Structure–performance relationship of Au nanoclusters in electrocatalysis:Metal core and ligand structure

Remarkable progress has characterized the field of electrocatalysis in recent decades,driven in part by an enhanced comprehension of catalyst structures and mechanisms at the nanoscale.Atomically precise metal nanoclusters,serving as exemplary models,significantly expand the range of accessible structures through diverse cores and ligands,creating an exceptional platform for the investigation of catalytic reactions.Notably,ligand‐protected Au nanoclusters(NCs)with precisely defined core numbers offer a distinct advantage in elucidating the correlation between their specific structures and the reaction mechanisms in electrocatalysis.The strategic modulation of the fine microstructures of Au NCs presents crucial opportunities for tailoring their electrocatalytic performance across various reactions.This review delves into the profound structural effects of Au NC cores and ligands in electrocatalysis,elucidating their underlying mechanisms.A detailed exploration of the fundamentals of Au NCs,considering core and ligand structures,follows.Subsequently,the interaction between the core and ligand structures of Au NCs and their impact on electrocatalytic performance in diverse reactions are examined.Concluding the discourse,challenges and personal prospects are presented to guide the rational design of efficient electrocatalysts and advance electrocatalytic reactions.

Limosilactobacillus mucosae FZJTZ26M3 prevents NAFLD in mice through modulation of lipid metabolism and gut microbiota dysbiosis

Lactobacillus are considered promising therapeutic methods for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).The effects of two strains of Ltmosilactobacillus mucosae on NAFLD were investigated in this study.Fourweek-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into 4 groups(n=8 per group,Control,Model,FZJTZ26M3,FGSYC17L3).L.mucosae FZJTZ26M3 reduced the mice 's body weight,liver weight,and adipose tissue weight after 12 weeks of therapy.According to serum analysis,total cholesterol,triacylglycerol,and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased after L.mucosae FZJTZ26M3 intervention.Liver pathology showed that L.mucosae FZJTZ26M3 was effective to ameliorate lipid deposition in NAFLD mice.Additionally,the expression of the gene related to lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue was analyzed,and the results indicated that L.mucosae FZJTZ26M3 could alleviate NAFLD by regulating lipid metabolism.Furthermore,the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a drop in the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae,which is linked to inflammation,but the relative abundance of a potential probiotic Akkermansia significantly increased after L.mucosae FZJTZ26M3 intervention.Generally,L.mucosae FZJTZ26M3 could be a candidate to prevent NAFLD.

Improvement of glucose metabolism in middle-aged mice on a high-fat diet by whole-grain highland barley is related to low methionine levels

Methionine restriction(MR)is an effective dietary strategy to regulate energy metabolism and alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in the body,especially in the middle-aged and elderly population.However,the high methionine content of meat products makes this dietary strategy impossible to combine with protein supplementation and MR.Highland barley(HB),a low-methionine cereal,not only provides the body with protein but also has improved glucose metabolism and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.Therefore,this study evaluated the feasibility of HB as a source of methionine-restricted dietary protein and the potential mechanisms.Middle-aged C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet(CON),a high-fat diet(HFD),a whole-grain HB high-fat diet(HBHF),or a HBHF+methionine diet(HBHFmet)for 25 weeks.The results showed that the HBHF could keep the body weight,fasting glucose,insulin,homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR),blood lipids,inflammation,and oxidative stress of HFD mice at normal levels.Compared with the HFD groups,HBHF inhibited pancreatic cell apoptosis and improved insulin secretion while improving hepatic and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism.However,these efficacies were attenuated in HBHFmet group mice.These findings suggest that HBHF has an MR strategy.

W_(18)O_(49)Crystal and ICG Labeled Macrophage:An Efficient Targeting Vector for Fluorescence Imagingguided Photothermal Therapy

Photothermal therapy(PTT)uses heat generated by photothermal agents to efficiently kill cancer cells in the least invasive manner.Inorganic nanoparticles,such as precious metals and carbon nanoparticles,have been extensively studied for their ability to convert near-infrared(NIR)light(700-900 nm)into heat[1].However,these nanoparticles are easily captured by the reticuloendothelial system,which severely limits their clinical applications[2].Despite targeted and stealth modifications,these issues remain unresolved;therefore,researchers are seeking more effective methods.

