Clinic-pathological features of metabolic associated fatty liver disease with hepatitis B virus infection

BACKGROUND Metabolic associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)is a novel concept proposed in 2020.AIM To compare the characteristics of MAFLD and MAFLD with hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection.METHODS Patients with histopathologically proven MAFLD from a single medical center were included.Patients were divided into MAFLD group(without HBV infection)and HBV-MAFLD group(with HBV infection).Propensity score matching was utilized to balance the baseline characteristics between two groups.RESULTS A total of 417 cases with MAFLD were included,359(86.1%)of whom were infected with HBV.There were significantly more males in the HBV-MAFLD group than in the MAFLD group(P<0.05).After propensity score matching,58 pairs were successfully matched with no significant differences found in gender,age,body mass index,lipid levels,liver enzymes,and the other metabolic associated comorbidities between the two groups(P>0.05).The rank sum test results showed that the degree of liver steatosis in the MAFLD group was more severe than that in the HBV-MAFLD group,while the degree of inflammation and fibrosis in the liver was less severe(P<0.05).In multivariate analysis,HBV infection was associated with significantly lower grade of hepatic steatosis[odds ratio(OR)=0.088,95%confidence interval(CI):0.027-0.291]but higher inflammation level(OR=4.059,95%CI:1.403-11.742)and fibrosis level(OR=3.016,95%CI:1.087-8.370)after adjusting for age,gender,and other metabolic parameters.CONCLUSION HBV infection is associated with similar metabolic risks,lower steatosis grade,higher inflammation,and fibrosis grade in MAFLD patients.

Impact Analysis of Microscopic Defect Types on the Macroscopic Crack Propagation in Sintered Silver Nanoparticles

Sintered silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)arewidely used in high-power electronics due to their exceptional properties.However,the material reliability is significantly affected by various microscopic defects.In this work,the three primary micro-defect types at potential stress concentrations in sintered AgNPs are identified,categorized,and quantified.Molecular dynamics(MD)simulations are employed to observe the failure evolution of different microscopic defects.The dominant mechanisms responsible for this evolution are dislocation nucleation and dislocation motion.At the same time,this paper clarifies the quantitative relationship between the tensile strain amount and the failure mechanism transitions of the three defect types by defining key strain points.The impact of defect types on the failure process is also discussed.Furthermore,traction-separation curves extracted from microscopic defect evolutions serve as a bridge to connect the macro-scale model.The validity of the crack propagation model is confirmed through tensile tests.Finally,we thoroughly analyze how micro-defect types influence macro-crack propagation and attempt to find supporting evidence from the MD model.Our findings provide a multi-perspective reference for the reliability analysis of sintered AgNPs.

Spatial and temporal variation of water clarity in typical reservoirs in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region observed by GF 1-WFV satellite data

Rapidly monitoring regional water quality and the changing trend is of great practical and scientific significance,especially for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region of China where water resources are relatively scarce and inland water bodies are generally small.The remote sensing data of the GF 1 satellite launched in 2013 have characteristics of high spatial and temporal resolution,which can be used for the dynamic monitoring of the water environment in small lakes and reservoirs.However,the water quality remote sensing monitoring model based on the GF 1 satellite data for lakes and reservoirs in BTH is still lacking because of the considerable differences in the optical characteristics of the lakes and reservoirs.In this paper,the typical reservoirs in BTH-Guanting Reservoir,Yuqiao Reservoir,Panjiakou Reservoir,and Daheiting Reservoir are taken as the study areas.In the atmospheric correction of GF 1-WFV,the relative radiation normalized atmospheric correction was adopted after comparing it with other methods,such as 6 S and FLAASH.In the water clarity retrieval,a water color hue angle based model was proposed and outperformed other available published models,with the R 2 of 0.74 and MRE of 31.7%.The clarity products of the four typical reservoirs in the BTH region in 2013-2019 were produced using the GF 1-WFV data.Based on the products,temporal and spatial changes in clarity were analyzed,and the main influencing factors for each water body were discussed.It was found that the clarity of Guanting,Daheiting,and Panjiakou reservoirs showed an upward trend during this period,while that of Yuqiao Reservoir showed a downward trend.In the influencing factors,the water level of the water bodies can be an important factor related to the water clarity changes in this region.

How many sutures in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt:Insights from East Xinjiang-West Gansu(NW China)?

