Catalytically altering the redox pathway of sulfur in propylene carbonate electrolyte using dual-nitrogen/oxygen-containing carbon

Carbonate electrolytes are one of the most desirable electrolytes for high-energy lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)because of their successful implementation in commercial Li-ion batteries.The low-polysulfide-solubility feature of some carbonate solvents also makes them very promising for overcoming the shuttle effects of LSBs.However,regular sulfur electrodes experience undesired electrochemical mechanisms in carbonate electrolytes due to side reactions.In this study,we report a catalytic redox mechanism of sulfur in propylene carbonate(PC)electrolyte based on a compari-son study.The catalytic mechanism is characterized by the interactions between polysulfides and dual N/O functional groups on the host carbon,which largely prevents side reactions between polysulfides and the carbonate electrolyte.Such a mechanism coupled with the low-polysulfide-solubility feature leads to stable cycling of LSBs in PC electrolyte.Favorable dual N/O functional groups are identified via a density functional theory study.This work provides an alternative route for enabling LSBs in carbonate electrolytes.

Building the toolbox for in vivo glia-to-neuron reprogramming

Unlike regenerative-competent species that possess a remarkable intrinsic capacity to replenish lost neurons and restore neurocircuits spontaneously,the central nervous system in adult mammals lacks the ability to compensate for the neuronal loss caused by neurodegenerative diseases or traumatic injuries resulting in permanent loss of functionality.Inspired by earlier discoveries that radial glia or astrocytes isolated from the postnatal cortex can generate neurons.

Smoking associated metabolites from gut microbiota on health:Nicotine degradation brings hopes

Cigarette smoking accelerates metabolic disorders and is highly addictive,posing challenges for cessation.Recent studies have proposed that nicotine accumulates in the intestines of smokers,where it interacts with gut microbiota and disrupts systemic metabolism.After smoking,significant alterations in the gut microbiota affect the synthesis of numerous metabolites that are crucial for the development and progression of metabolic disorders.Gut microbiota-mediated nicotine degradation has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for smoking-related metabolic disorders associated with smoking.Herein,we explore the impact of smoking on the composition and function of the gut microbiota,emphasizing the potential link between smoking-related metabolic disorders and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites.Additionally,we discuss the in vivo distribution and metabolism of nicotine along with potential strategies for treating smoking-related metabolic disorders through the microbial degradation of nicotine.

Arterial Embolization: A Superior Treatment for Massive Urinary Tract Bleeding in Emergency Care

Objective:To analyze the effect of arterial embolism(AE)in patients with massive urinary system bleeding(MBUS).Methods:From September 2018 to September 2023,175 cases of MBUS patients in the emergency department of the hospital were randomly selected and divided into groups according to the length of stay.Among them,85 cases(September 2018–September 2020)underwent bladder irrigation treatment with aluminum potassium sulfate solution through a catheter(Group A),and 90 cases(October 2020–September 2023)underwent AE treatment(Group B).The treatment effects of the two groups were compared.Results:The treatment effectiveness of Group B is higher than that of Group A(P<0.05).The urinary hemoglobin level of Group B is lower than that of Group A at 1,6,12,and 24 hours after treatment(P<0.05).Among the 90 cases treated with AE,7 cases had a fever,with body temperatures ranging from 37.3°C to 38.9℃,with a mean temperature of 38.2±0.3℃.Four cases experienced local pain,nausea,and vomiting,while two cases of intra-iliac AE showed transient buttock pain.These patients with adverse reactions were treated symptomatically for 7 days.All patients recovered after treatment.Intravenous urography of 87 patients in June showed that the renal pelvis and calyces were in good condition,the renal function returned to normal,and the blood urea nitrogen and blood creatinine test results were within the normal range.After 1 year of follow-up,no hypertension occurred.Conclusion:AE treats MBUS patients in the emergency department with remarkable efficacy.It has the advantages of less damage to the body,rapid hemostasis,high safety,and maximum preservation of organ function.