Large Rabi splitting obtained in Ag‐WS2 strong‐coupling heterostructure with optical microcavity at room temperature

Manipulation of light-matter interaction is critical in modern physics, especially in the strong coupling regime, where the generated half-light, half-matter bosonic quasiparticles as polaritons are important for fundamental quantum science and applications of optoelectronics and nonlinear optics. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are ideal platforms to investigate the strong coupling because of their huge exciton binding energy and large absorption coefficients. Further studies on strong exciton-plasmon coupling by combining TMDs with metallic nanostructures have generated broad interests in recent years. However, because of the huge plasmon radiative damping, the observation of strong coupling is significantly limited at room temperature. Here, we demonstrate that a large Rabi splitting (~300 meV) can be achieved at ambient conditions in the strong coupling regime by embedding Ag-WS2 heterostructure in an optical microcavity. The generated quasiparticle with part-plasmon, part-exciton and part-light is analyzed with Hopfield coefficients that are calculated by using three-coupled oscillator model. The resulted plasmon-exciton polaritonic hybrid states can efficiently enlarge the obtained Rabi splitting, which paves the way for the practical applications of polaritonic devices based on ultrathin materials.

Controllably partial removal of thiolate ligands from unsupported Au_(25) nanoclusters by rapid thermal treatments for electrochemical CO_(2)reduction

Colloidal synthesis of metal nanoclusters will inevitably lead to the blockage of catalytically active sites by organic ligands.Here,taking[Au_(25)(PET)_(18)]-(PET=2-phenylethanethiol)nanocluster as a model catalyst,this work reports a feasible procedure to achieve the controllably partial removal of thiolate ligands from unsupported[Au_(25)(PET)_(18)]-nanoclusters with the preservation of the core structure.This procedure shortens the processing duration by rapid heating and cooling on the basis of traditional annealing treatment,avoiding the reconfiguration or agglomeration of Au_(25)nanoclusters,where the degree of dethiolation can be regulated by the control of duration.This work finds that a moderate degree of dethiolation can expose the Au active sites while maintaining the suppression of the competing hydrogen evolution reaction.Consequently,the activity and selectivity towards CO formation in electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction of Au_(25)nanoclusters can be promoted.This work provides a new approach for the removal of thiolate ligands from atomically precise gold nanoclusters.

Accurate and generalizable quantitative scoring of liver steatosis from ultrasound images via scalable deep learning

BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis is a major cause of chronic liver disease.Two-dimensional(2D)ultrasound is the most widely used non-invasive tool for screening and monitoring,but associated diagnoses are highly subjective.AIM To develop a scalable deep learning(DL)algorithm for quantitative scoring of liver steatosis from 2D ultrasound images.METHODS Using multi-view ultrasound data from 3310 patients,19513 studies,and 228075 images from a retrospective cohort of patients received elastography,we trained a DL algorithm to diagnose steatosis stages(healthy,mild,moderate,or severe)from clinical ultrasound diagnoses.Performance was validated on two multiscanner unblinded and blinded(initially to DL developer)histology-proven cohorts(147 and 112 patients)with histopathology fatty cell percentage diagnoses and a subset with FibroScan diagnoses.We also quantified reliability across scanners and viewpoints.Results were evaluated using Bland-Altman and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)analysis.RESULTS The DL algorithm demonstrated repeatable measurements with a moderate number of images(three for each viewpoint)and high agreement across three premium ultrasound scanners.High diagnostic performance was observed across all viewpoints:Areas under the curve of the ROC to classify mild,moderate,and severe steatosis grades were 0.85,0.91,and 0.93,respectively.The DL algorithm outperformed or performed at least comparably to FibroScan control attenuation parameter(CAP)with statistically significant improvements for all levels on the unblinded histology-proven cohort and for“=severe”steatosis on the blinded histology-proven cohort.CONCLUSION The DL algorithm provides a reliable quantitative steatosis assessment across view and scanners on two multi-scanner cohorts.Diagnostic performance was high with comparable or better performance than the CAP.

The controlling factors of high suspended sediment concentration in the intertidal flat off the Huanghe River Estuary

The Huanghe River(Yellow River)is known by its high suspended sediment concentration(SSC)in its river mouth tidal flat.However,the factors controlling the high SSC over there are not well understood.Therefore,we conducted 7-d hydrodynamic observations(water depth,wave height,and current velocity)and SSC measurements on the tidal flat off the Huanghe River Mouth.The data shows that in most of time,under the calm sea condition,the SSC ranges 0.1–3.5 g/L,and sediment discharge from the river is the main source.However,when hydrodynamics are enhanced in a tidal cycle and large-scale erosion occurs on the seafloor,resuspended sediment becomes the main source,and the SSC in the water column reaches 17.3 g/L.We find the suspended sediment flux is mainly controlled by the tidal current and Stokes drift,while the wave-induced shear stress could also affect the variation of suspended sediment flux.During the observation period,when sea under calm-rippled conditions,the current-induced resuspended sediment concentration(RSC)was greater than the wave-induced RSC.In contrast,in smooth-wavelet sea conditions,the wave-induced RSC was greater than the current-induced RSC,for instance,a single wave event was found to cause 11.8 cm seabed erosion within 6 h.This study reveals different controlling factors for the high SSC near a river-influenced tidal flat,and helps us get a better understanding of a delta's depositional and erosional mechanisms.

