闪电河流域水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验

遥感试验是进行遥感原理的验证、遥感模型与反演方法的发展、遥感产品的真实性检验,推动卫星计划的论证实施及其观测在地球系统科学中应用的重要途径。闪电河流域水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验以滦河上游闪电河流域为核心试验区,以地球表层系统的水循环过程和能量平衡为研究对象,旨在通过天—空—地一体化的观测手段,针对不同典型地表类型开展全波段主被动协同遥感观测,研究异质地表和山地条件下像元尺度遥感关键参量的观测方案,研究重要水热参量的遥感方法及其同陆面/水文过程模型的结合,支撑国家民用空间基础设施和空间科学先导专项相关卫星计划的论证实施。其中,航空飞行遥感试验搭载L波段主被动一体化微波载荷、双角度热红外相机、四波段多光谱相机和高光谱成像仪进行协同观测,实现了土壤水分、组分温度、植被含水量、叶面积指数等地表参数以及湖泊、水库、湿地等的遥感监测;地面同步观测试验利用车载微波辐射计、地基雷达和光谱仪进行了典型地物如裸土、植被、水体、人工目标等的遥感观测,并按照样区—样方—样点的多尺度嵌套方案进行了地表参数的同步采样,获取了该地区关键地表参数的短时期时空变化特征;同时配合卫星和机载观测,在闪电河流域完成了土壤温湿度、地表水热通量、地表辐射四分量、降水等气象要素的地面观测网络的建设,为验证地表辐射/散射遥感模型,发展、优化和验证水热参量遥感反演算法,研究地表水热参量尺度效应与尺度转化问题提供了重要平台,将促进陆表能量与水分交换过程的理解及其对全球变化的作用和反馈机制的研究。

Progresses on microwave remote sensing of land surface parameters

Highly accurate observations at various scales on the land surface are urgently needed for the studies of many areas,such as hydrology,meteorology,and agriculture.With the rapid development of remote sensing techniques,remote sensing has had the capacity of monitoring many factors of the Earth's land surface.Especially,the space-borne microwave remote sensing systems have been widely used in the quantitative monitoring of global snow,soil moisture,and vegetation parameters with their all-weather,all-time observation capabilities and their sensitivities to the characteristics of land surface factors.Based on the electromagnetic theories and microwave radiative transfer equations,researchers have achieved great successes in the microwave remote sensing studies for different sensors in recent years.This article has systematically reviewed the progresses on five research areas including microwave theoretical modeling,microwave inversion on soil moisture,snow,vegetation and land surface temperatures.Through the further enrichment of remote sensing datasets and the development of remote sensing theories and inversion techniques,remote sensing including microwave remote sensing will play a more important role in the studies and applications of the Earth systems.

联合PROSAIL模型和植被水分指数的低矮植被含水量估算

植被冠层含水量CWC(Canopy Water Content)和植被地上部分含水量VWC(Vegetation Water Content)对于植被健康状况和土壤干旱监测具有重要意义。本文联合PROSAIL辐射传输模型和植被水分指数NDWI(Normalized Difference Water Index),发展了一种简单、通用性较好的低矮植被CWC和VWC反演方法,可实现中、高空间分辨率下的CWC和VWC估算。首先对PROSAIL模型输入参数进行敏感性分析,明确各参数对模型输出反射率的影响机制,以优化PROSAIL模型输入参数设置并生成低矮植被的反射率模拟数据。基于模拟数据,计算了4个植被水分指数NDWI_((860,1240))、NDWI_((860,1640))、NDWI_((1240,1640))和NDWI_((860,970))用于反演低矮植被CWC和VWC。基于模拟数据的结果表明,4个植被水分指数与ln(CWC)都存在明显的线性关系,基于该关系建立了CWC估算模型。该模型可以直接用于低矮植被CWC估算,并通过VWC与CWC之间的经验关系间接计算得到VWC。模型模拟结果也表明,由于NDWI_((860,1640))和NDWI_((1240,1640))高度相关(R2=0.99),两者可以提供相似且相对较好的低矮植被CWC估算精度。基于地面实测数据的验证结果与基于模拟数据的结果表现出很好的一致性,即基于NDWI_((860,1640))和NDWI_((1240,1640))估算的VWC都有相似且较高的精度,决定系数(R2)都为0.88,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.4558 kg/m^(2)和0.4380 kg/m^(2)。利用Landsat 5 TM数据对NDWI_((860,1640))估算效果的验证结果显示,模型估算CWC与地面实测CWC的R2为0.84,RMSE为0.1342 kg/m^(2),估算VWC的RMSE为0.5651 kg/m^(2)。本文提出的基于NDWI_((860,1640))和NDWI_((1240,1640))的CWC/VWC估算模型可被用于低矮植被的长势监测和干旱监测,为低矮植被覆盖地表的土壤水分反演提供高质量的植被水分信息。

Assessment and analysis of microwave emissivity and transmissivity of a deciduous forest towards the estimate of vegetation biomass

Forests play an important role in the global carbon cycle and have a potential impact on global climatic change.Monitoring forest biomass is of considerable importance in understanding the hydrological cycle.Because of the problem of dense forest cover,no reliable method with which to retrieve soil moisture in forest areas from the microwave emission signature has been established.All of these issues relate to the microwave emissivity and transmissivity characteristics of a forest.The microwave emission contribution received by a sensor above a forest canopy comes from both the soil surface and the vegetation layer.To analyze the relationship of forest biomass and forest emission and transmissivity,a high-order emission model,the matrix-doubling model,which consists of both soil and vegetation models,was developed and then validated for a young deciduous forest stand in a field experiment.To simulate the emissivity and transmissivity of a deciduous forest in the L and X bands using the matrix-doubling model,the parameters of components of deciduous trees when the leaf area index varies from 1 to10 were generated by an L-system and a forest growth model.The emissivity and transmissivity of a forest and the relationships of these parameters to forest biomass are presented and analyzed in this paper.Emissivity in the L band when the leaf area index is less than 6 and at viewing angles less than 40°,and transmissivity in the L band are the most sensitive parameters in deciduous forest biomass estimation.

Estimating single scattering albedo of winter wheat over the North China Plain using AMSR-E data

We proposed a method to estimate single scattering albedo of winter wheat over the North China Plain with AMSR-E passive microwave imagery. The relationships of single scattering albedo and optical depth between 6. 925 GHz and 10. 65 GHz were derived from simulations. To retrieve the single scattering albedo,the relationships were combined with the physical expressions of microwave vegetation indices derived from the first-order parameterized emission model. Comparisons with normalized difference vegetation index( NDVI) obtained from daily MODIS reflectance product showed that the variations in winter wheat single scattering albedo were similar to those of winter wheat NDVI. However,several differences were observed. NDVI showed saturation from the heading stage to the milky stage of winter wheat,whereas single scattering albedo remained sensitive to the growth of winter wheat. Single scattering albedo offers certain advantages in reflecting the growth status of winter wheat.