Minimum Mass of a Composite Boson

A model of the Z boson is elaborated from a revised quantum electrodynamic theory (RQED) by the author. The electromagnetic steady field is derived from a separable generating function with a convergent radial part, resulting in a vanishing net electric charge and a nonzero spin and rest mass. From the superposition of the solutions of two Z bosons with antiparallel spin directions, a model is further formed of a composite boson, the computed mass mC of which becomes connected with the mass of 91 GeV for each Z boson. This results in a composite boson which is likely to become identical with the heavy particle recently detected at CERN. Both these particles are thus lacking of net electric charge, magnetic field and spin, are purely electrostatic and highly unstable, and have masses close to the value of 125 GeV.

On the Cosmical Zero Point Energy Density

The frequency spectrum of the cosmical Zero Point Energy (ZPE) and its total density are so far unknown in their details. In the present complementary investigation, a revised theory forms the basis for studies of this concept in two respects. It first applies to the observable universe considered as an entity, as well as to included subregions such as the galaxies with supermassive black holes. Second, experiments are proposed on the maximum Casimir force arising between two metal plates of different materials and with a vanishing air gap in their spacing. This serves the purpose of making an indirect determination of the ZPE energy density in the laboratory, i.e. at the Earth’s orbit. The ZPE energy density is interpreted as dark matter density and its pressure gradient as dark energy force density.

Revised Quantum Electrodynamics in a Condensed Form

This theory aims beyond the possibilities being available from the Standard Model. Examples are given by the directly obtained rest masses of the elementary particles, the deduced values of the elementary charge and of the mass of the boson detected by CERN which are close to their experimental data, and by an incorporated spin of the photon.

Impacts of Revised Quantum Electrodynamics on Fundamental Physics

A revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author is reconsidered, in respect to the basic concepts established by M. Planck and H.B.G. Casimir on the Zero Point Energy (ZPE) and by A. Einstein on Special Relativity. Attention is given to the new properties of its field equations and their applications. These equations include results not being available from conventional theory and the Standard Model. This concerns the internal structure of elementary particles, such as the photon, the electron, muon and tauon, the Z boson, and the so called Higgs particle detected in the experiments at the laboratory of CERN. A possible unification of electrodynamics and the strong nuclear force is further provided by the theory. Finally, there are aspects on the expanding universe represented by a new interpretation of dark matter and dark energy in terms of the ZPE.

Some Thoughts upon Long-Range Interaction and Entangled States

The problems of long-range interaction and associated questions on entangled states are reconsidered in terms of a recently developed revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author, as being applied to subatomic systems. There are indications that the theories of relativity and quantum mechanics do not necessarily have to be in conflict. But more investigations are required for a full understanding to be obtained on these problems.

Some Consequences of Zero Point Energy

Both theory and experiments indicate that the vacuum is not a state of empty space, but is populated by electromagnetic fluctuations at a lowest nonzero level, the Zero Point Energy (ZPE). This debouches into considerable changes of fundamental physics, as shown by a revised quantum electrodynamic theory (RQED) applied to elementary particles, and by a revised ZPE frequency spectrum applied to the expanding universe. The Standard Model based on a vacuum state of empty space is thus replaced by RQED, thereby resulting in massive elementary particles from the beginning, independently of the theory by Higgs. Also the basic properties of the Higgs-like particle detected at CERN can be reproduced by RQED. It further leads to new fundamental results beyond the theories by Dirac and Higgs, such as to a deduced value of the elementary net charge, magnetic confinement of charged particle configurations, intrinsic local particle charges, photon spin with a very small but nonzero photon rest mass, and needle-like particle-wave properties which contribute to the understanding of the photoelectric effect and two-slit experiments. The real macroscopic pressure due to the revised ZPE frequency distribution further influences the dynamics of the expanding universe, by the ZPE photon pressure gradient acting as dark energy, and the ZPE photon energy density acting as dark matter. This results in a model being consistent with the observed scale, the rate of expansion, and the stability of a flat expanding observable universe.