Rethinking the diagnosis and treatment of renal anastomotic hemangioma after partial nephrectomy

Renal anastomotic hemangioma(AH)is a rare,benign vascular tumor with unique histopathological features,a disease that is clinically rare,and existing clinical cases offer different treatment options.As reported in the text,this is a very unusual case of renal AH with AH secondary to residual renal tissue after renal clear cell carcinoma,describing a rare renal AH and a history of renal clear cell carcinoma,including ultrasound,computed tomography and magnetic re-sonance imaging.However,the available imaging data and the literature do not provide an effective basis for the diagnosis of the disease,raising the lack of un-derstanding and misdiagnosis,where the patient eventually underwent neph-rectomy,but the author is not the most appropriate surgical treatment.The po-stoperative pathological results of the patient are benign lesions,and it is unde-niable that nephrectomy is suspected to be overtreated.By reading the literature,we provide different insights into the treatment of the patient,and we hope that this paper can provide some help for the future clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Molecular mechanism and research progress of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer(PCa)is one of the most common malignant tumors in the male genitourinary system,ranking second in incidence worldwide.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),as an important component of complementary and alternative medicine,shows unique advantages in cancer treatment.Chinese herbal medicine is usually composed of multiple ingredients and involves multiple signaling pathways,which showed function of inducing apoptosis of cancer cells,arresting the cell cycle,inhibiting invasion and metastasis,reducing drug resistance,and regulating immune function.Physical therapy is also an important treatment of TCM.Currently,Physical therapy such as acupuncture or Tai Chi and Qigong are gaining increased recognition in the management of PCa,particularly in addressing issues like urinary incontinence and bone metastasis-related pain.This article reviews the TCM treatment and therapy of PCa,in order to provide new research avenues and treatment options for the treatment of PCa with TCM and improve the quality of life of patients.

Literature study on traditional Chinese medicine syndromes after renal transplantation

BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation is the most effective means to treat patients with renal failure,but its postoperative problems such as rejection reactions,immunosuppressant poisoning,chronic transplant kidney nephropathy,etc.still have not been effectively solved.This study searched for literature on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndromes after kidney transplantation in China,conducted statistical analysis of the results,and sought to identify the underlying patterns.AIM To understand the TCM syndromes after renal transplantation and associated rules and provide a theoretical basis for further clinical research.METHODS The literature pertaining to TCM syndromes in renal transplantation,published in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang database,and WIP database from 1970 to 2021,was meticulously searched and comprehensively and statistically analyzed.RESULTS Following the established inclusion and exclusion criteria,13 studies were selected for analysis.Post-renal transplantation,no significant discrepancy was noted among the groups based on the location of TCM viscera.However,when categorized according to TCM pathogenic factors,the groups with spleen and kidney yang deficiency,as well as liver and kidney yin deficiency,exhibited a statistically significant difference in the frequency.CONCLUSION Currently,the research on TCM syndromes pertaining to renal transplantation is in its nascent phase.It is imperative to conduct a multicentric,large-scale survey of TCM syndromes subsequent to renal transplantation in the ensuing years.

On the error analyses of polarization measurements of the white-light coronagraph aboard ASO-S

The Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory(ASO-S) mission aims to explore the two most spectacular eruptions on the Sun: solar flares and coronal mass ejections(CMEs), and their magnetism.For the study of CMEs, the payload Lyman-alpha Solar Telescope(LST) has been proposed. It includes a traditional white-light coronagraph and a Lyman-alpha coronagraph which opens a new window to CME observations. Polarization measurements taken by white-light coronagraphs are crucial for deriving fundamental physical parameters of CMEs. To make such measurements, there are two options for a Stokes polarimeter which have been applied by existing white-light coronagraphs for space missions. One uses a single or triple linear polarizer, the other involves both a half-wave plate and a linear polarizer. We find that the former option is subject to less uncertainty in the derived Stokes vector propagating from detector noise.The latter option involves two plates which are prone to internal reflections and may have a reduced transmission factor. Therefore, the former option is adopted as our Stokes polarimeter scheme for LST. Based on the parameters of the intended linear polarizer(s) colorPol provided by CODIXX and the half-wave plate 2-APW-L2-012 C by Altechna, it is further shown that the imperfect maximum transmittance of the polarizer significantly increases the variance amplification of Stokes vector by at least about 50% when compared with the ideal case. The relative errors of Stokes vector caused by the imperfection of colorPol polarizer and the uncertainty due to the polarizer assembly in the telescope are estimated to be about 5%. Among the considered parameters, we find that the dominant error comes from the uncertainty in the maximum transmittance of the polarizer.

Boosting ferroptosis and microtubule inhibition for antitumor therapy via a carrier-free supermolecule nanoreactor

Traditional microtubule inhibitors fail to significantly enhance+e effect of colorectal cancer;hence,new and efficient strategies are necessary.In+is study,a supramolecular nanoreactor(DOC@TA-Fe^(3+))based on tannic acid(TA),iron ion(Fe^(3+)),and docetaxel(DOC)wi+microtubule inhibition,reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation,and gluta+ione peroxidase 4(GPX4)inhibition,is prepared for ferroptosis/apoptosis treatment.After internalization by CT26 cells,+e DOC@TA-Fe^(3+)nanoreactor escapes from+e lysosomes to release payloads.+e subsequent Fe^(3+)/Fe^(2+)conversion mediated by TA reducibility can trigger+e Fenton reaction to enhance+e ROS concentration.Additionally,Fe^(3+)can consume gluta+ione to repress+e activity of GPX4 to induce ferroptosis.Meanwhile,+e released DOC controls microtubule dynamics to activate+e apoptosis pa+way.+e superior in vivo antitumor efficacy of DOC@TA-Fe^(3+)nanoreactor in terms of tumor grow+inhibition and improved survival is verified in CT26 tumor-bearing mouse model.+erefore,+e nanoreactor can act as an effective apoptosis and ferroptosis inducer for application in colorectal cancer+erapy.

First-principles investigation of the valley and electrical properties of carbon-dopedα-graphyne-like BN sheet

Based on ab initio density functional theory calculations,we demonstrate that two carbon-doped boron nitride analog ofα-graphyne structures,B_(3) C_(2) N_(3)) and BC_(6) N monolayers,are two-dimensional direct wide band gap semiconductors,and there are two inequivalent valleys in the vicinities of the vertices of their hexagonal Brillouin zones.Besides,B_(3)C_(2)N_(3) and BC_(6)N monolayers exhibit relatively high carrier mobilities,and their direct band gap feature is robust against the biaxial strain.More importantly,the energetically most favorable B_(3)C_(2)N_(3) and BC_(6)N bilayers also have direct wide band gaps,and valley polarization could be achieved by optical helicity.Finally,we show that BC_(6) N monolayer might have high efficiency in photo-splitting reactions of water,and a vertical van der Waals heterostructure with a type-Ⅱenergy band alignment could be designed using B_(3)C_(2)N_(3)and BC_(6)N monolayers.All the above-mentioned characteristics make B_(3)C_(2)N_(3) and BC_(6)N monolayers,bilayers,and their heterostructures recommendable candidates for applications in valleytronic devices,metal-free photocatalysts,and photovoltaic cells.

