从Th细胞因子平衡的角度着手,探讨CpG-ODN在防治放射性肺纤维化中的作用机理。使用单次全肺照射15 Gy的雌性C57BL/6小鼠建立放射性肺损伤模型,通过酶联免疫吸附测定法连续20周检测小鼠体内Th1/Th2相关细胞因子和促纤维化细胞因子的表达...从Th细胞因子平衡的角度着手,探讨CpG-ODN在防治放射性肺纤维化中的作用机理。使用单次全肺照射15 Gy的雌性C57BL/6小鼠建立放射性肺损伤模型,通过酶联免疫吸附测定法连续20周检测小鼠体内Th1/Th2相关细胞因子和促纤维化细胞因子的表达水平,免疫组化法评估肺泡巨噬细胞、肺组织纤维化和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)家族主要蛋白的磷酸化水平。实验结果显示,CpG-ODN能促进Th1型细胞因子分泌,同时抑制Th2型细胞因子分泌,导致Th1型免疫反应占主导优势,从而抑制肺泡巨噬细胞的聚集活化,降低促纤维化细胞因子TGF-β1、IGF-1的表达,下调MAPK通路的活化。这提示CpG-ODN能通过调节电离辐射后Th1/Th2型细胞因子的失衡而抑制放射性肺纤维化的发生。展开更多
Economic clusters have been a central focus of current urban and regional research, policies and practices. However, a methodology to identify and analyze policy-relevant economic cluster dynamics is still not well de...Economic clusters have been a central focus of current urban and regional research, policies and practices. However, a methodology to identify and analyze policy-relevant economic cluster dynamics is still not well developed. Based on input-output(I-O) data of 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002 and 2007 of Beijing, this article presents an adapted principle component analysis for identifying the evolution of local economic cluster patterns. This research addresses the changes of economic interaction of industries with complementary and common activities over time. The identified clusters provide an insight into the reality of economic development in a diversifying urban economy: the increasing importance of services and the growing interaction between service and manufacturing industries. Our method therefore provides the analysts with a better understanding of the emergence, disappearance and development of economic clusters citywide. The results could be used to assist monitoring urban economic development and designing more practical urban economic strategies.展开更多
The key to studying urban sustainable development depends on quantifying stores, efficiencies of urban metabolisms and capturing urban metabolisms′ mechanisms. This paper builds up the metabolic emergy account and qu...The key to studying urban sustainable development depends on quantifying stores, efficiencies of urban metabolisms and capturing urban metabolisms′ mechanisms. This paper builds up the metabolic emergy account and quantifies some important concepts of emergy stores. Emphasis is placed on the urban metabolic model based on the slack based model(SBM) method to measure urban metabolic efficiencies. Urban metabolic mechanisms are discussed by using the regression method. By integrating these models, this paper analyzes the urban metabolic development in Beijing from 2001 to 2010. We conclude that the metabolic emergy stores of Beijing increased significantly from 2001 to 2010, with the emergy imported accounting for most of the increase. The metabolic efficiencies in Beijing have improved since the 2008 Olympic Games. The population, economic growth, industrial structures, and environmental governance positively affect the overall urban metabolism, while the land expansion, urbanization and environmentally technical levels hinder the improving of urban metabolic efficiencies. The SBM metabolic method and the regression model based on the emergy analysis provide insights into the urban metabolic efficiencies and the mechanism. They can promote to integrate such concepts into their sustainability analyses and policy decisions.展开更多
Urban metabolism is a complex system of materials, energy, population and environment, which usually can be measured by the Emergy Synthesis(ES) and the Slacks-Based Measure(SBM) approach. In this paper, by employing ...Urban metabolism is a complex system of materials, energy, population and environment, which usually can be measured by the Emergy Synthesis(ES) and the Slacks-Based Measure(SBM) approach. In this paper, by employing the two approaches of ES and SBM, as well as metabolic evolution index, urban metabolic stocks, efficiencies and elasticity of 31 Chinese cities are evaluated in a systematic way. The results imply that over the last decade(2000–2010), most of the cities, such as Chongqing, Nanjing, Shijiazhuang, Hangzhou, were experiencing drastic urban metabolic efficiency decline accompanied with a moderate decrease of industrial outputs. By contrast, metropolises and specialized cities have improved their urban metabolic performances, with higher output-input ratio and fewer undesirable outputs. However, their exported emergy experienced a substantial increase as well. It is concluded that local urban management might develop policies to diversify urban renewable supplies and address the undesirable output problems. The urban emergy of renewable resources should be specified as a prime focus for future research. In addition, mechanisms of different urban metabolic models will also be necessary for researchers.展开更多
