黄土高原PM_(2.5)质量浓度与微雨事件的权衡−协同关系演化

基于权衡−协同关系视角,从长时间序列和多层次空间尺度探讨1998—2017年黄土高原PM_(2.5)质量浓度与微雨事件的作用关系、时空演化及地域分异。结果表明:①黄土高原PM_(2.5)质量浓度和微雨事件均表现出以5 a或4 a为周期的“三峰三谷”波动小幅上升趋势。②PM_(2.5)质量浓度和微雨事件间的作用关系呈现出“过程上的协同性+增量上的权衡性”特征;从过程演化来看,协同关系是研究期内黄土高原PM_(2.5)质量浓度和微雨事件的主导关系,但从基于倾斜率的增量变化上看,二者以异向的权衡关系为主导,表明微雨事件的强化在黄土高原未来的雾霾治理中具有重要意义。③不同微雨事件指标与PM_(2.5)质量浓度的空间关系和演化趋势存在差异;冬春季节微雨事件,尤其是冬春微雨天数与PM_(2.5)质量浓度的作用关系明显强于年尺度。④PM_(2.5)质量浓度和微雨事件权衡−协同关系及演化在不同治理分区差异显著,城镇化和工业化水平较高的河谷平原区和土石山区是二者关系敏感区。

钚同位素示踪技术在树木年轮中的应用研究进展

钚(Pu)核素具有极强的辐射毒性和生物毒性,对动植物和人类健康危害巨大,分析Pu同位素在树轮中的水平、迁移规律及其污染历史对于潜在的生态安全和植物毒性评价至关重要。在中国核电事业快速发展的背景下,建立不同区域树轮的Pu同位素背景数据尤为迫切。为此,本文对目前现存的少量文献资料进行了总结和归纳,首先简要阐述了环境中Pu同位素来源与沉降模式;重点分析了Pu同位素进入树轮的潜在途径,以及Pu同位素在树轮中的径向分布特征及其指示意义;最后,本文强调了建立树轮Pu同位素化学分析测试方法的重要性,及其示踪应用的发展方向,对于促进和拓展树轮Pu同位素示踪研究具有重要现实意义。

基于Micromine软件的澳大利亚某矿床铅锌品位分布规律研究

基于三维模型的矿床地质统计学研究,可以准确反应矿体的空间结构变化和品位的空间变化规律,在矿床评价中具有不可替代的作用。本文在已有的钻探工程数据基础上,借助三维建模软件以地质统计学思维对澳大利亚某矿床铅锌品位的空间分布特征及内在规律进行了揭示,通过对矿体铅锌品位在走向、倾向和厚度三个方向的理论变异函数的拟合,表明矿体呈明显的各向异性,在走向方向变程值较大,连续性较好,倾向方向次之。对矿体块体模型空间赋值,并进行投影分析,结果表明矿体沿走向向东矿化范围和强度均有扩大趋势,且在815800E线以东深部倾向方向铅锌品位逐渐增强,高品位矿化断续出现。因此矿区下一步勘查重点应该在矿体走向东部和815800E线以东的倾向延伸方向。

电石冷却车间厂房通风模型的研究及应用

介绍了厂房通风模型在电石冷却车间改造中的应用,对比分析了改造前后冷却车间内的通风状态。模拟结果表明,冷却车间厂房内的总通风量增加了99.4%,通风温度降低了20.5℃,厂房结构和设备表面温度降低了50℃,能有效解决冷却车间内通风温度偏高的问题,提高电石转运率。根据通风模型进行改造后,电石冷却时间缩短25%,证明厂房通风模型准确可靠。

