应力场干预的巷道围岩控制技术

高应力巷道围岩破坏严重变形剧烈,在服务期间难以满足回采的要求,已经成为煤矿安全开采研究的重点和难点.本文从应力转移、应力阻隔和应变能释放3个角度,归纳总结了应力场干预的巷道围岩控制技术.针对坚硬顶板提出水力压裂断顶,高应力底鼓聚能爆破断底,大变形巷道钻孔卸压技术,分别探讨了每种手段的技术原理.水力压裂使岩层的承载层向高位移动,同时应力向煤体深部转移;聚能爆破在底板岩层中形成连续的结构面,阻断水平应力的传播途径和改变其传播方向;钻孔卸压可以释放高应力岩体的应变能为围岩变形提供补偿空间.工程实践表明,提出的应力场干预技术能够有效地控制围岩稳定,为高应力巷道维护提供技术保障.

新疆矿区弱胶结巷道顶板灾害现状及控制对策

新疆矿区弱胶结煤系地层分布范围广,顶板稳定性控制是制约煤矿安全生产的重要问题。通过总结近11年全疆井工煤矿事故类型、原因及发展趋势,以哈密大南湖矿区某煤矿1802运输巷顶板事故为例,采用现场调研、实验室试验与现场试验相结合的方法,分析了新疆矿区典型的弱胶结巷道顶板灾害特点及主要影响因素,确定了掘进扰动及顶板淋水双重损害作用是弱胶结巷道顶板灾害发生的主要诱因。基于此,开展了不同渗水区域巷道顶板锚杆(索)锚固力试验,获得了渗水不明显、渗水中等及渗水量较大区域顶板锚杆(索)锚固力随顶板裸露时间的衰减规律,构建了弱胶结围岩巷道掘进“早-中-后”不同影响时期和弱胶结围岩“深-中-浅”不同空间位置的“主动+被动”联合支护技术体系,提出了分时期、分区域循序渐进的弱胶结围岩巷道顶板控制对策。

Control mechanism and technique of floor heave with reinforcing solid coal side and floor corner in gob-side coal entry retaining

Floor heave is the most common convergence in gob-side entry retaining.The paper analyzes the form,process and characteristics of gob-side entry retaining with the comprehensive methods of theoretical analysis,numerical simulation and the field trial.Research results present that bending and folding floor heave is the main factor in the stage of the first panel mining;squeezing and fluidity floor heave plays a great role in the stable stage of gob-side entry retaining;the combination of the former two factors affects mainly the stage of the second mining ahead;abutment pressure is a fundamental contribution to the serious floor heave of gob-side entry retaining,and sides corners of solid coal body are key part in the case of floor heave controlling of gob-side entry retaining.Floor heave of gob-side entry retaining can be significantly controlled by reinforcing sides and corners of solid coal body,and influence rules on the floor heave of gob side entry retaining of sides supporting strength and the bottom bolt orientation in solid coal side are obtained.Research results have been successfully applied in gob-side entry retaining of G20-F23070 face haulage roadway in #2 coal mine of Pingmei Group,and the field observation shows that the proposed technique is an effective way in controlling the floor heave of gob-side entry retaining.

Characteristics of stress distribution in floor strata and control of roadway stability under coal pillars

Given the difficulties encountered in roadway support under coal pillars,we studied the characteristics of stress distribution and their effect on roadway stability,using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.The results show that,under a coal pillar,vertical stress in a floor stratum increases while horizontal stress decreases.We conclude that the increased difference between vertical and horizontal stress is an important reason for deformation of the surrounding rock and failures of roadways under coal pillars.Based on this,we propose control technologies of the surrounding rock of a roadway under a coal pillar,such as high strength and high pre-stressed bolt support,cable reinforcement support single hydraulic prop with beam support and reinforcement by grouting of the surrounding rock,which have been successfully applied in a stability control project of a roadway under a coal pillar.