How ophiolitic mèlanges can be defined as sutures is controversial with regard to accretionary orogenesis and continental growth.The Chinese Altay,East junggar,Tianshan,and Beishan belts of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt（CAOB） in Northwest China,offer a special natural laboratory to resolve this puzzle.In the Chinese Altay,the Erqis unit consists of ophiolitic melanges and coherent assemblages,forming a Paleozoic accretionary complex.At least two ophiolitic melanges（Armantai,and Kelameili） in East Junggar,characterized by imbricated ophiolitic melanges,Nb-enriched basalts,adakitic rocks and volcanic rocks,belong to a Devonian-Carboniferous intra-oceanic island arc with some Paleozoic ophiolites,superimposed by Permian arc volcanism.In the Tianshan,ophiolitic melanges like Kanggurtag,North Tianshan,and South Tianshan occur as part of some Paleozoic accretionary complexes related to amalgamation of arc terranes.In the Beishan there are also several ophiolitic melanges,including the Hongshishan,Xingxingxia-Shibangjing,Hongliuhe-Xichangjing,and Liuyuan ophiolitic units.Most ophiolitic melanges in the study area are characterized by ultramafic,mafic and other components,which are juxtaposed,or even emplaced as lenses and knockers in a matrix of some coherent units.The tectonic settings of various components are different,and some adjacent units in the same melange show contrasting different tectonic settings.The formation ages of these various components are in a wide spectrum,varying from Neoproterozoic to Permian.Therefore we cannot assume that these ophiolitic melanges always form in linear sutures as a result of the closure of specific oceans.Often the ophiolitic components formed either as the substrate of intra-oceanic arcs,or were accreted as lenses or knockers in subduction-accretion complexes.Using published age and paleogeographic constraints,we propose the presence of （1） a major early Paleozoic tectonic boundary that separates the Chinese Altay-East Junggar multiple subduction systems of the southern Siberian active margin from those of the northern Tarim;and （2） a major Permian suture zone that separates the Tianshan-Beishan from the northern active margin of the Tarim Craton.These new observations and interpretations have broad implications for the architecture and crustal growth of central Asia and other ancient orogens as well.

Reviewing subduction initiation and the origin of plate tectonics:What do we learn from present-day Earth?

The theory of plate tectonics came together in the 1960s,achieving wide acceptance after 1968.Since then it has been the most successful framework for investigations of Earth’s evolution.Subduction of the oceanic lithosphere,as the engine that drives plate tectonics,has played a key role in the theory.However,one of the biggest unanswered questions in Earth science is how the first subduction was initiated,and hence how plate tectonics began.The main challenge is how the strong lithosphere could break and bend if plate tectonics-related weakness and slab-pull force were both absent.In this work we review state-of-the-art subduction initiation(SI)models with a focus on their prerequisites and related driving mechanisms.We note that the plume-lithosphere-interaction and mantleconvection models do not rely on the operation of existing plate tectonics and thus may be capable of explaining the first SI.Reinvestigation of plate-driving mechanisms reveals that mantle drag may be the missing driving force for surface plates,capable of triggering initiation of the first subduction.We propose a composite driving mechanism,suggesting that plate tectonics may be driven by both subducting slabs and convection currents in the mantle.We also discuss and try to answer the following question:Why has plate tectonics been observed only on Earth?

Macrophage regulation of graft-vs-host disease

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has become a curative choice of many hematopoietic malignancy,but graft-vs-host disease(GVHD)has limited the survival quality and overall survival of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Understanding of the immune cells’reaction in pathophysiology of GVHD has improved,but a review on the role of macrophages in GVHD is still absent.Studies have observed that macrophage infiltration is associated with GVHD occurrence and development.In this review,we summarize and analyze the role of macrophages in GVHD based on pathophysiology of acute and chronic GVHD,focusing on the macrophage recruitment and infiltration,macrophage polarization,macrophage secretion,and especially interaction of macrophages with other immune cells.We could conclude that macrophage recruitment and infiltration contribute to both acute and chronic GVHD.Based on distinguishing pathology of acute and chronic GVHD,macrophages tend to show a higher M1/M2 ratio in acute GVHD and a lower M1/M2 ratio in chronic GVHD.However,the influence of dominant cytokines in GVHD is controversial and inconsistent with macrophage polarization.In addition,interaction of macrophages with alloreactive T cells plays an important role in acute GVHD.Meanwhile,the interaction among macrophages,B cells,fibroblasts,and CD4+T cells participates in chronic GVHD development.