青藏高原湖泊变化遥感监测及水量平衡定量估算研究进展

青藏高原湖泊是气候变化的重要指示器,20世纪90年代中期以来,在暖湿化环境下降水增多和冰川冻土加速融化导致的湖泊扩张是青藏高原最为突出的环境变化特征。值得注意的是,湖泊水位变化的空间分布特征和西风带及印度季风带影响区的降水量变化具有高度的空间一致性。严酷的自然环境导致对青藏高原内陆湖泊的实地观测变得难以企及,而遥感技术的发展正好可以克服以上局限,该技术已经成为青藏高原湖泊变化监测的主要研究手段。本文围绕遥感监测技术与方法,综述了青藏高原湖泊面积、水量、冰物候、水体参数以及水量平衡定量估算等方面的研究进展。部分研究以流域为尺度应用多源遥感与水文模型进行水量平衡定量评估,结果表明青藏高原内陆地区的湖泊水量增加的主要贡献因素是降水增多,而冰川融化、冻土消融及其他因素的贡献程度却相对较小。当前,学术界一般认为:大尺度的降水年代际变化是青藏高原湖泊近期变化的主要原因,而冰川冻土加速消融又进一步加速湖泊扩张或抑制了部分湖泊收缩。过去,关于青藏高原湖泊变化的气候响应机制研究大多停留在对降水、蒸发、温度、风速、冰冻圈融化等气候因素的定性描述上;现在,在湖泊水量平衡方面,越来越多的研究开始在定量化方面取得进展;将来,随着更多遥感数据的开放共享,以及更多水文与气象站点的投入使用,将为青藏高原湖泊的水量平衡定量研究提供更好的数据条件。

连续施用农业废弃物组合肥制种玉米田理化性质及酶活性和重金属变化特征

在甘肃省进行了连续4 a施用农业废弃物组合肥制种玉米田理化性质及酶活性和重金属变化特征研究。结果表明:农业废弃物组合肥施用量比例为秸秆组合肥18 t·hm^(-2)∶畜禽粪便组合肥36 t·hm^(-2)∶废渣组合肥15 t·hm^(-2)。施用农业废弃物组合肥4 a与不施肥比较,制种玉米田容重、pH值和真菌数量分别降低6.77%、6.20%和26.19%;总孔隙度、水稳性团聚体、总持水量、EC值、可溶性盐和CEC分别增加6.63%、18.95%、6.62%、5.23%、5.36%和36.10%;有机质、有机碳、有机碳密度、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别增加23.72%、24.10%、15.48%、28.44%、49.92%和27.97%;细菌数量、放线菌数量、蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性分别增加38.20%、86.60%、63.46%、38.89%、61.48%和58.82%;Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb和Zn含量分别增加21.74%、30.00%、24.49%、27.55%和31.81%。农业废弃物组合肥施用年限与制种玉米田容重、pH值和真菌数量之间呈显著负相关关系,与总孔隙度、水稳性团聚体、CEC、EC值、可溶性盐、总持水量、有机质、有机碳密度、速效氮磷钾含量、细菌数量、放线菌数量、酶活性、重金属含量之间呈显著正相关关系。虽然连续4 a施用农业废弃物组合肥重金属含量比不施肥高,但重金属含量小于土壤污染临界值,说明研究区域农业废弃物组合肥重金属含量较低,不会对作物造成风险。

Distinct Aeolian-fluvial Interbedded Landscapes in Three Watersheds of the Northern China

Due to the complex dynamic of aeolian and fluvial interacted processes behind the landform development,most of previous works started from classifying the types of landscape characterized by various aeolian and fluvial features.Such classifications are usually generalized based on large geomorphic data set abstracted from satellite images without field verification and dynamic field data.In this study,we identified river banks in deserts as a unique geographical unit dominated by aeolian-fluvial processes.Three distinct locations have been identified as representative study cases,which are in the Keriya River Basin in the west,the Mu Bulag River Basin in the middle and the Xar Moron River Basin in the east of the northern China.The aeolian-fluvial interaction types were quantified based on site observation and measurement,topographic mapping and remote-sensing image analysis.Dimensional morphological relationship between river channel and adjacent sand dunes areas were explored.We concluded that different channels are often associated with different distributions of riparian dunes.The quantitative data enabled us to distinguish statistically four different types of landscape in aeolian-fluvial dominant environment,namely riverside dunes-straight channel,symmetrical interleaving dunes-meandering channel,river-island dunes-braiding channel,and grid-like dunes-anastomosing channel,aiming to provide compensational information to current aeolian-fluvial interaction studies.The angle of interaction between aeolian and fluvial systems,the windward and leeward sites of the bank,vegetation coverage and underlying landform determines the distribution,morphology,scale and direction of extension of the riparian dunes.The results of the work study can provide a reference for study of aeolian-fluvial interactions at different spatial scales in arid region.