粉煤灰及高盐水绿色处理技术与应用

随着粉煤灰和高盐水产出量逐年增大,由于目前国内技术处理能力有限、运行成本高,给煤电一体化企业的经营和环保工作带来较大压力。基于此,提出了粉煤灰及高盐水绿色处理技术,即将粉煤灰及高盐水固化充填到煤矿井下采空区,可同时处理2种废弃物。在大量的实验室研究、厂区地面及矿井地面试验的基础上,研发出了性能优良、能够满足现场要求的新型无机粉煤灰固化剂以及自动化程度、制浆精度高的井下多元物料智能制备及注浆系统,并在井下进行了工业性试验。经过现场成功应用表明,为处理电厂粉煤灰及高盐水提供了一种绿色高效的解决途径,具有一定的推广应用价值。

Study on gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized longwall with top-coal caving and its application

Based on the engineering background of gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized longwall with top coal caving(GER-FLTC) on N2105 working face of Yuwu coal mine, by adopting the methods of theoretical analysis and numerical calculation, the control techniques of surrounding rocks in GER-FLTC working face are studied in this paper. The two main difficulties of stability of surrounding rocks at gob-side retained entry in fully-mechanized longwall working face are the stability control of top coal and control of large deformation of GER-FLTC working face. Interaction mechanical model between roofing and roadside backfilling in GER-FLTC is established and the equations for the calculation of roof-cutting resistance of roadside backfilling are derived. Results of numerical calculation show that the damage zones of top coal can be categorized into the delaminating zone of top coal above the backfilling, tensile damage zone of top coal above the retained roadway and shear damage zone of the upper rib of the solid coal. Stability control of top coal is the critical part to success of GER-FLTC. With consideration of large deformation of surrounding rocks of gob-side retained entry in fully-mechanized longwall, the support technique of‘‘roofing control and wall strengthening'' is proposed where high strength and highly prestressed anchor rods and diagonal tensile anchor cables support are used for top coal, high strength and highly prestressed yielding anchor rod support is used for solid coal and roadside prestressed load-carrying backfilling is constructed by high-water material, in order to maintain the integrity of the top coal, transfer load, high resistance yielding load-carrying of solid coal, roof-cutting of roadside backfilling and support,and to achieve GER-FLTC. Results from this study are successfully applied in engineering practice.

Influence of abnormal stress under a residual bearing coal pillar on the stability of a mine entry

Mine entries close to residual bearing coal pillars(RBCPs) will suffer large deformation that may cause rock burst. To better understand the deformation mechanism and develop safe and practical guidelines for entry design, most studies focus on the absolute size of the stress field in and around the pillar. In this paper, we present a new approach to analyze the abnormal stress field close to a RBCP that uses the stress concentration coefficient(SCC), stress gradient(SG), and coefficient of lateral pressure(CLP) to describe the stress state induced by the RBCP. Based on elastic theory and a mathematical model for the abutment stress in the RBCP, an analytical solution for the abnormal stress in the strata below the RBCP was derived and the characteristics of the abnormal stress for a case study of a coal mine in China were analyzed. The results show that the abnormal stress field around the pillar is characterized by four distinct zones: a zone of high SCC, high SG, and CLP less than 1, a zone of high SCC, low SG, and CLP less than 1, a zone of low SCC, SG close to 0, and CLP greater than 1, and a zone of SCC close to 1, SC close to 0, and CLP close to 1. Based on this zoning pattern, a numerical model was established to study the combined effects of the abnormal stress on the stability of the entry. The most stable zone was determined based on a model of the Xinrui coal mine and verified by field measurements at the mine. Our conclusions can be used as guidelines for designing safe entry layouts in similar geological and mining settings.

近距离煤层群开采遗留煤柱下沿空掘巷煤柱宽度研究

目前关于沿空掘巷煤柱尺寸及巷道围岩稳定性方面研究多为单一煤层,近距离煤层群开采遗留煤柱下沿空掘巷窄煤柱留设条件复杂,需考虑同一煤层侧向支承压力与上部遗留煤柱应力集中的双重影响。以新疆石梯子西沟煤矿东翼采区近距离煤层群开采为工程背景,综合采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测等方法开展研究。基于极限平衡理论建立1E302工作面沿空掘巷窄煤柱宽度计算力学模型,计算结果表明,工作面窄煤柱宽度不小于4.92 m,分析窄煤柱巷道围岩随界面黏结力和应力集中系数变化规律。FLAC3D三维数值模拟运算指出,受遗留煤柱应力集中作用影响,巷道应布置在煤柱边缘0~8 m,当煤柱宽度大于5 m时,煤柱中出现较稳定的承载核。理论计算和数值模拟综合确定窄煤柱宽度为5 m。工程实践应用表明,巷道支护效果良好。本文提出的近距离煤层群开采遗留煤柱下沿空掘巷窄煤柱宽度的确定方法,可为类似条件下窄煤柱合理宽度计算提供借鉴参考。