Age-related modifications of macrophages influenced by “inflammageing”in graft vs. host disease

Most studies focus on the adaptive immune cells in the GVHD pathogenesis,while little is known about innate immune cells in GVHD occurrence and development,especially macrophages.Meanwhile,a higher incidence of graft versus host disease(GVHD)is also found in the elderly patients.Though advances have been made in the modification of macrophages influenced by the inflamm-ageing,there is still no review on the role of macrophages in GVHD and the association between GVHD and the altered macrophages by inflamm-ageing.In this review,we focus on the potential age-related modifications of macrophage in GVHD,which contributes to the change of morbidity and mortality of GVHD.Via literature review,we found that the infiltration of macrophages is associated with GVHD and macrophages are modified in inflamm-ageing state,including the proliferation,migration,phagocytosis,antigen presentation,interaction with other immune cells,and pro-fibrosis.We suppose that altered macrophage functions in inflamm-ageing state contribute to GVHD in elderly patients.

Numerical and Experimental Investigations of the Thermal Fatigue Lifetime of CBGA Packages

A thermal fatigue lifetime prediction model of ceramic ball grid array(CBGA)packages is proposed based on the Darveaux model.A finite element model of the CBGA packages is established,and the Anand model is used to describe the viscoplasticity of the CBGA solder.The average viscoplastic strain energy density increment △Wave of the CBGA packages is obtained using a finite element simulation,and the influence of different structural parameters on theWave is analyzed.A simplified analytical model of the △Wave is established using the simulation data.The thermal fatigue lifetime of CBGA packages is obtained from a thermal cycling test.The Darveaux lifetime predictionmodel ismodified based on the thermal fatigue lifetime obtained fromthe experiment and the corresponding △Wave.A validation test is conducted to verify the accuracy of the thermal fatigue lifetime prediction model of the CBGA packages.This proposed model can be used in engineering to evaluate the lifetime of CBGA packages.

Multi-spherical interactions and mechanisms of hydrocarbon enrichment in the Southeast Asian archipelagic tectonic system

Global cooling began since 50 Ma,but a warm climate was maintained in the archipelagic tectonic system in Southeast Asia where a wealth of Cenozoic oil and gas resources was formed and preserved.From the perspective of Earth system,this study analyzes Cenozoic tectonic activities,climatic and environmental evolution,and petroleum enrichment in Southeast Asia,and provides the following insights:(1)Subduction of oceanic plates and the extension of overlying continental lithosphere resulted in widespread volcanic eruptions as well as the formation of rift basins and shallow marine shelves,leading to complex interactions between deep tectonic processes and Earth’s surface including mountains,basins,and seas.(2)Microcontinental accretion and prolonged stay in equatorial low-latitude regions have changed trade winds into monsoons,altered ocean current pathways and flow rates,and profoundly affected rainfall and climate.(3)The archipelagic tectonic system,coupled with a hot and rainy climate,fostered tropical rainforests,mangroves,and phytoplankton,providing abundant organic matter and promoting the development of petroleum resources.(4)Combinations of rift basin development and marine transgression and regression led to an effective superposition of source-reservoir-seal combinations from multiplepetroleum systems.Rapid deep burial of organic matter and high geothermal gradients facilitated the generation and large-scale accumulation of oil and gas.(5)Multi-spherical(such as atmosphere,biosphere,hydrosphere and lithosphere)interactions on the Earth,which resulted from the convergence of multiple tectonic plates,are believed as the primary driver for exceptional enrichments of Cenozoic oil and gas resources in Southeast Asia.These understandings are significant for developing theories of oil and gas enrichment under the guidance of Earth System Science.In order to continue making significant oil and gas exploration discoveries in the deep-layers,deep-waters,and unconventional oil and gas fields of Southeast Asia,attention should be paid to the oil and gas resource effects of the collision between Australia and Sunda blocks and the high-temperature and high-rainfall climate environment,and efforts should be made to develop economic development and CO_(2)sequestration technologies for offshore CO_(2)-rich gas fields.

