新中国成立以来谷子育种的主要研究进展

了解谷子育种研究发展,对指导谷子育种和研究具有重要参考意义。综述了我国谷子育种发展的几个阶段以及各阶段育种目标和代表性品种。新中国建立后到新世纪之前的谷子育种目标大致可分为2个阶段:高产育种阶段(1950—1985年)和高产多抗兼顾优质阶段(1986—2000年)。2001年之后的新世纪以来,我国谷子育种目标和育种手段发生了重大变化,大致分为3个阶段:(1)2001—2008年的第一阶段突破了优质与高产的矛盾,育成了一级优质的冀谷19、长农35号,在区域试验中产量较高产对照增产10%以上;育成了第一个抗烯禾啶除草剂杂交种张杂谷3号、第一个抗烯禾啶除草剂多系品种冀谷25。(2)2009—2018年的第二阶段突破了光温敏感限制,育成了在4个生态区均能应用的优质广适品种豫谷18;区域试验参试品种50%抗除草剂,并育成冀谷39、金苗K1、张杂谷13等聚合优质、广适、抗除草剂、适合机械化生产等优良性状的突破性品种;育成抗咪唑乙烟酸、抗烟嘧磺隆的新型抗除草剂品种,高谷蛋白品种、高抗性淀粉品种等专用品种。(3)2018年之后的第三阶段区域试验中抗除草剂品种占89%,育成了抗嘧草硫醚新型除草剂品种;同时抗除草剂品种得到广泛应用,全国年推广面积前5位的谷子品种有4个为抗除草剂类型;生物育种取得初步进展,建立了谷子高效遗传转化体系,分子标记辅助育成高油酸品种,基因编辑创制出单倍体诱导系等新材料。

外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对几个谷子骨干不育系开花的影响

明确茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对不同类型谷子不育系的促花效应以及适宜的使用时间和浓度,可为MeJA等促花激素在谷子杂交种制种中的应用提供理论依据。以3个不同类型的谷子骨干不育系为试验材料,分别在盛花期的5:00和7:00喷施不同浓度(1、2、4、6 mmol/L)的MeJA溶液,以喷施蒸馏水为对照,研究了MeJA不同喷施时间和浓度对谷子开花数的影响。结果表明:MeJA对3个不同类型的谷子骨干不育系开花均具有诱导效应;但不同类型材料对MeJA诱导的应答时间和适宜浓度不同。喷施MeJA诱导谷子不育系开花的适宜时间为盛花期的5:00,其中在冀杂1A和矮A1上使用的适宜浓度为4 mmol/L,在JA5-6上使用的适宜浓度为2 mmol/L。

新夏谷杂交种冀杂谷8号高产配套栽培技术研究

冀杂谷8号是河北省农林科学院谷子研究所选育的抗咪唑啉酮、抗逆丰产性突出的优质夏谷杂交种。为了明确冀杂谷8号的高产配套栽培技术,充分发挥该杂交种的高产优势,2018年在石家庄市藁城区对影响产量较大的播期、密度、施肥条件等配套栽培措施以及穗腐病防治时期进行了研究。结果表明:在石家庄地区,冀杂谷8号的适宜播期为6月27日,适宜留苗密度为52.5万株/hm^2,适宜的底肥施肥条件为生物有机肥2250 kg/hm^2+氮磷钾复合肥600 kg/hm^2,预防穗腐病的适宜喷药时期为抽穗期。以此为基础组配冀杂谷8号夏谷区高产配套栽培技术,可以全面发挥该杂交种的增产潜力。

干旱胁迫对冀谷34幼苗生理特性的影响

干旱胁迫下植物体内的抗氧化保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量与植物的抗旱性密切相关,可反映出植物的抗旱能力。冀谷34是河北省农林科学院谷子研究所选育的优质、抗旱谷子品种,研究冀谷34中抗氧化保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的变化,对揭示冀谷34的抗旱生理以及谷子抗旱性鉴定和抗旱品种筛选具有重要意义。分别以0、6%、18%、30%的PEG-6000浓度模拟未胁迫、轻度干旱、中度干旱和重度干旱胁迫处理,研究了不同胁迫条件下冀谷34和对照豫谷18幼苗叶片保护酶活性以及渗透调节物质和丙二醛含量的变化。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,参试品种的叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性均显著高于其未胁迫的对照,且指标值均随胁迫程度的加重呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,但相同胁迫条件下冀谷34中的3种抗氧化酶活性均显著高于豫谷18;脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量均显著高于其未胁迫的对照,随着胁迫程度的加重,脯氨酸含量呈逐渐升高趋势,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量在冀谷34中呈先升高后降低的明显变化趋势、在豫谷18中变化相对平稳,但相同胁迫条件下冀谷34中的3种渗透调节物质含量均显著高于豫谷18;丙二醛含量均高于其未胁迫的对照,且指标值均随胁迫程度的加重呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,但相同胁迫条件下冀谷34中的丙二醛含量变幅小于豫谷18。说明在苗期干旱胁迫下,2个品种均通过提高抗氧化保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来应对逆境胁迫,但冀谷34苗期较豫谷18具有较强的抗旱生理调节能力,抗旱性强于豫谷18。

Genetics, Development, and Application of Cytoplasmic Herbicide Resistance in Foxtail Millet

The effect of cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene in millet plants was studied. The heterozygous populations and isogenic lines with homocaryotic alloplasmic genes were obtained by crossing and reciprocal crossing of cytoplasmic herbicide resistant plants with susceptive plants of foxtail millet. The characters of F1, F2, backcross and composite cross groups, and the growth and development of isogenic lines were compared. The cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene slowed the development of seedling, delayed heading, and shortened the milking stage in the foxtail millet plant. Yield capacity and main agronomic characters were all affected by the cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene in most of the backcross, composite cross, and F2 populations. However, there was stronger hybrid vigor in F1. The backcrosses, composite crosses, and F2 populations were widely separated and some of them had good characters similar to those of susceptive groups. The plant characters and development of foxtail millet were negatively affected by the cytoplasmic herbicide resistant gene. The authors proposed a method of using hybrid vigor to obtain high yield and avoid the negative effects of herbicide resistance cytoplasm in plant growth. The expected results could be obtained by selecting individuals in separate populations of fast developed seedlings, well-developed roots, and with capacities of early heading and fast milking. Guided by the principal mentioned above, many high yield lines and hybrid crosses of foxtail millet with herbicide resistant cytoplasm were obtained.

Development of a New Foxtail Millet Germplasm with Super Early Maturity and High Iron Content

Super Early Maturation No.2 is a new foxtail millet germplasm developed by using the targeted-character-gene-bankbreeding method. It has several outstanding characteristics. （1） Super early maturity. It can normally mature in Bashang, Hebei Province, China, where the altitude is around 1400 meters, and it needs 1 650℃ of effective accumulated temperature in the growing period. （2） Millet is rich in iron. The iron content of the millet of Super Early Maturation No.2 is 54.10 mg·kg^-1, which is 62.0% higher than the average iron content of the foxtail millet varieties in China. （3） High crude fat content. Its crude fat content is 6.24%, which is 54.1% higher than the average content of foxtail millet varieties in China. （4） High crude protein content. The average of the crude protein content of all the foxtail millet varieties in China is 12.71%, only 5% varieties surpass 14%, however, the crude protein content of Super Early Maturation No.2 is 14.36%, which is rare in improved varieties of foxtail millet in China. （5） Overall characteristics are good.