Simulation of Multi-satellite GNSS Reflected Signals and Design of Simulator

Using GNSS-R technology for remote sensing of surface parameters has become a new trend in the field of remote sensing.With the rapid development of GNSS-R technology,GNSS-R simulation has become one of the new hot spots.Now the researches of the GNSS-R simulation are all the simulations that consider a single star or a single frequency point,and in actual applications,the signal captured by the receiver is often the reflected signals of multiple stars.In view of this situation,from the perspective of multi-satellite simulation,this paper gives the model of GNSS-R multi-satellite ocean simulation on the basis of analyzing the remote sensing principle,reflection signal model and simulation principle of GNSS-R technology.Based on the GNSS-R multi-satellite ocean simulation model and the fast parallel computing capability of GPU,the GNSS-R multi-satellite ocean simulator was designed.Finally,the direct and reflected signals generated by the GNSS-R multi-satellite simulator were tested and verified.The results show that the positioning result of the direct signal meets the positioning accuracy requirements;The delay-related power results obtained from the simulated two-satellite reflected signals processing are in good agreement with the theoretical model,and the correlation coefficients are all above 0.99;The generated signals are used for GNSS-R height measurement technology,the height measurement error is about 1.4~1.8 m,which is in line with the accuracy of the C/A code ranging receiver;And the parallel operation of the GPU for multi-satellite simulation calculation is 800—900 times higher than the traditional CPU calculation.It proves that the proposed model and the designed simulator are feasible and accurate.

The profile of sound speed and dissolved oxygen in the polymetallic nodules depositional area in the Western Pacific

With the consumption of terrestrial metal resources,the exploitation of deep-sea polymetallic nodule minerals has been widely concerned around the world.Therefore,the environmental impact of deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining cannot be ignored.However,duo to the lacks in stable and safe deep-sea(the depth>1000 m)vertical profile observation systems and consequently in long-term in-situ observation data,the sound speed and dissolved oxygen and the other water environment factors in the deposition areas of polymetallic nodules remains poorly understood.In this study,a deep-sea in-situ observation system was designed and deployed,and the water environment data of the polymetallic nodule deposition area were collected and analyzed.Result shows that the dissolved oxygen in the depth of 0–600 m was mainly affected by biological factors,while that in the area deeper than 600 m was affected by physical factors.The sound speed in the water body was mainly affected by temperature and pressure.At depths below 840 m,the sound speed is mainly controlled by temperature,and at depths between 840 m and 5700 m,the sound speed is mainly controlled by pressure.The correlations of sound speed vs.pressure and vs.temperature were regressed into equation.The resuspension of sediments rich in various metals may result in the reduction of dissolved oxygen and the improvement of redox potential.This environmental impact caused by a single sediment resuspension could last for 24 h or more.These findings enrich the understanding of the background value of the water environment in the polymetallic nodule deposition area.

Surface reconstruction,modification and functionalization of natural diatomites for miniaturization of shaped heterogeneous catalysts

Since the discovery of mesoporous silica in 1990s,there have been numerous mesoporous silica-based nanomaterials developed for catalytic applications,aiming at enhanced catalytic activity and stability.Recently,there have also been considerable interests in endowing them with hierarchical porosities to overcome the diffusional limitation for those with long unimodal channels.Present processes of making mesoporous silica largely rely on chemical sources which are relatively expensive and impose environmental concerns on their processes.In this regard,it is desirable to develop hierarchical silica supports from natural minerals.Herein,we present a series of work on surface reconstruction,modification,and functionalization to produce diatomite-based catalysts with original morphology and macro-meso-micro porosities and to test their suitability as catalyst supports for both liquid-and gas-phase reactions.Two wet-chemical routes were developed to introduce mesoporosity to both amorphous and crystalline diatomites.Importantly,we have used computational modeling to affirm that the diatomite morphology can improve catalytic performance based on fluid dynamics simulations.Thus,one could obtain this type of catalysts from numerous natural diatoms that have inherently intricate morphologies and shapes in micrometer scale.In principle,such catalytic nanocomposites acting as miniaturized industrial catalysts could be employed in microfluidic reactors for process intensification.