Spatial Topology Rule Checking Algorithm of Linear Entity Based on Quadtree

Spatial topology rule is the primary method to insure the consistency and validity of spatial topology relation in GIS software. Topology rule can be divided into three categories according to geographic entity’s geometric shape: point topology rule, line topology rule and polygon topology rule. At first, this paper summarizes the various linear geographic entities’ topological relations which have practical application, then designs a series of linear entity topology rules detailedly. Based on these rules, this paper proposes a topology rule checking algorithm using quadtree, which is designed on the basis of MAPGIS7.4 spatial data model. The algorithm has already been applied to MAPGIS platform and gained good effects.

Modeling operation amplifier based on VHDL-AMS for TID effect

A model of the operational amplifier based on VHDL-AMS is proposed. According to needs of simulating the total ionizing dose(TID) radiation effect, parameters of operational amplifier are taken into account when the performance is specified. The operational amplifier model used for the TID radiation effect simulation is completed after verifying each modeled parameter. And a parameter for describing the external environment is introduced to make the model combined with TID. Finally, an example is used to illustrate the TID effect on the operational amplifier of MC14573, proving the validity of the model.

Indian plate blocked by the thickened Eurasian crust in the middle of the continental collision zone of southern Tibet

The relationship of the crustal contact between the Indian and Eurasian plates is a key issue in understanding crustal thickening and the subduction of the Indian lithosphere beneath the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Across the middle of the Yarlung-Zangbo Suture(YZS), we deployed an ~450-km-long SN-trending wide-angle reflection/refraction profile to observe the P-wave velocity(vP) structure beneath the northern Himalaya and the southern plateau. Our results show that, 1. the high vP(~7.1 km/s) indicates that the Indian lower crust extends no more than 50 km north of the YZS. 2. The lower crust beneath the southern part of the plateau features an extremely low vP(<6.7 ± 0.2 km/s). 3. Compared with the velocities of several typical crustal lithologies in different temperature regimes, the low vPin the lower crust can be explained by felsic-intermediate granulite, which has prevented the lower crust from further eclogitization. We propose that the dip angle of the Indian lithospheric slab beneath the YZS is partly controlled by the composition of the lower crust of the plateau. In the northern middle YZS, the crust of the southern plateau is too thick and blocks the northward advancement of the Indian lower crust, resulting in the subduction of the Indian lithospheric slab into the upper mantle. The lower crust in western and eastern Lhasa is dominated by a mafic composition, and it was delaminated after eclogitization before the Miocene. The void zone generated by delamination favors the flattening and underthrusting of the Indian lower crust.

Phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase 2 (PRPS2)depletion regulates spermatogenic cell apoptosis and is correlated with hypospermatogenesis

Phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase 2(PRPS2)is a rate-limiting enzyme and plays an important role in purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis.Recent studies report that PRPS2 is involved in male infertility.However,the role of PRPS2 in hypospermatogenesis is unknown.In this study,the relationship of PRPS2 with hypospermatogenesis and spermatogenic cell apoptosis was investigated.The results showed that PRPS2 depletion increased the number of apoptotic spermatogenic cells in vitro.PRPS2 was downregulated in a mouse model of hypospermatogenesis.When PRPS2 expression was knocked down in mouse testes,hypospermatogenesis and accelerated apoptosis of spermatogenic cells were noted.E2F transcription factor 1(E2F1)was confirmed as the target gene of PRPS2 and played a key role in cell apoptosis by regulating the P53/Bcl-xl/Bcl-2/Caspase 6/Caspase 9 apoptosis pathway.Therefore,these data indicate that PRPS2 depletion contributes to the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells and is associated with hypospermatogenesis,which may be helpful for the diagnosis of male infertility.