New Deduced Results in Subatomic Physics

The Standard Model of elementary particles, with its associated concept of a vacuum state of empty space, leads to strongly restricted results in subatomic physics. Examples are given by vanishing rest masses and an associated spinless state of the photon. In a revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author, new results have been deduced which cannot be obtained from the Standard Model. These are due to a vacuum state populated by Zero Point Energy and a corresponding nonzero electric charge density. This leads to a screw-shaped photon configuration with rest mass, spin and possibilities of needle radiation, to a deduced value of the elementary charge of the electron, muon and tauon being close to its experimental value, to a deduced mass being nearly equal to 125 GeV of the Higgs particle detected at CERN, and to the discovery of large intrinsic charges of both polarities within the volume of a particle. In their turn, these charges give rise to effects of the same magnitude as that of the strong force, and can account for the binding energy of 8 MeV of the neutron and proton. This makes a unification possible of electrodynamics with the strong nuclear force.

Intrinsic Particle Charges and the Strong Force

Starting from a revised quantum electrodynamic theory by the author, an attempt is made to elaborate a particle model of quarks which in their turn form triangular neutron and proton configurations. These “quark particles” are found to be electrically neutral but contain intrinsic electrical charges of both polarities, being an order of magnitude larger than the elementary charge, e. The main interaction force between two such particles is further found to have an attractive short-range character, and it becomes nearly two orders of magnitude larger than the repulsive force which would arise from two interacting elementary charges. The spatial potential distribution of this force corresponds to an inner barrier, an intermediate well, and an outer barrier. The well is found to have a depth being nearly equal to the binding energy 8 MeV of the neutron. The distribution of the barriers and the well makes a stable position possible for the mutual particle distance. The deduced radii of the outer shell and of the core are further of the same magnitude as the known nuclear radii of the neutron and proton. All these deduced characteristic features are the same as those of the known strong force concept. This raises the question whether the present results could provide a first step in a unification of the electromagnetic and the strong nuclear forces.

Some Elucidations of the Theory on Revised Quantum Electrodynamics

A theory elaborated by the author on revised quantum electrodynamics (RQED) is elucidated in a condensed form on special important points. The latter concerns the basic electromagnetic field equations in a vacuum state, the connection of this state with the Zero Point Energy (ZPE), the procedure of quantization, steady states of particle models, the concept of the individual photon, and examples on experimental support of the theory.

Zero Point Energy Effects on Quantum Electrodynamics

The vacuum is not a state of empty space, but is populated by electromagnetic fluctuations at a lowest nonzero level, the Zero Point Energy (ZPE). As distinguished from conventional theories, such as that of the Standard Model, the present revised quantum electrodynamic theory (RQED) includes the ZPE in its field equations. This leads to new results far beyond those obtained from conventional theories such as those by Dirac and Higgs. Thus, the present theory results in massive elementary particles from the beginning, being independent of the theory by Higgs. This paper describes the background and results of RQED, summarizing the weak points of conventional theories, the unification of included fundamental concepts, the present basic field equations, new obtained results, and special points of experimental support. In other words, the new points stressed in this paper are in particular the relation between a nonzero electric field divergence in the vacuum and the ZPE, and a number of new experimentally supported results due to a nonzero ZPE energy density in the same state.

On the Final State of Black Holes

The final state of a black hole and its force balance is considered, in the limit where all available energy is radiated away and all matter remains in the lowest form of Zero Point Energy (ZPE). In conventional theory without the concept of ZPE, the gravitational contraction would transfer the system into a mass point, being questionable from the theoretical point of view. But the inclusion of ZPE makes a force balance possible, resulting in a finite characteristic radius of a black hole mass distribution. This radius is of the same order as that of the so-called Schwarzschild radius, but is not related to the physics of the latter, which is due to particle trapping in the gravitational field.