九寨沟优势植物凋落物叶片淋溶的碳氮磷释放特征

通过对九寨沟水体中两种优势植物落叶的碳氮磷淋溶动态分析发现:初期总溶解碳氮磷释放在48 h内逐渐稳定,表明短期的淋溶过程就可以导致较大比例的元素释放;磷的短期平均可溶出比例为29.61%,表明淋溶是植物磷元素释放的重要途径;估算得出九寨沟植物叶片碳氮磷贡献总量分别可达20577 t∙a^(-1),2101 t∙a^(-1),1402 t∙a^(-1)。研究表明九寨沟植物凋落物淋溶是水体碳氮磷的重要来源,也是影响钙华沉积的重要因素。分析凋落物养分溶出特征,可为九寨沟生态系统的健康发展提供数据支撑。

肺癌类器官在肺癌精准医学的应用及其研究进展

分子检测技术的不断进步极大地推动了肺癌精准医学的发展,但是肿瘤的异质性与肿瘤的转移、复发和耐药密切相关,并且具有同一基因突变的不同肺癌患者采用不同的治疗策略会呈现出一定的疗效差异,因此现代精准医学的发展亟需通过个性化的肿瘤模型来精准制定个性化的治疗策略。肺癌类器官(lung cancer organoid,LCO)能够高度模拟肿瘤在体内的生物学特征,促进抗体药物偶联物等创新药物在肺癌精准医学的应用。随着LCO与肿瘤微环境共培养模型和微流控芯片等组织工程技术的发展,LCO可以更好地保留肿瘤组织的生物学特征和功能,进一步提高高通量和自动化药物敏感性实验。本文结合了最新的LCO研究进展,总结了LCO在肺癌精准医学中的应用进展与挑战。

CVTD: A Robust Car-Mounted Video Text Detector

Text perception is crucial for understanding the semantics of outdoor scenes,making it a key requirement for building intelligent systems for driver assistance or autonomous driving.Text information in car-mounted videos can assist drivers in making decisions.However,Car-mounted video text images pose challenges such as complex backgrounds,small fonts,and the need for real-time detection.We proposed a robust Car-mounted Video Text Detector(CVTD).It is a lightweight text detection model based on ResNet18 for feature extraction,capable of detecting text in arbitrary shapes.Our model efficiently extracted global text positions through the Coordinate Attention Threshold Activation(CATA)and enhanced the representation capability through stacking two Feature Pyramid Enhancement Fusion Modules(FPEFM),strengthening feature representation,and integrating text local features and global position information,reinforcing the representation capability of the CVTD model.The enhanced feature maps,when acted upon by Text Activation Maps(TAM),effectively distinguished text foreground from non-text regions.Additionally,we collected and annotated a dataset containing 2200 images of Car-mounted Video Text(CVT)under various road conditions for training and evaluating our model’s performance.We further tested our model on four other challenging public natural scene text detection benchmark datasets,demonstrating its strong generalization ability and real-time detection speed.This model holds potential for practical applications in real-world scenarios.

熔融共混一步法制备具有优异水氧阻隔性能的苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物量子点扩散板

为了同时增强苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物(SMMA)的光扩散性能和水氧阻隔性能,首次将阻隔性能优异的乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物(EVOH)作为光扩散粒子,通过简单的熔融共混法制备了不同EVOH含量的SMMA/EVOH复合材料。采用扫描电子显微镜、透光率雾度仪、气体渗透仪、水蒸气透过率测试仪等详细研究了复合材料的微观结构、光扩散性能、水氧阻隔性能、力学性能以及量子点荧光强度的变化。研究结果表明,EVOH与SMMA不完全相容,质量分数40%以下的EVOH在SMMA体系中以球形分散相形式存在,可将雾度从纯SMMA的0.3%提高至80%以上,起到光散射粒子的作用,透光率依然保持在60%以上;随着EVOH含量增加,复合材料的拉伸力学性能呈现先增加后降低的趋势,但水氧阻隔性能逐渐提高。将量子点加入阻隔扩散板中,能够有效延长量子点的荧光寿命,具有较强的应用价值。

抗血管生成药物联合EGFR-TKI治疗EGFR突变晚期非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