Formation Mechanism of Biomass Aromatic Hydrocarbon Tar on Quantum Chemistry

The formation process of aromatic hydrocarbon tar during the pyrolysis process of biomass components of cel-lulose and lignin was carried out by quantum chemical calculation based on density functional theory method B3LYP/6-31G++(d,p).5 Hydroxymethylfurfural was chosen as the model compound of cellulose and hemicel-lulose,and syringa ldehyde was chosen as the model compound of lignin.The calculation results show that the formation process of cellulose monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon tar is the conversion process of benzene ring from furan ring,and the highest reaction energy barrier appears in the process of decarbonylation,which is 370.8 kJ/mol.The formation of lignin monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon tar is mainly the process of side chains removal and the formation of phenol,The highest reaction energy barrier appears in the process of decarbonyla-tion,which is 374.9 kJ/mol.The reaction mechanism of phenanthrene formation from naphthalene was selected as the formation of cellulose and lignin polycydic aromatic hydrocarbon tar.The calculation results show that he total barrier of the pathway that naphthalene dehydrogenates to form naphthalene free radicals and then reacts with ethylene twice by addition action,finally occurs cydization reactions and isomerizes to produce phenan-threne is lowest,that is 38.6 kJ/mol.So it is proved that the evolution of tar is the process of deoxygenation and cyclization with the increase of the temperature from a theoretical point of view.

γ⁃Fe2O3@carboxymethyl Cellulose as Potential Oral Nanomedicine for Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment on Rats

Oral iron supplements such as ferrous iron salts are major treatment agents for iron deficiency anemia(IDA)due to the convenience of large dose administration and good patient compliance.However,the gastrointestinal adverse impact caused by Fe2+stimulus and low bioavailability severely impedes its therapeutic effects.In recent years,it has been found that nano iron⁃based nanoparticles with high surface⁃to⁃volume ratio and low iron ion leakage can alleviate the toxic effect and improve the gastrointestinal absorbance.For further clinical development,nano materials need to meet the pharmaceutical quality demand.Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)is a significant pharmaceutical ingredient applied in approved drug formulations,and polyglucosorbitol carboxymethylether(PSC)has been utilized in iron⁃based nanomedicine ferumoxytol synthesis,both of which can be firmly anchored on iron oxide by carboxyl chelation.In this work,iron oxide nanoparticles(NPs)modified with CMC were designed and synthesized,and the structure composition and physicochemical properties were distinctly characterized.Oral supplement effects on rat IDA were investigated and compared with other recently reported iron supplements including NPs modified with PSC.Results show that the oral nano iron supplement achieved the recovery of hemoglobin and serum iron level in only two weeks with high safety.The nano iron oxide modified with pharmaceutical excipients provides new potential approach for oral iron supplement available in clinics.

Cleaning of nitrogen-containing carbon contamination by atmospheric pressure plasma jet

Atmospheric pressure plasma jet(APPJ)was used to clean nitrogen-containing carbon films(C–N)fabricated by plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition method employing the plasma surface interaction linear device at Sichuan University(SCU-PSI).The properties of the contaminated films on the surface of pristine and He-plasma pre-irradiated tungsten matrix,such as morphology,crystalline structure,element composition and chemical structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,grazing incidence x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The experimental results revealed that the removal of C–N film with a thickness of tens of microns can be realized through APPJ cleaning regardless of the morphology of the substrates.Similar removal rates of 16.82 and 13.78μm min^(-1)were obtained for C–N films deposited on a smooth pristine W surface and rough fuzz-covered W surface,respectively.This is a remarkable improvement in comparison to the traditional cleaning method.However,slight surface oxidation was found after APPJ cleaning,but the degree of oxidation was acceptable with an oxidation depth increase of only 3.15 nm.Optical emission spectroscopy analysis and mass spectrometry analysis showed that C–N contamination was mainly removed through chemical reaction with reactive oxygen species during APPJ treatment using air as the working gas.These results make APPJ cleaning a potentially effective method for the rapid removal of C–N films from the wall surfaces of fusion devices.

