Influence of nitrogen status on fermentation performances of non-Saccharomyces yeasts:a review

Nitrogen,one of the most crucial nutrients present in grapes and musts,plays a key role in yeast activities during alcoholic fermentation.Such influences are imposed on yeast growth and fermentation performances including the formation of secondary metabolites.Saccharomyces cerevisiae,the main yeast responsible for fermentation,has been studied extensively regarding nitrogen impacts.On the other hand,a similar study for non-Saccharomyces yeasts,whose contributions to winemaking have gradually been acknowledged,remains to be fully explored,with a few studies being reported.This review starts by discussing nitrogen impacts on non-Saccharomyces yeast growth and fermentation kinetics in different case scenarios,then proceeds to summarize the nitrogen preferences of individual yeast strains with regulation mechanisms elucidated by recent studies.Detailed discussions on the influences on the production of volatile compounds and proposed pathways therein are made,followed by future work suggested as the final section.In summarizing the nitrogen impacts on non-Saccharomyces yeasts throughout alcoholic fermentation,this review will be helpful in obtaining a more comprehensive view on these non-conventional wine yeasts in terms of nutrient requirements and corresponding volatile production.Research gaps will therefore be elucidated for future research.

Characterization of squash polysaccharide and the anti-diabetic effect on type 2 diabetic rat revealed by urine metabolomics analysis

The present study reports the structural characteristics of 3 polysaccharide fractions(SPS-F1,SPS-F2 and SPS-F3)isolated and purified from squash.SPS-F1(molecular weight(Mw)=12.30 kDa)and SPS-F2(Mw=19.40 kDa)were likely to contain HG and RG-I domain of pectic polysaccharide,respectively.SPS-F2(Mw=270.4 kDa)was mainly composed of rhamnose,galactose and arabinose.The treatment with SPS decreased body weight gain,glucose and TG levels in type 2 diabetes rats.Besides,25 differential metabolites were identified based on urinary metabolomics analysis,which are crucial to the anti-diabetic effect of SPS.The regulation of nicotinamide N-oxide,histamine,cis-aconitate,citrate,L-malic acid,3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid and N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid were mainly associated with energy metabolism,gut microbiota and inflammation.Study of surface plasmon resonance revealed the binding kinetics with galectin-3(Gal-3)and fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2).The K_(D)values of SPS-F2 and SPS-F3 to Gal-3 were 4.97×10^(-3)and 1.48×10^(-3)mol/L,indicating a weak binding affinity.All 3 fractions showed moderate binding to FGF2 and the affinity was SPS-F3>SPS-F2>SPS-F1.Thus,the metabolomics and SPR approach were proved to be a promising tool in exploring the anti-diabetes effects of SPS and provided a deep understanding of the mechanisms.

Characterization and comparison of the aroma-active compounds on different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry

This study investigated the aroma-active compounds and compared the differences of three different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu by headspace solid-phase microextraction(HS-SPME)coupled with gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry(GC-O-MS).A total of 54 aroma-active compounds were detected.Principal component analysis showed that JZ1,JZ2,and JZ3 were well separated from each other.JZ1 as the premium-grade Baijiu had the highest aroma intensities,concentrations.According to aroma intensities and concentrations,dimethyl trisulfide,butanoic acid,phenylacetaldehyde,2-furylmethanethiol,ethyl hexanoate,2,6-dimethylpyrazine,etc.could be potentially applied as volatile makers to distinguish the three different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu as their significant difference(P<0.05)in three Baijiu samples.Roasted aroma had the significant difference(P<0.05)in three sample base on aroma profiles.Meanwhile,2-furylmethanethiol,2,6-dimethylpyrazine were related to the roasted aroma,they may be had a significant contribution to the differences of three different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu.This study has provided a comprehensive understanding of the differences of three different grades of sesame-flavor Baijiu.

Wine,beer and Chinese Baijiu in relation to cardiovascular health:the impact of moderate drinking

Excessive alcohol consumption(≥15 drinks per week)causes chronic diseases and multiple other health conditions.Nevertheless,alcohol beverages have been used as a vital medicine ingredient in various cultures since ancient times.A wealth of epidemiological and experimental research has shown that light-moderate alcohol consumption,regardless of beverage type,is associated with reducing cardiovascular incidence and mortality rate.Due to the disparities in raw materials,fermentation techniques,production environment,etc.,alcoholic beverages tend to possess different non-ethanol component profiles,thus resulting in varying degrees of health effects.Furthermore,bioactive compounds in alcohol are continuously discovered as well as the mechanisms underlying their cardioprotective contributions at a molecular level.This article elucidates the epidemiology of moderate alcohol consumption and various cardiovascular conditions,along with the limitations and controversies of current studies.In addition,protective effects and putative mechanisms of both ethanol and non-ethanol components of wine,beer,and Chinese Baijiu,the three most representative alcoholic beverages worldwide,are to be evaluated within the context of a rational drinking pattern.