Bearing characteristics of coal pillars based on modified limit equilibrium theory

There are two states for the coal-mass on the goal-side which is in stress equilibrium： the state of limit equilibrium （the bearing stress in the coal-mass equals its ultimate bearing stress） and the state of non- ultimate equilibrium （the bearing stress in the coal-mass is less than its ultimate bearing stress）. To ana- lyze the bearing characteristics of a coal pillar in the state of limit equilibrium and guide the design of pillar width, we established a mechanical analytical model of the non-ultimate equilibrium zone in the coal-mass on the goal-side combined with the limit equilibrium theory as well as adopting the methods of theory analysis and mechanical analysis based on the assumption of a state of non-ultimate equilibrium. The width correction coeffident of the limit equilibrium zone has been given. The influence of mining depth, stress concentration coefficient of the surrounding rock, the non-limit strength of the coal-mass and stability of the coal rock interface has been studied. On this basis, we have confirmed that when the width ofa longwall mining face roadway protection coal pillar is between 11.6 m and 13.16 m in No. 4 coal seam of Xinrui coal mine in Lvliang in Shanxi province the elastic core region in the coal pillar can be assured and the roadway will be located in the area of lower stress which is outside the peak stress. So the revised width of the limit eauilibrium zone is more oractical.

Failure mechanism and stability control technology of rock surrounding a roadway in complex stress conditions

To solve the problem of supporting three downhill coal structures in the Yongan Coal Mine of Shanxi Jincheng, we studied the regular development of stress and plastic zones and characteristics of deformation of rock surrounding roadway groups after a period of roadway driving, mining one side as well as mining both sides, we used FLAC 3D for our numerical and theoretical analyses. Field test were carried out, where we revealed the deformation mechanism of roadways and its coal pillars in complex stress conditions. We proposed a roadway stability control technology using backwall grouting with high-water rapid hardening material and combined support with bolt and cable anchoring after mining both sides. Our field practices showed that deformation of rock surrounding roadways can be controlled with this technology.

Deformation mechanism and stability control of roadway along a fault subjected to mining

It is difficult to maintain the roadway around a fault because of the fractured surroundings, complex stress environment, and large and intense deformation in the mining process. Based on a tailgate of panel $2205 in Tunliu colliery, in Shanxi province, China, we investigated the evolution of stress and displace- ment of rocks surrounding the roadway during the drivage and mining period using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field trial methods. We analyzed the deformation and failure mechanisms of the tailgate near a fault. The deformation of surrounding rock caused by unloading in the drivage period is large and asymmetric, the roadway convergence increases with activation of the fault and secondary fracture develops in the mining period. Therefore, we proposed a specific control technique of the road- way along a fault as follows： （1） High-strength yielding bolt not only supports the shallow rock to load- bearing structures, but also releases primary deformation energy by use of a pressure release device in order to achieve high resistance to the pressure retained： （2） Grouting of near-fault ribside after initial stabilization of the rock deformation is used to reinforce the broken rock, and to improve the integral load-bearing capacity ol~ the roadway. The research results were successfully applied to a field trial.