The multi-kingdom microbiome catalog of the chicken gastrointestinal tract

Chicken is an important food animal worldwide and plays an important role in human life by providing meat and eggs.Despite recent significant advances in gut microbiome studies,a comprehensive study of chicken gut bacterial,archaeal,and viral genomes remains unavailable.In this study,we constructed a chicken multi-kingdom microbiome catalog(CMKMC),including 18,201 bacterial,225 archaeal,and 33,411 viral genomes,and annotated over 6,076,006 protein-coding genes by integrating 135 chicken gut metagenomes and publicly available metagenome-assembled genomes(MAGs)from ten countries.We found that 812 and 240 MAGs in our dataset were putative novel species and genera,respectively,far beyond what was previously reported.The newly unclassified MAGs were predominant in Phyla Firmicutes_A(n=263),followed by Firmicutes(n=126),Bacteroidota(n=121),and Proteobacteria(n=87).Most of the classified species-level viral oper-ational taxonomic units belong to Caudovirales.Approximately,63.24%of chicken gut viromes are predicted to infect two or more hosts,including complete circular viruses.Moreover,we found that diverse auxiliary metabolic genes and antibiotic resistance genes were carried by viruses.Together,our CMKMC provides the largest integrated MAGs and viral genomes from the chicken gut to date,functional insights into the chicken gastrointestinal tract microbiota,and paves the way for microbial interventions for better chicken health and productivity.

Erratum to:Geodynamic processes of the southeastern Neo-Tethys Ocean and the formation mechanism of the curved subduction system in Southeast Asia

The research paper"Geodynamic processes of the southeastern Neo-Tethys Ocean and the formation mechanism of the curved subduction system in Southeast Asia"(Sci China Earth Sci,2023,66:703-717)contained errors.The corrections in an erratum do not change or affect the result or conclusion of the paper.

Evaluating changes in business distribution within urban rail transit hubs in Beijing via Point of Interest (POI) data analysis (2008-2020)

This paper,set against the backdrop of expanding urban rail networks and dynamic urban development,focuses on the distribution and evolution of commercial Points of Interests(POIs)within the central urban rail transit areas of Beijing.The study examines data from four different years-2008,2013,2017,and 2020-to observe the temporal evolution of commercial entities.It identifies stable explanatory variables affecting the distribution and evolution of commercial POIs,which include rail transit accessibility,characteristics of the working and residential population distribution around stations,and the construction intensity in the vicinity of station areas.Through statistical analysis and model building,relatively stable linear regression equations were established,with R2 values generally maintained above 0.5(except for 2017).The study advances our understanding of the influence of rail transit on urban commercial spaces and how this influence shifts with temporal and urban developmental changes.It elucidates the correlation between changes in the number of businesses and spatial configuration,offering insights and information for urban planners and policy makers.This research also serves as a model for exploring the interplay between urban rail transit and commercial spaces in other major cities.

新特提斯单向俯冲的动力学机制

新特提斯洋向北单向俯冲的机制涉及两个核心问题,分别是南侧冈瓦纳被动大陆的不断裂解和拼贴到欧亚大陆南缘陆块诱发的俯冲起始.本文统计了大火成岩省的分布规律,发现200~80 Ma期间,与地幔柱相关的大火成岩省主要分布于南半球,暗示该时期南半球地幔温度高于北半球地幔温度.在南北半球地幔温差和地幔柱/大火成岩省作用下,引起上覆岩石圈抬升、破裂,结合新特提斯洋的北向俯冲,共同诱发冈瓦纳大陆的多期裂解.由于南北半球地幔温差会造成地幔柱头岩浆向北扩散并与新特提斯洋中脊发生相互作用,在特殊情况下,会引发原来大洋中脊的堵塞和跃迁,形成新的洋中脊,促进了陆块不断向北漂移.在古特提斯洋闭合后洋壳持续俯冲引发的应力作用下,欧亚大陆南缘具有高含水特性的洋陆过渡带率先破裂并产生向北的俯冲起始.驱动新特提斯大洋岩石圈持续向北俯冲的动力,除俯冲板片的拖曳力/重力外,还应该包含南半球高地幔温度和洋中脊产生的向北推力.

基于微纳光纤干涉仪的光纤环形激光传感器及硝酸钆高灵敏检测

为了对硝酸钆进行高灵敏检测,研究一种基于微纳光纤干涉仪的光纤环腔激光传感器。制备了一种具有双锥结构的微纳光纤干涉仪,微纳光纤的强倏逝场可与外界环境或周围介质发生有效相互作用,且倏逝场随着光纤双锥结构直径的减小不断增强,折射率传感的灵敏度指标也有显著提高。实验结果表明:当微纳光纤的直径为20μm时,传感器的折射率灵敏度达1925 nm/RIU;对于硝酸钆溶液的质量浓度,该传感器的灵敏度高达0.172 nm/(mg·mL^(-1))。此外,该光纤环形激光传感器具有灵敏度高、结构紧凑等优点,在生物修饰和化学传感等方面有广阔的应用前景。