Characteristics and Cause Analysis of Variations in Light Precipitation Events in the Central and Eastern Tibetan Plateau,China,During 1961–2019

The Tibetan Plateau(TP)is one of the most sensitive areas and is more susceptible to climate change than other regions in China.The TP also experiences extremely frequent light precipitation events compared to precipitation of other intensities.However,the definition,influencing factors,and characteristics of light precipitation in the TP have not been accurately explained.This study investigated the variation characteristics of light precipitation with intensities(Pre)of 0.1-10.0 mm/d based on climate data from 53 meteorological stations over the central and eastern TP from 1961 to 2019.For detailed analysis,light precipitation events were classified into five grades:G1[0.1-2.0 mm/d),G2[2.0-4.0 mm/d),G3[4.0-6.0 mm/d),G4[6.0-8.0 mm/d),and G5[8.0-10.0 mm/d).The results showed that both the amount of precipitation and number of precipitation days had increased significantly at rates of 4.0-6.0 mm/10 yr and 2.0-4.0 d/10 yr,respectively,and most precipitation events were of low intensity(0.1≤Pre<2.0 mm/d).Light precipitation events mainly occurred in the southeast of the study area,and it showed an increasing trend from the northwest to the southeast.Abrupt changes in light precipitation primarily occurred in the 1980 s.A comprehensive time series analysis using the Mann-Kendall test and Morlet wavelet was performed to characterize the abrupt changes and cycles of light precipitation.During the study period,the main periods of light precipitation corresponded to the 6 yr cycle,with obvious periodic oscillation characteristics,and this cycle coexisted with cycles of other scales.Significant correlations were observed between the amount of light precipitation and temperature over the study area.The findings will enhance our understanding of changes in light precipitation in the TP and provide Scientific basis for the definition of light precipitation in the future.

陕北黄土高原239+240Pu大气湿沉降历史重建

重建Pu同位素的大气沉降历史是开展Pu示踪应用以及核事故安全评价的重要基础。本研究根据东京年降水量和239＋240Pu年大气沉降数据，并结合经验模型对陕北黄土高原239＋240Pu年湿沉降通量进行初探。结果表明，1957-2005年间研究区239＋240Pu年湿沉降通量在0.000 2-4.116 7 Bq/m^2之间，累计湿沉降通量为14.08 Bq/m^2；通过与周边土壤剖面的Pu总量对比发现陕北黄土高原Pu同位素的干湿沉降比为1左右。在时间变化上，上世纪60年代初全球大规模核试验导致研究区1963年239＋240Pu湿沉降通量出现峰值，1964-2000年Pu湿沉降通量呈明显减小趋势，2001-2005年亚洲粉尘的地表再悬浮过程使得239＋240Pu年湿沉降通量有所增加。

Quantitative assessment of the spatial distribution of^(239+240)Pu inventory derived from global fallout in soils from Asia and Europe

Due to the atmospheric nuclear weapon tests carried out,terrestrial environments have been extensively contaminated by global fallout of plutonium(Pu)worldwide.The^(239+240)Pu inventories in soil profiles from undisturbed and flat forest or grasslands(reference sites)mainly from Europe and Asia are considered as important background for evaluating soil erosion.Thus,we conducted a literature survey over an area extending from 2.6°W to 148.9°E and from 53.2°S to 76.6°N,with the purpose of analyzing the spatial distribution of^(239+240)Pu inventories and possible controlling factors.The aim of this work was to derive an empirical model of^(239+240)Pu inventory based on currently available^(239+240)Pu data,precipitation and latitude.The results show that,in general,the latitudinal distribution of^(239+240)Pu inventory was consistent with the UNSCEAR reports.However,the^(239+240)Pu inventories are higher than the UNSCEAR data,especially in the Northern Hemisphere.In addition,close relationships(at the 0.01 significance level)were identified between^(239+240)Pu inventories and annual precipitation and latitude.An empirical formula was therefore developed to estimate^(239+240)Pu inventories in soils based on latitude and precipitation data.However,future research may require more data of measured^(239+240)Pu inventories in soil profiles that can be used to compare,validate and improve upon the accuracy of the inferred empirical equation.