肺癌是最常见、致死率最高的肿瘤性疾病之一,使用表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGRF-TKI)已经成为EGFR突变晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的标准治疗方式。然而耐药事件的发生往往是不可避免的。EGFR-TKI联合抗血管生成药物(angiogenesis inhibitor)是目前一种正在探索的延缓耐药事件发生的治疗方案,被称为“A+T治疗”。多项临床试验已经证明A+T治疗相较于单药可以延长患者的无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)。然而,基于不同EGFR-TKI的A+T治疗相对于EGFR-TKI单药治疗所带来的获益程度、安全性和探索前景仍不明确。因此,我们回顾了第一、二、三代EGFR-TKI联合抗血管生成药物治疗的相关文献,总结了A+T治疗模式的增益机制、获益程度、安全性以及最佳的目标人群。

Oral squamous cell carcinomas:state of the field and emerging directions

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) develops on the mucosal epithelium of the oral cavity. It accounts for approximately 90% oforal malignancies and impairs appearance, pronunciation, swallowing, and flavor perception. In 2020, 377,713 OSCC cases werereported globally. According to the Global Cancer Observatory (GCO), the incidence of OSCC will rise by approximately 40% by2040, accompanied by a growth in mortality. Persistent exposure to various risk factors, including tobacco, alcohol, betel quid (BQ),and human papillomavirus (HPV), will lead to the development of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), which are oralmucosal lesions with an increased risk of developing into OSCC. Complex and multifactorial, the oncogenesis process involvesgenetic alteration, epigenetic modification, and a dysregulated tumor microenvironment. Although various therapeuticinterventions, such as chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, and nanomedicine, have been proposed to prevent or treat OSCCand OPMDs, understanding the mechanism of malignancies will facilitate the identification of therapeutic and prognostic factors,thereby improving the efficacy of treatment for OSCC patients. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in OSCC.Moreover, the current therapeutic interventions and prognostic methods for OSCC and OPMDs are discussed to facilitatecomprehension and provide several prospective outlooks for the fields.

Managing the immune microenvironment of osteosarcoma:the outlook for osteosarcoma treatment

Osteosarcoma,with poor survival after metastasis,is considered the most common primary bone cancer in adolescents.Notwithstanding the efforts of researchers,its five-year survival rate has only shown limited improvement,suggesting that existing therapeutic strategies are insufficient to meet clinical needs.Notably,immunotherapy has shown certain advantages over traditional tumor treatments in inhibiting metastasis.Therefore,managing the immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma can provide novel and valuable insight into the multifaceted mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity and progression of the disease.Additionally,given the advances in nanomedicine,there exist many advanced nanoplatforms for enhanced osteosarcoma immunotherapy with satisfactory physiochemical characteristics.Here,we review the classification,characteristics,and functions of the key components of the immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma.This review also emphasizes the application,progress,and prospects of osteosarcoma immunotherapy and discusses several nanomedicine-based options to enhance the efficiency of osteosarcoma treatment.Furthermore,we examine the disadvantages of standard treatments and present future perspectives for osteosarcoma immunotherapy.

下呼吸道及肺癌内菌群与肺癌发生发展的关系及其临床应用

由于16S rRNA测序技术的发展,长期以来被认为是不存在的下呼吸道菌群也逐步被揭示出来。这些微生物与疾病(如肿瘤)的相关性是近年来的研究热点。由于肿瘤周围环境中的菌群会进入肿瘤内部,研究者们也开始关注肿瘤内菌群的生物学行为以及其与肿瘤的相互作用。在这篇综述中,我们展示了下呼吸道菌群的特点,并总结了近年来关于这些菌群与肺癌关系的相关研究成果。同时,我们也对肿瘤内菌群的基本特征进行整理,并着重阐述肺癌内菌群的特点及其与肺癌发生、发展的关系。最后,我们综述了下呼吸道和肺癌内菌群在临床上的转化应用方向,并汇总了样本采集、测序和控制污染的要点,希望为肿瘤的早筛和治疗提供新的思路。

胸膜恶性黑色素瘤:1例报告及文献复习

恶性黑色素瘤是由人体黑色素细胞产生的肿瘤,其恶性程度高,转移发生早,患者死亡率高,多数恶性黑色素瘤是由人体皮肤黑痣恶变产生的,少数也可见于直肠和肛门等消化道。原发于人体胸膜的恶性黑色素瘤十分罕见,偶见于病例个案报道。现报道1例首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院应用胸腔镜联合病理确诊的以咳嗽、咳痰及胸腔积液为首发症状的恶性黑色素瘤患者的临床资料,并结合文献资料进行分析总结。