Wide-field aurora imager onboard Fengyun satellite:Data products and validation

New observations of auroras based on the wide-field aurora imager(WAI)onboard Fengyun-3D(FY-3D)satellite are exhibited in this paper.Validity of the WAI data is analyzed by comparing auroral boundaries derived from WAI observations with results obtained from data collected by the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager(SSUSI)aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program(DMSP F18).Dynamic variations of the aurora with the solar wind,interplanetary magnetic field(IMF)parameters,and the SYM-H index are also investigated.The comparison of auroral boundaries indicates that the WAI data are morphologically valid and suitable to the study of auroral dynamics.Effective responses to solar wind parameters indicate that the WAI data can be useful to monitor and predict the Earth’s space weather.Since the configuration of aurora is a good indicator of the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere(SW-M-I)coupling system,and can reflect the disturbance of the space environment,the WAI will provide important data to help us to study the physical processes in space.

Comparative study of effects of bone marrow cell vs. Ad_5-HGF administration via non-infarct-related artery injection in myocardial infarction in swine

Objective： To evaluate the effect of transplanting bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells （BM-MSCs） or adenovirus5- hepatocyte growth factor（Ad5-HGF） via non-infarct-related artery injection in swine myocardial infarction models. Methods：BMMSCs were obtained from swine bone marrow and expanded in vitro to a purity of 〉50%. A myocardial infarction（MI） was created by ligating the distal left anterior descending artery in swine. Either BM-MSCs （5 × 10^6/ml） or Ad5-HGF （4 × 10^9 pfu） were transfused via the right coronary artery （non-infarcted artery） four weeks after MI. Gate-controled cardiac perfusion imaging was performed at the end of four and seven weeks after LAD ligation, to evaluate heart function and cardiac perfusion. Morphologic and histologic characteristics of the hearts were also studied. Results： （1）The gate-controlled cardiac perfusion imaging showed that the improvement in LVEF was greater in both treatment groups than in control group at the 4^th weeks. （2）In both treatment groups, capillary density was significantly higher than that of control group（P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion ：BM-MSCs or Ad5-HGF transplantation via non-infarcted artery administration can stimulate angiogenesis and improve heart function, but there was no difference in therapeutic efficacy between BM-MSCs and Ad5-HGF.

PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS TO A HARMONIC-MAPPING TYPE EQUATION WITH A DIRICHLET BOUNDARY CONDITION

In the present paper, we consider the problem {-△u=u^(β_(1))|■u|^(β_(2)),in Ω,u=0,on ■Ω,u>0,in Ω,(0.1) where β_(1), β_(2) > 0 and β_(1) + β_(2) < 1, and Ω is a convex domain in R~n. The existence, uniqueness,regularity and (2-β_(2))/(1-β_(1)-β_(2))-concavity of the positive solutions of the problem(0.1) are proven.

A New Post-hoc Flat Field Measurement Method for the Solar X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Imager Onboard the FengYun-3E Satellite

Extreme ultraviolet(EUV)observations are widely used in solar activity research and space weather forecasting since they can observe both the solar eruptions and the source regions of the solar wind.Flat field processing is indispensable to remove the instrumental non-uniformity of a solar EUV imager in producing high-quality scientific data from original observed data.FengYun-3E(FY-3E)is a meteorological satellite operated in a Sunsynchronous orbit,and the routine EUV imaging data from the Solar X-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Imager(X-EUVI)onboard FY-3E has the characteristic of concentric rotation.Taking advantage of the concentric rotation,we propose a post-hoc flat field measurement method for its EUV 195A channel in this paper.This method removes the small-scale and time-varying component of coronal activities by taking the median value for each pixel along the time axis of a concentric rotation data cube,and then derives the large-scale and invariable component of the quiet coronal radiation,and finally generates a flat field image.The flat field can be generated with cadences from hundreds of minutes(one orbit)to several days.Higher flat field accuracy can be achieved by employing more data.Further analysis shows that our method is able to measure the instrumental spot-like nonuniformity possibly caused by contamination on the detector,which mostly disappears after the in-orbit selfcleaning process.It can also measure the quasi-periodic grid-like non-uniformity,possibly from the obscuration of the support mesh on the rear filter.After flat field correction,these instrumental non-uniformities from the original data are effectively removed.Moreover,the X-EUVI 195A data after dark and flat field corrections are consistent with the 193A imaging data from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory,verifying the suitability of the method.The post-hoc method does not occupy observation time,which is advantageous for space weather operations.Our method is not only suitable for FY-3E/X-EUVI but also a candidate method for the flat field measurement of future solar EUV telescopes.