Cyclical one-way continental rupture-drift in the Tethyan evolution: Subduction-driven plate tectonics

Numerous continents have rifted and drifted away from Gondwana to repeatedly open ocean basins over the past-500 millionyears.These Gondwana-derived continents drifted towards and collided with components of the Eurasian continent to successively close the preexisting oceans between the two.Plate tectonics satisfactorily describes the continental drift from Gondwana to Eurasia but does not define the geodynamic mechanism of continuously rifting to collisions of continents in the Tethy an Realm.After reappraisal of geological records of the rift,collision and subduction initiation from the surface and various geophysical observations from depth,we propose that Eurasia-directed subducting oceanic slabs would have driven Tethyan system in the Phanerozoic.The Eurasia-directed subduction would have dragged the passive Gondwana margin to rift and drift northwards,giving birth to new oceans since the Paleozoic.The closure of preexisting oceans between the Gondwana-derived continents and Eurasia led to continental collisions,which would have induced the initiation of oceanic subduction in the Tethyan Realm.Multiple episodic switches between collision-subduction-rift repeatedly led to the separation of continental fragments from Gondwana and dragged them to drift towards Eurasia.The final disappearance of Neo-Tethy s would have induced collision of the Gondwana-derived continents with the Eurasian continent,giving rise to the Cenozoic Alpine-Zagros-Himalayan collisional system.Therefore,the Eurasia-directed oceanic subduction would have acted as a’one-way train’that successively transferred the ruptured Gondwana continental fragments in the south,into the terminal in the north.In this regard,the engine of this"Tethyan one-way train"is the negative buoyancy of subducting oceanic slabs.

Accretionary processes and metallogenesis of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt:Advances and perspectives

As one of the largest Phanerozoic orogens in the world,the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB)is a natural laboratory for studies of continental dynamics and metallogenesis.This paper summarizes the research progresses of the accretionary processes and metallogenesis of the CAOB since the Peopled Republic of China was founded,and puts forward the prospect for future research.During the early period(1950s-1970s),several geological theories were applied to explain the geological evolution of Central Asia.In the early period of China's reform and opening-up,the plate tectonics theory was applied to explain the evolution of the northern Xinjiang and Xingmeng regions,and the opinion of subduction-collision between Siberian Kazakhstan and China-North Korea-Tarim plates was proposed.The idea of the Solonker-Yanbian suture zone was established.In the 1990s,the study of the CAOB entered a period of rapid development.One school of scholars including geologists from the former Soviet Union proposed a multi-block collision model for the assemblage of the CAOB.In contrast,another school of scholars,led by a Turkish geologist,Celal Sengor,proposed that the Altaids was formed through the growth and strike-slip duplicates of a single island arc,and pointed out that the Altaids is a special type of collisional orogen.During this period,Chinese geologists carried out a lot of pioneering researches on ophiolites and high-pressure metamorphic rocks in northern China,and confirmed the main suture zones accordingly.In 1999,the concept of"Central Asian metallogenic domain"was proposed,and it became one of the three major metallogenic domains in the world.Since the 21st century,given the importance for understanding continental accretion and metallogenic mechanism,the CAOB has become the international academic forefront.China has laid out a series of scientific research projects in Central Asia.A large number of important scientific research achievements have been spawned,including the tectonic attribution of micro-continents,timing and tectonic settings of ophiolites,magmatic arcs,identification and anatomy of accretionary wedges,regional metamorphism-deformation,(ultra)high-pressure metamorphism,ridge subduction plume-plate interaction archipelagic paleogeography and spatio-temporal framework of multiple accretionary orogeny,continental growth accretionary metallogenesis,structural superposition and transformation etc.These achievements have made important international influences.There still exist the following aspects that need further study:(1)Early evolution history and subduction initiation of the Paleo-Asian Ocean;(2)The accretionary mechanism of the extroversion Paleo-Asian Ocean;(3)The properties of the mantle of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and their spatiotemporal distribution;(4)The interaction between the Paleo-Asian Ocean and the Tethys Ocean;(5)Phanerozoic continental growth mechanism and its global comparison;(6)Accretionary metallogenic mechanism of the Central Asian metallogenic domain;and(7)Continental transformation mechanism.