Perspectives on diacylglycerol-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes

Diacylglycerol(DAG)-based edible oils have attracted increasing research interest owing to their healthpromoting properties.Recent animal and human studies showed that an increased 1,2-DAG content in the liver and skeletal muscle may cause insulin resistance.However,earlier studies using animal models or humans reported that dietary DAGs with a 1,2-DAGs to 1,3-D AGs ratio of approximately 3:7 could improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients.This conflict raises the question of whether there is a link between the ingested DAGs and endogenous DAGs during their metabolism.To make a contribution to this field,this review provides an overview of the metabolic pathways of ingested DAGs and biological roles of DAGs(ingested and endogenous)in the change of insulin sensitivity.Accordingly,strategies for further investigations on the metabolism of DAGs are proposed.

Jianpijiedu Fang improves survival of hepatocarcinoma mice by affecting phosphatase and tensin homolog, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and focal adhesion kinase

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Jianpijiedu Fang (JPJDF) on phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and on the survival of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nude mice. METHODS: Forty male nude mice were randomly divided into 4 groups. Human HCC tissue was implanted in the livers of three groups. After 24 h, the three groups were treated respectively with JPJDF (37.5 g/kg), saline (20 mL/kg) and Tegafur (FT-207, 160 mg/kg) once a day for 10 weeks. The control group without implanting the tissue was concurrently treated with saline (20 mL/kg). The survival data and body weight of all mice were recorded, and expression levels of PTEN, PI3K and FAK in normal tissue and cancer tissue of the livers were eval-uated with immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: The cumulative survival rate of the mice in the JPJDF group was higher than those of the other groups. The rate of weight loss was the lowest in JPJDF group. The survivability and weight loss rate in FT-207 group were the poorest in all groups. The expression intensity of PTEN was higher in normal tissues than in cancer tissues, and lower in the normal tissues of HCC models than in that of mice without HCC. The PTEN expression intensity in normal tissue and cancer tissue from mice treated with FT-207 were lower than that from the mice treated with JPJDF or saline.The expression intensity of PI3K was higher in cancer tissue than in normal tissue. The PI3K expression intensity was the lowest in normal tissue and cancer tissue from mice treated with JPJDF, and the intensity from mice treated with FT-207 was the highest. In mice treated with JPJDF, the expression intensity of FAK was higher in the normal tissue and lower in the cancer tissue than those of the other treatment groups. CONCLUSION: The mechanism accounting for the prolonged survival of HCC-bearing mice treated with JPJDF might be related to the reduction in weight loss and the benign regulation of PTEN, PI3K, and FAK.

Multi-element analysis of Baijiu(Chinese liquors)by ICP-MS and their classification according to geographical origin

Objectives:Investigating the element profiles of Be,Al,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Se,Rb,Sr,Ag,Cd,Cs,La,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Pb,Th,and U of Baijiu(Chinese liquors),and setting up their classification according to geographical origin.Materials and Methods:Twenty-eight Chinese liquors from Shandong,Guizhou,and Sichuan provinces were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with the aid of matrix matching,online internal calibration,and direct injection to determine the concentrations of the aforementioned 26 elements.Multivariate statistical analysis,based on the contents of elements in the liquors,was applied to differentiate the liquors from different origins.Results:Both the cluster analysis based on 11 elements and the discriminant analysis based on 5 elements can separate the liquors of Shandong Province from others.A leave-one-out cross test of the discriminant analysis data resulted in 100 per cent accuracy regarding the recognition ability and prediction ability for the liquors from Shandong Province,and an overall 75.0 per cent accuracy of its prediction for all the 28 total liquors.Limitations:The liquors of Guizhou and Sichuan provinces can not be differentiated successfully.Conclusions:The liquors produced in Shandong Province can be differentiated in a great extent from Guizhou and Sichuan provinces based on the multivariate statistical analysis of the concentration of elements in liquors,while those of Guizhou and Sichuan provinces can not be differentiated successfully due to their geographical adjacency.