文摘从Th细胞因子平衡的角度着手,探讨CpG-ODN在防治放射性肺纤维化中的作用机理。使用单次全肺照射15 Gy的雌性C57BL/6小鼠建立放射性肺损伤模型,通过酶联免疫吸附测定法连续20周检测小鼠体内Th1/Th2相关细胞因子和促纤维化细胞因子的表达水平,免疫组化法评估肺泡巨噬细胞、肺组织纤维化和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)家族主要蛋白的磷酸化水平。实验结果显示,CpG-ODN能促进Th1型细胞因子分泌,同时抑制Th2型细胞因子分泌,导致Th1型免疫反应占主导优势,从而抑制肺泡巨噬细胞的聚集活化,降低促纤维化细胞因子TGF-β1、IGF-1的表达,下调MAPK通路的活化。这提示CpG-ODN能通过调节电离辐射后Th1/Th2型细胞因子的失衡而抑制放射性肺纤维化的发生。
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41371008)
文摘Economic clusters have been a central focus of current urban and regional research, policies and practices. However, a methodology to identify and analyze policy-relevant economic cluster dynamics is still not well developed. Based on input-output(I-O) data of 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002 and 2007 of Beijing, this article presents an adapted principle component analysis for identifying the evolution of local economic cluster patterns. This research addresses the changes of economic interaction of industries with complementary and common activities over time. The identified clusters provide an insight into the reality of economic development in a diversifying urban economy: the increasing importance of services and the growing interaction between service and manufacturing industries. Our method therefore provides the analysts with a better understanding of the emergence, disappearance and development of economic clusters citywide. The results could be used to assist monitoring urban economic development and designing more practical urban economic strategies.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41371008,41101119)New Start Academic Research Projects of Beijing Union University(No.ZK201201)
文摘The key to studying urban sustainable development depends on quantifying stores, efficiencies of urban metabolisms and capturing urban metabolisms′ mechanisms. This paper builds up the metabolic emergy account and quantifies some important concepts of emergy stores. Emphasis is placed on the urban metabolic model based on the slack based model(SBM) method to measure urban metabolic efficiencies. Urban metabolic mechanisms are discussed by using the regression method. By integrating these models, this paper analyzes the urban metabolic development in Beijing from 2001 to 2010. We conclude that the metabolic emergy stores of Beijing increased significantly from 2001 to 2010, with the emergy imported accounting for most of the increase. The metabolic efficiencies in Beijing have improved since the 2008 Olympic Games. The population, economic growth, industrial structures, and environmental governance positively affect the overall urban metabolism, while the land expansion, urbanization and environmentally technical levels hinder the improving of urban metabolic efficiencies. The SBM metabolic method and the regression model based on the emergy analysis provide insights into the urban metabolic efficiencies and the mechanism. They can promote to integrate such concepts into their sustainability analyses and policy decisions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41530634,41530751)Key Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Science and Technology Strategic Consulting(No.Y02015001)+1 种基金Open Project Funding of Beijing Modern Industrial New Area Development Research Base in 2015(No.JD2015002)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2014042)
文摘Urban metabolism is a complex system of materials, energy, population and environment, which usually can be measured by the Emergy Synthesis(ES) and the Slacks-Based Measure(SBM) approach. In this paper, by employing the two approaches of ES and SBM, as well as metabolic evolution index, urban metabolic stocks, efficiencies and elasticity of 31 Chinese cities are evaluated in a systematic way. The results imply that over the last decade(2000–2010), most of the cities, such as Chongqing, Nanjing, Shijiazhuang, Hangzhou, were experiencing drastic urban metabolic efficiency decline accompanied with a moderate decrease of industrial outputs. By contrast, metropolises and specialized cities have improved their urban metabolic performances, with higher output-input ratio and fewer undesirable outputs. However, their exported emergy experienced a substantial increase as well. It is concluded that local urban management might develop policies to diversify urban renewable supplies and address the undesirable output problems. The urban emergy of renewable resources should be specified as a prime focus for future research. In addition, mechanisms of different urban metabolic models will also be necessary for researchers.