The impact analysis of policy events on China's carbon market

This paper interrogates the impact of policy events on the efficiency of carbon market in China.The analysis covers five piloting emission trading schemes(Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong,Shenzhen and Hubei), particularly focusing on Guangdong pilot for its weak form efficiency and the richness of policy events. Twenty-five policy events between 2014 and 2016 are categorized into seven groups. The efficiency test indicates that only Guangdong ETS has reached weak form efficiency. After exploring the policy events occurred in Guangdong ETS, it finds that although a clear long-term climate policy has been set up over the country, China's carbon market still has a conservative risk appetite and its governing institutions still needs further development. The policy makers need to be aware of and avoid the negative impacts of policy events to the market evolvement, by introducing effective consultancy process with the stakeholders and nurturing market expectations in the long run. We also find that events like allowance auctions have considerably less impacts than previously expected and argue that auction approach should be considered a preferable option over a free allocation system in the future policy design.

Erosion research of CX-2002U carbon composites under low-temperature high-flux hydrogen plasma

The net erosion yield of CX-2002U carbon fiber composites under high-flux low-temperature hydrogen plasma is investigated using a linear plasma device.It is found that the net erosion yield decreases rapidly first,and then tends to saturate with the increase of hydrogen–plasma flux.When the temperature of the sample eroded by hydrogen plasma is above 300°C,the hybridization of electrons outside the carbon atom would change.Then the carbon atoms combine with hydrogen atoms to form massive spherical nanoparticles of hydrocarbon compounds and deposit on the surface at the flux condition of 1.77×10^(22) m^(−2)·s^(−1).Under the irradiation of hydrogen plasma loaded with negative bias,the surface morphology of the matrix carbon is changed dramatically.Moreover,the energy dependence of mass loss does not increase in proportion to the increase of hydrogen–plasma energy,but reaches a peak around 20 V negative bias voltage.Based on the analysis of different samples,it can be concluded that the enhancement of energy could make a contribution to chemical erosion and enlarge the size of pores existing on the surface.

Morphological and structural damage investigation of nanostructured molybdenum fuzzy surface after pulsed plasma bombardment

Steady high-flux helium(He)plasma with energy ranging from 50 eV to 90 eV is used to fabricate a fiber-form nanostructure called fuzz on a polycrystalline molybdenum(Mo)surface.Enhanced hydrogen(H)pulsed plasma in a wide power density range of 12 MW/m^(2)-35 MW/m^(2)is subsequently used to bombard the fuzzy Mo,thereby simulating the damage of edge localized mode(ELM)to fuzz.The comparisons of surface morphologies,crystalline structures,and optical reflectivity between the original Mo and the Mo treated with various He^(+)energy and transient power densities are performed.With the increase of He ion energy,the Mo nano-fuzz evolved density is enlarged due to the decrease of filament diameter and optical reflectivity.The fuzz-enhanced He release should be the consequence of crystalline growth and the lattice shrinkage inside the Mo-irradiated layers(^(2)00 nm).The fuzz induced by lower energy experiences more severe melting damage and dust release under the condition of the identical transient H plasma-bombardment.The H and He are less likely to be trapped due to aggravated melting evidenced by the enhanced crystalline size and distinct lattice shrinkage.As the transient power density rises,the thermal effect is enhanced,thereby causing the fuzz melting loss to aggravate and finally to completely disappear when the power density exceeds 21 MW/m^(2).Irreversible grain expansion results in huge tensile stress,leading to the observable brittle cracking.The effects of transient thermal load and He ion energy play a crucial role in etching Mo fuzz during ELM transient events.