Un raveling the acetals as ageing markers of Chinese Highland Qingke Baijiu using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with metabolomics approach

Objectives:The ageing process has a significant impact on the aroma of Chinese Baijiu,which could strengthen the desirable flavor characteristics and reduce the undesirable ones.The aim of this study was to observe the in itiation of mean in gful cha nges in volatile fracti on and locate the ageing markers during ageing storage of Chinese Highland Qingke Baijiu.Materials and Methods:Samples of Chinese Qingke Baijiu were aged for 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,and 11 mon ths before an alysis.The samples were isolated by liquid-liquid extraction and then analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.The acquired data were processed by untargeted and targeted metabolomics approach to locate the ageing markers.Results:The untargeted metabolomics analysis(hierarchical clustering analysis,HCA)shows that the chemical composition of Qingke Baijiu presents a statistically sigrdficant deviation from the reference scenario after 5 mon ths.Subsequently,supervised statistics analysis(orthogo nal partial least squares discrimination analysis)was performed to locate the markers,which changed sigrdficantly during ageing.Fifteen markers were located,and seven of them were acetals.Notably,1,1-diethoxy-propane,1,1-diethoxy-butane,and 1,1-diethoxy-3-methyl-butane are important contributors to the flavor of Chinese Baijiu.The identified markers were applied for the untargeted metabolomics(HCA),and the results revealed that these markers could divide the Qingke Baijiu into two ageing stages,0-5 months and 6-11 months.Conclusion:The results suggest that it is a valuable tool for monitoring the changes of volatile compounds and locating the age markers in Chinese Baijiu.

Effect of polypeptide 2B1 on condition of dampness pattern in rats in terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine

OBJECTIVE： This study investigated how polypeptide 2B1 is involved in regulating and governing dampness in rat models with dampness pattern defined in terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine. METHODS： We randomly divided 48 SPF 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats into a normal group, normal ＋ Aristolochic acid I （AA-I） for 5 min group, normal ＋ AA-I for 60 min group, dampness pattern group （DS-Group）, dampness pattern ＋ AA-I for 5 rain tern ＋ AA-I for 60 min group, and dampness pat- group. Groups were then treated accordingly. We took out the lung, stom- ach, liver, spleen, kidney, large intestine, and small intestine tissues to detect gene and protein expres- sion of organic anion transporter polypeptide 2B1 （OATP2B1）. RESULTS= Gene expression of OATP2B1 in spleen, kidney, and small intestine of rats with dampness pattern was lower than that in normal rats （P〈0.05）. The gene expressions of OATP2B1 in liver, stomach, large intestine, and small intestine were lower than that in control rats at different time points after being stimulated by AA-I （P〈0.05）. CONCLUSION There is coordination among multiple viscera in handling the condition of dampness, and the mechanism underlying the action may rely on regulating the expression of OATP2B1.

Correlation between pathogenesis of dampness syndrome and Interleukin-2,Interleukin-8 in rats

OBJECTIVE： To explore the pathogenesis of dampness syndrome by detecting the changes of inter- leukin-2 （IL-2） and interleukin-8 （IL-8） levels. METHODS： Female Sprague Dawley rats were divided randomly into five groups according to the random number table： a normal group （Group Ⅰ ）, an external dampness group （Group Ⅱ ）, an internal dampness group （Group Ⅲ）, and an external and internal dampness group （Group Ⅳ）. Twenty days after the model made, IL-2 and IL-8 levels were detected by radioimmunoassay method. RESULTS： The IL-2 and IL-8 levels among groups were significant （F=3.102, P〈0.05; F=2.657, P〈0.05, respectively）. The level of IL-2 in Group Ⅱ and Group Ⅲ were higher than that in Group Ⅰ （P〈0.05, P〈0.01, respectively）, especially higher in the Group Ⅲ compared with Group Ⅱ （P〈0.05）. The level of IL-8 in Group Ⅲ were higher than those in Group Ⅰ, Group Ⅱ and GroupⅣ （P〈0.05, P〈0.01, P〈 0.05, respectively）. In the Group Ⅲ, the 24-hour water and body weight were higher than that in the Group Ⅱ （all P〈0.05）, and spontaneous movement frequency was higher than those in Group Ⅱ and GroupⅣ （P〈0.05）. CONCLUSION： Immune activation and inflammatory reaction might be easily caused by external danpness other than internal dampness.