Layout and support technology of entry for pillar face

In order to improve the recovery rate of coal, some mines have begun to recover the residual protective pillars in the form of short wall faces. However, it is difficult to control stability of the haulage entry and the ventilating entry under the mining influences of the pillar face and the two side faces. Thus the 4311 face, which was designed to recover the 57 m wide residual protective pillar in Guojiashan Coal Mine,was taken as engineering background. Distribution law of stress and plastic zone in the residual protective pillar was analyzed using the numerical simulation. Then the gob-side entry driving technology was proposed to layout the entries for the pillar face. Based on the analysis of stress distribution and deformation characteristics of surrounding rocks in gob-side entry driving with different width of narrow pillars, the width of the narrow pillar of the entries in the 4311 face was decided to be 4 m. In order to control stability of the gob-side entry driving, the mechanical model of the main roof was established and deformation characteristic of surrounding rock was analyzed. Then the bolt support technology with high strength and high pre-tightening force was proposed for entry support. Especially, the hydraulic expansion bolts were used to support the narrow pillar rib. The engineering results show that the width of the narrow pillar is reasonable and the entry support technology is effective. The research achievement can provide some references to pillar recovery for other coal mines.

基于多指标试验的巷旁充填墙参数设计方法研究

为研究充填墙强度和宽度对巷道变形的影响,确定合理的巷旁充填参数,建立了充填墙承载结构模型,并基于多指标分析,运用全面试验设计,精确分析了充填墙强度、宽度两因素四水平对沿空留巷充填墙水平位移H、顶板下沉量J、煤帮水平位移K、底鼓量L影响的显著性。研究表明:设计巷旁充填参数必须考虑强度和宽度两因素作用;强度、宽度两因素四水平对指标H、L影响显著,对指标J、K影响不显著,抓住主要指标H、L,兼顾次要指标J、K,考虑强度和宽度的交互作用,确定新元矿3107工作面充填墙强度10 MPa和宽度2.0 m为最优组合。将研究成果应用于3107工作面,取得良好的围岩控制效果。

Test and application of hydraulic expansion bolts in a roadway under goaf with ultra-close separation

The roof of a roadway under goal with ultra-close separation consists of thin rock strata and rocks caving in upper goal. Influenced by the mining of the upper coal seam, the roof is loose and broken, and its integ- rity is poor. Resin anchored bolts cannot provide an effective anchoring force in such roof conditions. By conducting free expansion tests and field pull-out tests on a hydraulic expansion bolt, this study has ana- lyzed the influencing factors and laws of radial expansion and anchoring force changes in the rod body. This has revealed the anchoring mechanism of such bolts, and has obtained reasonable water injection pressures and suitable drilling diameters （which are 20-25 MPa and 32-35 mm respectively） for the hydraulic expansion bolt （cR28 mm） used in these tests. Based on pull-out tests at different interlayer spacing, the applicability of hydraulic expansion bolts had been verified for controlling the roof of road- ways under goal with ultra-close distance. Combined with the deformation and failure characteristics of the test roadway roof, this paper proposes a united roof-control technology based on the use of hydraulic expansion bolts and advancing intubation for the roof. Engineering practice indicated that the roof of the test roadway did not generate leaking and caving phenomenon, and the amount of roof deformation was controlled to within 150 mm. Maintenance of the roadway roof has been improved significantly, which ensures safe mining in coal seams with ultra-close separation.

High-resistance controlled yielding supporting technique in deep-well oil shale roadways

In order to avoid the deep-well oil shale roadway being deformed, damaged, or difficult to maintain after excavating and supporting in Haishiwan coal mine, this paper has analyzed the characteristics of the deformed roadway and revealed its failure mechanism by taking comprehensively the methods of field geological investigation, displacement monitoring of surrounding rock, rock properties and hydration properties experiments and field application tests. Based on this work, the high-resistance controlled yielding supporting principle is proposed, which is： to ＂resist＂ by high pre-tightening force and high stiff- ness in the early stage, to ＂yield＂ by making use of the controlled deformation of a yielding tube in the middle stage, and to ＂fix＂ by applying total-section Gunite in the later stage. A high-resistance controlled yielding supporting technique of ＂high pre-tightening force yielding anchor bolt ＋ small-bore pre-tight- ening force anchor cable ＋ rebar ladder beam ＋ rhombic metal mesh ＋ lagging gunite＂ has been estab- lished, and industrial on site testing implemented. The practical results show that the high-resistance controlled yielding supporting technique can effectively control the large deformation and long-time rheology of deep-well oil shale roadways and can provide beneficial references for the maintenance of other con-generic roadways.Deep-well Oil shale