A comprehensive review on microchannel heat sinks for electronics cooling

The heat generation of electronic devices is increasing dramatically,which causes a serious bottleneck in the thermal management of electronics,and overheating will result in performance deterioration and even device damage.With the development of micro-machining technologies,the microchannel heat sink(MCHS)has become one of the best ways to remove the considerable amount of heat generated by high-power electronics.It has the advantages of large specific surface area,small size,coolant saving and high heat transfer coefficient.This paper comprehensively takes an overview of the research progress in MCHSs and generalizes the hotspots and bottlenecks of this area.The heat transfer mechanisms and performances of different channel structures,coolants,channel materials and some other influencing factors are reviewed.Additionally,this paper classifies the heat transfer enhancement technology and reviews the related studies on both the single-phase and phase-change flow and heat transfer.The comprehensive review is expected to provide a theoretical reference and technical guidance for further research and application of MCHSs in the future.

Study on Non-Newtonian Behaviors of Lennard-Jones Fluids via Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we study the non-Newtonian rhe-ological behaviors of a monoatomic fluid governed by the Lennard-Jones potential. Both steady Couette and oscillatory shear flows are investigated. Shear thinning and normal stress effects are observed in the steady Couette flow simulations. The radial distribution function is calculated at different shear rates to exhibit the change of the microscopic struc- ture of molecules due to shear. We observe that for a larger shear rate the repulsion between molecules is more powerful while the attraction is weaker, and the above phenomena can also be confirmed by the analyses of the potential energy. By applying an oscillatory shear to the system, several findings are worth mentioning here： First, the phase difference between the shear stress and shear rate increases with the frequency. Second, the real part of complex viscosity first increases and then decreases while the imaginary part tends to increase mono- tonically, which results in the increase of the proportion of the imaginary part to the real part with the increasing frequency. Third, the ratio of the elastic modulus to the viscous modulus also increases with the frequency. These phenomena all indicate the appearance of viscoelasticity and the domination of elasticity over viscosity at high oscillation frequency for Lennard-Jones fluids.

Observation of ballistic-diffusive thermal transport in GaN transistors using thermoreflectance thermal imaging

To develop effective thermal management strategies for gallium-nitride (GaN) transistors, it is essential to accurately predict the device junction temperature. Since the width of the heat generation in the devices is comparable to phonon mean free paths (MFPs) of GaN, phonon ballistic transport exists and can significantly affect the heat transport process.

Thermal wave propagation in graphene studied by molecular dynamics simulations

The transient heat conduction in both armchair and zigzag-edged graphene ribbons pulsed by local heating with a duration of 1 ps was studied using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the heat pulse excites two waves which indicates non-Fourier heat conduction. One of the two waves is a sound wave(first sound), which has macroscopic momentum and propagates at the speed of sound. The other is a thermal wave(second sound), whose propagation speed is 1=ffiffi3pof the sound velocity. The sound wave excited by the heat pulse is a longitudinal wave, whose energy is only transported in the longitudinal direction. The thermal wave excited by the heat pulse is generated by transverse lattice vibrations, with the energy only having the transverse component. The observed anisotropy of the transient heat conduction suggests that the system is in a non-equilibrium state during propagation of the heat pulse. Further statistical analyses show that the displacement of the heat pulse energy is related to the time as hr2 i / t1:80, which implies that heat transport is ballistic-diffusive transport in graphene. The higher proportion of the ballistic transport will lead to stronger heat waves. At the crest of the thermal wave, energy is transported ballistically, while in the diffusive region and during attenuation of the thermal wave,the energy is transported diffusively.

Extended social force model with a dynamic navigation field for bidirectional pedestrian flow

An extended social force model with a dynamic navigation field is proposed to study bidirectional pedestrian movement. The dynamic navigation field is introduced to describe the desired direction of pedestrian motion resulting from the decision-making processes of pedestrians. The macroscopic fundamental diagrams obtained using the extended model are validated against camera-based observations. Numerical results show that this extended model can reproduce collective phenomena in pedestrian traffic, such as dynamic multilane flow and stable separate-lane flow. Pedestrians＇ path choice behavior significantly affects the probability of congestion and the number of self-organized lanes.